Presentation by Maria Shaw-Barragan, EIB Deputy Director of Global Partners Department, on the European Investment Bank's activities outside the EU made on 17/01/2017.
Adoption Trends in XBRL (Europe), European Commission","extensible business reporting language",iasb,icai,ifrs,institute,institutexbrl,ireland,xbrlXBRL Europe
This seminar, hosted jointly by the British Embassy and Afi School of Finance, was aimed at companies seeking alternative financing, as well as investors looking for new investment opportunities. It was also of interest to government officials and regulators.
Conference: The New Financial Architecture in the Eurozone - Pierre Werner Chair, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute
By: Sascha Steffen (ESMT)
European Private Equity & Venture Capital AssociationLucas Wyrsch
Executive Summary
Fundraising → Pages 7-26
• Overall fundraising decreased in 2012 by 43% to €23.6bn compared to 2011. This reduction was driven by lower activity of larger funds. In 2012 only 13 funds were raising more than €250m compared to 26 in 2011. Funds that raised in excess of €250m in 2012 dropped in total volume by 51% compared to 2011. In contrast, the volume raised by funds smaller than €250m reduced by only 25% in the same period.
• Pension funds and fund of funds accounted for almost half of all sources of funds with more than 20% each. Family offices & private individuals, government agencies and sovereign wealth funds follow as major sources with 10-12% each.
• Despite macroeconomic challenges, €8.6bn (40%) of funds raised came from institutional investors outside of Europe.
Investments → Pages 27-59
• The overall amount of €36.5bn invested in European companies in 2012 reduced by 19% compared to the previous year. This was due to the weak first half of 2012 coinciding with economic uncertainty in Europe. In contrast, the number of private equity backed companies remained stable at almost 5,000 European companies. Therefore, it was less capital intensive for the industry to invest in a constant number of companies in Europe. About 43% of the companies that received investment in 2012 were private equity backed for the first time.
• The total amount of venture capital invested reduced year on year by 14% to €3.2bn. The number of venture capital backed companies remained stable at about 2,900. For the first time more than 1,000 companies attracted growth investments despite a decrease in amount of 26% compared to 2011. Buyout investments reached €28bn. More than 800 companies received buyout investments similar to the level from 2011 although the investment amount reduced by 19%.
Divestments → Pages 61-72
• More than 2,000 European companies were exited, representing former equity investments of €22bn. While the number of companies remained stable the amount divested at cost decreased by 29%.
• Of all exited companies in 2012 venture capital represented almost 50% and growth 23%. Their typical exits included trade sale, sale to another private equity firm and write-off. Buyout related exits attributed 85% of equity amount divested at cost. This presents a decline of 26%. Prominent exit routes were trade sale, sale to another private equity firm and public offering.
• Initial Public Offering (IPO) levels remained very low. Only three buyout and five venture capital investments were able to take this exit route.
The PPT talks about the European Central Bank and its structure. It also touches the economic crisis which affected the bank mainly, Brexit and the European crisis
Strengthening Medium-Term Budgetary Frameworks in EU Member States - Michal H...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Michal Horvath, York University, at the 8th meeting of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions held in Paris on 11-12 April 2016.
Dubai Conference - Legal and Regulatory UpdateBishr Shiblaq
This seminar gave an update on the Luxembourg UCITS framework, addressed the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD), provided an update on the tax-treaty network with a particular focus on Turkey and India as well as present practical cases of recent Shari’ah-compliant transactions and updates on the existing legal framework.
Presentation by Maria Shaw-Barragan, EIB Deputy Director of Global Partners Department, on the European Investment Bank's activities outside the EU made on 17/01/2017.
Adoption Trends in XBRL (Europe), European Commission","extensible business reporting language",iasb,icai,ifrs,institute,institutexbrl,ireland,xbrlXBRL Europe
This seminar, hosted jointly by the British Embassy and Afi School of Finance, was aimed at companies seeking alternative financing, as well as investors looking for new investment opportunities. It was also of interest to government officials and regulators.
Conference: The New Financial Architecture in the Eurozone - Pierre Werner Chair, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute
By: Sascha Steffen (ESMT)
European Private Equity & Venture Capital AssociationLucas Wyrsch
Executive Summary
Fundraising → Pages 7-26
• Overall fundraising decreased in 2012 by 43% to €23.6bn compared to 2011. This reduction was driven by lower activity of larger funds. In 2012 only 13 funds were raising more than €250m compared to 26 in 2011. Funds that raised in excess of €250m in 2012 dropped in total volume by 51% compared to 2011. In contrast, the volume raised by funds smaller than €250m reduced by only 25% in the same period.
• Pension funds and fund of funds accounted for almost half of all sources of funds with more than 20% each. Family offices & private individuals, government agencies and sovereign wealth funds follow as major sources with 10-12% each.
