This service manual provides instructions for servicing the loadall rough terrain variable reach truck. It contains sections on the machine systems including the engine, fuel system, cooling system, brake system, hydraulic system and electrical system. The section summarized focuses on servicing the engine valves and connecting rod big-end bearings. It provides removal and installation instructions, component identification diagrams, and technical specifications for the valves and instructions to check the big-end bearings for wear. Safety information is also provided to ensure the work is performed correctly.
1981 johnson evinrude outboard 4.5 hp service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This short document repeats itself and encourages the reader to click a link for more information. It thanks the reader twice for reading and directs them to click a link in order to obtain additional information on an unspecified topic.
New holland cx6080 tier 3 combine harvester service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This document is a service manual for CX5000 and CX6000 series machines. It contains sections covering the machine's hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical and electronic systems, engines, transmissions, axles, brakes, steering systems, frames, cabs, user platforms, environmental controls, lifting and leveling systems, and crop processing functions. Each section contains technical data, descriptions of functionality, diagnostic information, and service procedures for the machine's components and systems.
New holland cx6080 cx6090 tier 4 combine harvester service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This document is a service manual for CX5000 and CX6000 series machines. It contains sections covering the machine's hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical and electronic systems, engines, transmissions, axles, brakes, steering, frames, cabs, user platforms, environmental controls, frame positioning, tool positioning, lifting, leveling, feeding, threshing, separating, cleaning, storing, unloading and other crop processing functions. Each section contains technical data, functional descriptions, diagnostics and service instructions for the machine's various components and systems.
New holland cr9.90 combine harvesters service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This document is a service manual for various combine harvester models from CNH Industrial. It contains over 20 sections that provide information on systems of the combines like the engine, transmission, axles, brakes, hydraulics, steering, tracks, electrical systems, and more. Each section includes subsections that go into further detail on specific components. The manual also includes a table linking product models to their corresponding engine.
New holland cr9090 elevation combine harvesters service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This document is a service manual that provides instructions and specifications for servicing various components of agricultural equipment, including the distribution systems, power systems, engine, transmission, axles, steering, braking, body, operator controls, crop processing, protection systems, and other subsystems. It outlines proper procedures for tasks like shimming, installing rotating shaft seals, applying sealing compounds, and protecting electronic systems during welding.
Caterpillar cat 903 d compact wheel loader (prefix mzy) service repair manual...fjsjefskekfmme
This service manual document provides instructions for removing and installing various components of a Caterpillar 903D compact wheel loader, including:
1. The steering frame lock to secure the machine frames before working on the loader.
2. The hydraulic tank which requires draining the tank, removing hoses/fittings, and lifting the tank off with a lifting device.
3. The joystick control and mounting located in the cab, which involves removing covers and disconnecting cables and harnesses.
4. The steering metering pump, which requires releasing hydraulic pressure, disconnecting hoses, and removing bolts to access the pump.
Caterpillar cat el240 b excavator (prefix 5wg) service repair manual (5wg0000...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing an engine oil cooler and disassembling and assembling an engine oil pump on an excavator model EL240B. The oil cooler removal procedure involves removing the oil cooler and gasket. The oil pump disassembly procedure involves using tools to remove various components like gears, shafts, springs and plungers from the oil pump body and housing. Precautions are provided to keep parts clean and contain fluids during the repair work.
The document provides instructions for removing and installing various components of a Caterpillar C2.4 Tier 4 Final engine, including:
1) The fuel manifold, requiring removal of bolts and lines and installation in reverse order.
2) Fuel injection lines, involving removal of clamps, hoses and tubes and installation in reverse order.
3) The exhaust gas recirculation cooler, requiring draining of coolant and removal of hoses, brackets and bolts and installation in reverse order.
4) The fuel injection pump, calling for removal of nuts, bolts and hoses and installation in reverse order.
5) Electronic unit injectors, involving removal of clips
1981 johnson evinrude outboard 4.5 hp service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This short document repeats itself and encourages the reader to click a link for more information. It thanks the reader twice for reading and directs them to click a link in order to obtain additional information on an unspecified topic.