• Despite macroeconomic challenges, €8.6bn (40%) of funds raised came from institutional investors outside of Europe.
Investments → Pages 27-59
• The overall amount of €36.5bn invested in European companies in 2012 reduced by 19% compared to the previous year. This was due to the weak first half of 2012 coinciding with economic uncertainty in Europe. In contrast, the number of private equity backed companies remained stable at almost 5,000 European companies. Therefore, it was less capital intensive for the industry to invest in a constant number of companies in Europe. About 43% of the companies that received investment in 2012 were private equity backed for the first time.
• The total amount of venture capital invested reduced year on year by 14% to €3.2bn. The number of venture capital backed companies remained stable at about 2,900. For the first time more than 1,000 companies attracted growth investments despite a decrease in amount of 26% compared to 2011. Buyout investments reached €28bn. More than 800 companies received buyout investments similar to the level from 2011 although the investment amount reduced by 19%.
Divestments → Pages 61-72
• More than 2,000 European companies were exited, representing former equity investments of €22bn. While the number of companies remained stable the amount divested at cost decreased by 29%.
• Of all exited companies in 2012 venture capital represented almost 50% and growth 23%. Their typical exits included trade sale, sale to another private equity firm and write-off. Buyout related exits attributed 85% of equity amount divested at cost. This presents a decline of 26%. Prominent exit routes were trade sale, sale to another private equity firm and public offering.
• Initial Public Offering (IPO) levels remained very low. Only three buyout and five venture capital investments were able to take this exit route.
The PPT talks about the European Central Bank and its structure. It also touches the economic crisis which affected the bank mainly, Brexit and the European crisis
Strengthening Medium-Term Budgetary Frameworks in EU Member States - Michal H...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Michal Horvath, York University, at the 8th meeting of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions held in Paris on 11-12 April 2016.
Dubai Conference - Legal and Regulatory UpdateBishr Shiblaq
This seminar gave an update on the Luxembourg UCITS framework, addressed the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD), provided an update on the tax-treaty network with a particular focus on Turkey and India as well as present practical cases of recent Shari’ah-compliant transactions and updates on the existing legal framework.
Similar to Klaus Regling Les Midis de l'Europe : presentation on the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM)
Bruno Gabellieri, 1o Συνέδριο Επαγγελματικής ΑσφάλισηςStarttech Ventures
Ομιλία – Παρουσίαση: Bruno Gabellieri, Secretary General, European Association of Paritarian Institutions (AEIP)
Τίτλος παρουσίασης: «Opportunities and Challenges for IOPRs across Europe»
The financial crisis of 2007-2009 led to a renewed increase in government deficits and debts in many EU countries, causing a full-fledged fiscal crisis in Greece and severe fiscal pressures in other euro-area countries. This has prompted a series of proposals for improving the fiscal framework of the European Monetary Union, the Excessive Deficit Procedure and the Stability and Growth Pact. The first part of this paper reviews the main properties and developments of that framework until 2007. On that basis, it discusses the recent proposals for reform, which range from marginal improvements of the existing framework to the introduction of an explicit framework for managing fiscal crises in the member states, and the expansion of the scope of policy coordination to address macro economic imbalances and the competitiveness of the member states. We find the proposal of a mechanism for dealing with government default most useful. Attempts to suppress current account imbalances and to target national competitiveness positions would most likely result in serious economic losses and do damage to the internal market of the EU. This would increase the wedge between members and non-members of the euro area.
Authored by: Jurgen von Hagen
Published in 2010
Shaping a new regulatory and supervisory framework for the finance industryAristoteles Lakkas
Similar to Klaus Regling Les Midis de l'Europe : presentation on the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM) (20)
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
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Klaus Regling Les Midis de l'Europe : presentation on the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM)
1. The EFSF and ESM
Klaus Regling, CEO, EFSF and Managing Director, ESM
“Les Midis de l’Europe”, Luxembourg
14 May 2014
2. 1
Euro area crisis resolution mechanisms
• As a result of the euro debt crisis, it became necessary to provide financial assistance to
countries so they would not default on their sovereign debt
• Such a default would have caused very serious economic consequences
• In May 2010 euro area Member States agreed on bilateral loans to Greece
• The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) was established in June 2010 as a
temporary financial assistance mechanism
• Leaders of euro area countries decided
that a permanent crisis resolution
mechanism was needed.