New holland cx6080 tier 3 combine harvester service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This document is a service manual for CX5000 and CX6000 series machines. It contains sections covering the machine's hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical and electronic systems, engines, transmissions, axles, brakes, steering systems, frames, cabs, user platforms, environmental controls, lifting and leveling systems, and crop processing functions. Each section contains technical data, descriptions of functionality, diagnostic information, and service procedures for the machine's components and systems.
New holland cx6080 cx6090 tier 4 combine harvester service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This document is a service manual for CX5000 and CX6000 series machines. It contains sections covering the machine's hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical and electronic systems, engines, transmissions, axles, brakes, steering, frames, cabs, user platforms, environmental controls, frame positioning, tool positioning, lifting, leveling, feeding, threshing, separating, cleaning, storing, unloading and other crop processing functions. Each section contains technical data, functional descriptions, diagnostics and service instructions for the machine's various components and systems.
New holland cr9.90 combine harvesters service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This document is a service manual for various combine harvester models from CNH Industrial. It contains over 20 sections that provide information on systems of the combines like the engine, transmission, axles, brakes, hydraulics, steering, tracks, electrical systems, and more. Each section includes subsections that go into further detail on specific components. The manual also includes a table linking product models to their corresponding engine.
New holland cr9090 elevation combine harvesters service repair manualfjsjefskekfmme
This document is a service manual that provides instructions and specifications for servicing various components of agricultural equipment, including the distribution systems, power systems, engine, transmission, axles, steering, braking, body, operator controls, crop processing, protection systems, and other subsystems. It outlines proper procedures for tasks like shimming, installing rotating shaft seals, applying sealing compounds, and protecting electronic systems during welding.
Caterpillar cat 903 d compact wheel loader (prefix mzy) service repair manual...fjsjefskekfmme
This service manual document provides instructions for removing and installing various components of a Caterpillar 903D compact wheel loader, including:
1. The steering frame lock to secure the machine frames before working on the loader.
2. The hydraulic tank which requires draining the tank, removing hoses/fittings, and lifting the tank off with a lifting device.
3. The joystick control and mounting located in the cab, which involves removing covers and disconnecting cables and harnesses.
4. The steering metering pump, which requires releasing hydraulic pressure, disconnecting hoses, and removing bolts to access the pump.
Caterpillar cat el240 b excavator (prefix 5wg) service repair manual (5wg0000...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing an engine oil cooler and disassembling and assembling an engine oil pump on an excavator model EL240B. The oil cooler removal procedure involves removing the oil cooler and gasket. The oil pump disassembly procedure involves using tools to remove various components like gears, shafts, springs and plungers from the oil pump body and housing. Precautions are provided to keep parts clean and contain fluids during the repair work.
The document provides instructions for removing and installing various components of a Caterpillar C2.4 Tier 4 Final engine, including:
1) The fuel manifold, requiring removal of bolts and lines and installation in reverse order.
2) Fuel injection lines, involving removal of clamps, hoses and tubes and installation in reverse order.
3) The exhaust gas recirculation cooler, requiring draining of coolant and removal of hoses, brackets and bolts and installation in reverse order.
4) The fuel injection pump, calling for removal of nuts, bolts and hoses and installation in reverse order.
5) Electronic unit injectors, involving removal of clips
Caterpillar cat el200 b excavator (prefix 7df) service repair manual (7df0000...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing, disassembling, assembling, and installing an engine oil pump on a Caterpillar EL200B excavator. The removal procedure involves removing the engine oil pan and then the oil pump. The disassembly procedure details removing various components of the oil pump including gears, shafts, and springs. The assembly procedure specifies lubricating parts and installing components in reverse order of removal. Finally, the installation procedure indicates ensuring clean mounting surfaces and installing the oil pump.
Caterpillar cat e300 b excavator (prefix 1wj) service repair manual (1wj00001...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing the automatic timing advance from an E300B excavator engine. It describes:
1) Using various tools to turn the crankshaft and camshaft to specific positions to aid in removal.
2) Loosening a bolt to separate the automatic timing advance gear from the fuel pump camshaft.
3) Removing the automatic timing advance unit from the engine.
Proper positioning of engine components and use of the specified tools is necessary for safe and effective removal of the automatic timing advance.
Caterpillar cat 903 c compact wheel loader (prefix w6t) service repair manual...fjsjefskekfmme
The document provides instructions for servicing the fuel injection system and governor/camshaft components of a Caterpillar 903C compact wheel loader. It describes procedures for removing and installing fuel injection lines, nozzles, and the governor/camshaft assembly. Specific steps include removing retaining rings, sleeves, and press-fitting bearings. Torque specifications and notices about cleanliness and fluid containment are provided.
Caterpillar cat e240 c excavator (prefix 2rl) service repair manual (2rl00001...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing the front cover on an excavator engine. It begins by noting the tools needed and safety precautions. The removal procedure instructs to remove the bolts from the front cover and remove the cover and gasket. The installation procedure instructs to install a new gasket on the cover and then install the gasket and cover on the front of the engine.
Caterpillar cat 903 c compact wheel loader (prefix mw4) service repair manual...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for servicing the fuel injection system and governor/camshaft components of a Caterpillar 903C compact wheel loader powered by a C2.4 engine. It includes procedures for removing and installing fuel injection lines and nozzles, as well as disassembling, assembling, removing and installing the governor and camshaft. Detailed illustrations accompany each step-by-step procedure to ensure correct part placement and tool usage. Proper cleanup and containment of fluids is emphasized throughout.
Caterpillar cat e240 b excavator (prefix 8sf) service repair manual (8sf00001...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing the fuel transfer pump on an excavator model E240B powered by a 3116 engine. The removal procedure involves holding the spring loaded cover in place and removing bolts to access internal components. Components like the filter screen, seals, springs and fittings are then removed. The installation procedure is not described but presumably involves reversing the removal steps. Precautions are provided to contain fluids and prevent contamination.
This document provides instructions for removing and installing an implement pump on a 527 track skidder. It outlines the disassembly and assembly procedures in detail with illustrations. Safety notices are included to release pressure from the hydraulic system before removal and to relieve spring tension carefully during disassembly. The multi-page document thoroughly explains each step to disassemble and reassemble the implement pump.
This document provides instructions for removing and installing various components on a Caterpillar 527 Track Skidder, including the turbocharger, water temperature regulator, and radiator. The removal and installation procedures are described in detail in a step-by-step format and include illustrations. Safety and contamination prevention notices are also provided throughout the document.
Caterpillar cat e120 b excavator (prefix 6jf) service repair manual (6jf00001...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for disassembling and assembling the travel drives of an E120B excavator. It describes removing and disassembling the travel drive and travel motor components. It then describes cleaning and inspecting the parts and reassembling the travel drive, which involves determining shim sizes, installing seals and gears, and torquing bolts to the specified values. The goal is to properly disassemble, clean, measure, and reassemble the travel drive components.
This document provides instructions for removing and installing the fuel priming pump and fuel filter base on a Caterpillar 527 Track Skidder with a 3304 engine. It describes:
- Removing the fuel priming pump by turning off the fuel supply, removing bolts/washers, disconnecting tubes, and removing the pump and gasket.
- Installing the fuel priming pump by installing the gasket, bolts/washers, connecting tubes, and turning on the fuel supply.
- Removing the fuel filter base by removing the fuel filter, disconnecting fuel lines, and removing bolts/washers/base/gasket.
- Installing the fuel filter base by installing the
Caterpillar cat e70 b track excavator (prefix 6ak) service repair manual (6ak...fjsjefskekfmme
The document is a service manual that provides specifications and operating instructions for the travel drive and motor of an E70B excavator. It describes the main components of the travel drive and motor system, including the axial plunger motor, counter-balance valve, parking brake, and reduction gears. It explains how each component functions and interacts with the others to convert hydraulic pressure into rotational force to power the tracks and control functions like braking and reversing.