• Thus the European Stability
Mechanism (ESM) was inaugurated in
October 2012
ESM Board of Governors (euro area finance
ministers) at inauguration of ESM, 8/10/2013
3. 2
The 18 ESM Member States
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Malta
the Netherlands
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Latvia joined the euro area in January
2014 and became a Member of the ESM
on 13 March
4. 3
The ESM is located in Luxembourg
The ESM is located in Luxembourg,
along with other European institutions
such as
• the European Investment Bank
• the Court of Justice of the EU
• the European Court of Auditors
• Eurostat
The ESM’s premises at Circuit de la Foire Internationale, Luxembourg
The ESM currently employs around
120 staff members
5. 4
Mission and activities of EFSF and ESM
• The mission is to provide financial assistance to EFSF/ESM Members experiencing or
threatened by severe financing problems.
• The assistance is granted if it is indispensable to safeguard the financial stability of
the euro area as a whole and of the EFSF/ESM Members
• Every loan is linked to “conditionality”
• How is this financed and carried out?
6. 5
EFSF & ESM compared
Legal Structure
Duration
Private company under Luxembourg law
Maximum
lending capacity
Temporary (no new financial assistance
programmes possible since 1/07/2013)
€188 billion (committed)
Inter-governmental institution
under international law
Permanent institution
€500 billion
Capital structure
Backed by guarantees of euro area
Member States
Subscribed capital of €700 billion
including €80 billion in paid-in capital
Countries which
have received
assistance
Ireland, Portugal, Greece Spain, Cyprus
7. ESM governance structure
6
Shareholders:
18 euro area Member States
Board of Governors
• Highest decision-making body
• Comprises euro area finance ministers
• Mutual agreement needed to approve
financial assistance programmes
Board of Directors
• Specific tasks mandated in ESM Treaty or
delegated by Board of Governors
• Each Governor appoints one Director
Managing Director
• Appointed by Board of Governors for 5-year
term
• Heads ESM staff and directs current business
Jeroen Dijsselbloem, Chairman of ESM Board of
Governors, and Klaus Regling, ESM Managing Director
8. 7
EFSF and ESM financial assistance instruments
! Loans
Provided to countries that cannot raise money on financial markets at
reasonable rates
! Loans to governments for the recapitalisation of banks
Provided to support banks if their condition could threaten financial
stability in euro area or in a Member State
! Precautionary financial assistance
Two types of credit lines to ensure an adequate safety net in case a
Member State faces difficulties raising funds in capital markets
! Purchase of bonds of ESM Member States
• On primary market to support ESM Member’s financing needs
• On secondary market to bring down the market yield of a Member
State’s bonds
9. 8
EFSF and ESM financial assistance is provided under strict
conditions
! All forms of ESM financial assistance are linked to appropriate conditionality: in
order to receive assistance, beneficiary countries must implement policy reforms
! Beneficiary countries receiving ESM loans must implement a macroeconomic
adjustment programme, usually covering reforms in the following areas:
• Fiscal consolidation
• Structural reforms
• Financial sector reforms
! For other ESM financial assistance instruments, beneficiary countries must meet
criteria specific to each type of instrument
! The assessment of compliance with policy conditionality is conducted regularly by
the “Troika” (European Commission, ECB and IMF)
! A positive assessment is necessary for ESM to approve and disburse successive
tranches of financial assistance
10. 9
EFSF financial assistance programmes
Ireland: financial assistance programme (concluded in December 2013)
• Total programme: €67.5 bn in loans from international lenders; €17.7 bn from
the EFSF
• Policy conditions included bank restructuring, restoring fiscal sustainability
and wide-ranging structural reforms
Portugal: financial assistance to cover financing needs (concluded in May 2014)
• Total programme: €78 bn (€26 bn from EFSF)
• Final tranche of assistance disbursed in April 2014
• Policy conditions: structural reforms, fiscal consolidation, stabilisation of
the financial sector (recapitalisation and deleveraging)
Greece: financial assistance to cover financing needs and bank recapitalisation
• Under the second programme, Greece will receive €144.6 bn from the
EFSF and €28 bn from the IMF (total of €172.6 bn)
• EFSF programme ends in Dec. 2014
• Policy conditions: structural reforms, fiscal consolidation, recapitalisation
of the banking sector
11. 10
ESM financial assistance programmes
Spain: financial assistance for recapitalisation of banking sector (concluded
in December 2013)
• Total of €41 billion disbursed in Dec. 2012 and Feb. 2013
• Programme concluded in Dec. 2013
• Policy conditions included bank restructuring and sector-wide structural
reforms. Reforms concerning the governance, supervision and regulation of
the financial sector are also being implemented
Cyprus: financial assistance to cover financing needs
• Total programme: €10 bn (€9 bn from ESM and €1 bn from IMF)
• Financial assistance disbursed from 2013 to 2016
• Macroeconomic adjustment programme addresses Cyprus’s financial
sector imbalances, fiscal consolidation, structural reforms and
privatisation
12. 11
The EFSF and ESM issue bills and bonds to finance their
loans
! The ESM raises money by by issuing bonds (debt instruments with maturities of up
to 30 years) and bills (up to one year)
! The ESM’s issues are backed by €80 billion in capital paid in by Member States, and
by €620 billion in callable capital.
! The bonds and bills issued by the EFSF and ESM are purchased by institutional
investors, such as commercial banks, central banks and investment funds
! The ESM does not lend taxpayer money to beneficiary countries – only funds
raised through the sale of bonds and bills
The ESM’s trading room
13. 12
Cost of EFSF and ESM financial assistance
! Thanks to the ESM’s strong capital structure, it is able to borrow money cheaply
by issuing bonds
! The EFSF’s bonds are backed by guarantees of EFSF Member States
! When the EFSF/ESM lends money to beneficiary countries, it passes on to them the
cost of funding (issuing bonds) plus a very low margin (0.1 % in the case of loans)
and annual fees to cover operating costs
! As a result, Member States are able to borrow money from the EFSF and ESM at a
much lower cost than if they tried to borrow the funds themselves on financial
markets
14. 13
How the EFSF and ESM fit into the comprehensive response
of the euro area?
1) Significant fiscal consolidation and structural reforms at national level
2) Improved economic policy coordination in the euro area
3) Monetary policy measures
4) Strengthening the banking system
5) The EFSF and ESM
15. The strategy is delivering results - competitiveness
■ Divergences within EMU are declining
■ Competitiveness is improving in all Member countries having requested EFSF/ESM financial assistance
Current Account Balance (as % of GDP)
Source: Eurostat,
EC European Economic Forecast - Spring 2014
Nominal unit labour costs, whole economy
(2008=100)
14
Germany Ireland Greece
Portugal Spain Italy
16. The strategy is delivering results - fiscal
Source: European Commission, European Economic Forecast – Spring 2014
Fiscal balance, Euro area vs USA and Japan
(as % of GDP)
Fiscal balance, euro area Member States
(as % of GDP)
*
* Actual figure for Ireland in 2010: -30.6% 15
17. EFSF/ESM programme countries are the reform champions
16
■ Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain are in top 5 of 34 OECD countries with
regard to implementation of structural reforms. Policy areas concerned:
• Labour productivity (e.g. product market regulation, human capital)
• Labour utilisation (e.g. labour market regulation, social welfare system, active labour
market policies)
Source: OECD report Going for Growth 2013
Ranking takes into account responsiveness to OECD recommendations
on structural reforms in key policy areas
Ranking in OECD report
1. Greece
2. Ireland
3. Estonia
4. Portugal
5. Spain
“Euro area countries under financial
assistance programmes are among the
OECD countries whose responsiveness
[to the OECD’s structural reform
recommendations] was highest and also
where it most increased compared with
previous period.”
- Going for Growth 2013 (OECD Report)
18. 17
Improved economic policy coordination to avoid future crisis
! Stability and Growth Pact: prevents Member States from running up excessive
budget deficts (e.g. automatic consequences if 3% deficit ceiling is breached)
! Fiscal Compact: balanced budget rule to be introduced in national legal systems
! Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure: a surveillance mechanism to identify risks
that could lead to harmful macroeconomic problems
! European Semester: annual mechanism for coordination of national budgets of
Member States, with recommendations from European Commission
19. Crisis response by ECB
■ The ECB has expanded its balance sheet more cautiously than other central banks
Crisis measures taken by the ECB:
■ SMP proved to be very profitable
■ LTRO gave banks unlimited liquidity
■ OMT announcement in August 2012 calmed the markets
18
Expansion of central banks’ balance sheets
since April 2008 (April 2008 = 100%)
source: central banks named in chart
20. 19
Strengthening the banking system
! New supervisory authorities: EBA, EIOPA and ESMA. The new ESRB early
warning system for identifying and monitoring macro-prudential risks is functioning
! Banks added €450 bn to their capital since 2008
! Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM): supervision of systemic euro area banks
will be carried out by the ECB starting in Nov. 2014
! When SSM becomes effective, and all Member States approve, the ESM will be able
to recapitalise banks directly
! Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive – will create a framework for orderly
bank resolution (restructuring or winding down troubled banks) at national level
■ Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) with Single Resolution Fund (SRF):
preliminary agreement between European Parliament and Council in March 2014
! Harmonisation of funding rules for national deposit guarantee schemes
21. ■ Support for five countries (EFSF: Ireland, Portugal, Greece; ESM: Spain and Cyprus)
■ Combined lending capacity: €700 bn
■ Committed amount to the five countries: €238.6 bn
■ Disbursed so far: €229.6 bn
■ Potential concerted ESM – ECB intervention (Outright Monetary Transactions/OMT)
" ESM programme provides conditionality
" The ECB could engage in secondary market purchases
EFSF/ESM lending and assistance
20