This document provides instructions for connecting and disconnecting tracks on a 517 Track Skidder. It describes 13 steps for the connection procedure, including using tools to lift the machine, engage the track bushings with the sprocket segments, and tighten the master link. It also provides procedures for removing and installing sprocket segments, disassembling and assembling track rollers, and installing Duo-Cone seals.
This document provides instructions for servicing the automatic timing advance on a 517 TRACK SKIDDER model powered by a 3304 engine. It describes removing the fuel injection pump housing and governor, disassembling the housing, and reassembling the housing. The procedures involve using various tools to install and remove parts like bearings, lifters, and seals. Technicians are advised to keep parts clean and apply engine oil during assembly.
Caterpillar cat 320 c excavator (prefix mab) service repair manual (mab00001 ...fjsjefskekfmme
The document provides instructions to remove the front idler, recoil spring, and hydraulic track adjuster from an excavator as a 3-part process. It describes separating the track assemblies first, then using lifting devices to support and remove the components as a unit or individually from the track roller frame. Personal injury warnings are given regarding the compressed spring force involved.
Caterpillar cat 428 d backhoe loader (prefix bll) service repair manual (bll0...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for assembling the transmission of a 428D backhoe loader. It describes installing various transmission components like bearings, gears, shafts, and cases in multiple steps. It also explains how to install the fully assembled transmission in the machine and connect relevant components. The assembly procedure involves cleaning parts, applying oil, heating bearings, using various tools, and verifying clearances during installation.
This document provides instructions for servicing components of a 245 excavator, including:
- Removing and installing the bucket and boom pilot control valve and stick and swing pilot control valve.
- Disassembling and assembling pilot control valves.
- Removing and installing the speed and direction pilot control valve.
- Disassembling and assembling the speed and direction pilot control valve.
- Removing and installing line relief valves from control valves.
Caterpillar cat 428 c backhoe loader (prefix 8rn) service repair manual (8rn0...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing a crankshaft pulley on a Caterpillar 3054 engine. It begins by listing the required tools. The removal procedure involves removing the V-belts, then removing three bolts and the thrust block that holds the pulley in position. The installation procedure specifies cleaning parts and installing in the reverse order, tightening the bolts to the specified torque.
Caterpillar cat 236 d skid steer loader (prefix mpw) service repair manual (m...fjsjefskekfmme
The document provides instructions for removing and installing inlet and exhaust valve springs on a Caterpillar 236D Skid Steer Loader. It describes using a valve spring compressor tool to compress the springs and remove the valve keepers and springs. When installing new springs, the document specifies installing them with the smaller pitch end downward. Safety precautions are provided to avoid injury from parts propelled by spring force.
The document provides instructions for disassembling the piston pump of a Caterpillar 236B3 skid steer loader. It describes removing hoses, fittings, covers, springs, seals, retainers, shafts and other components. Detailed steps and illustrations are given to disassemble the pump housing, actuator assembly, covers and internal parts while taking safety precautions for released spring forces. Measurements are recorded for reassembly.
Caterpillar cat 320 c ln excavator (prefix axk) service repair manual (axk000...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing the engine oil pump on a 320C LN excavator powered by a 3066 engine. It describes removing the front housing, cover, gears, seals, and spindle. It then describes installing these components in reverse order, including heating some parts for easier installation. Precautions are provided regarding cleaning, fluids, and personal protective equipment.
Caterpillar cat el200 b excavator (prefix 7df) service repair manual (7df0000...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing, disassembling, assembling, and installing an engine oil pump on a Caterpillar EL200B excavator. The removal procedure involves removing the engine oil pan and then the oil pump. The disassembly procedure details removing various components of the oil pump including gears, shafts, and springs. The assembly procedure specifies lubricating parts and installing components in reverse order of removal. Finally, the installation procedure indicates ensuring clean mounting surfaces and installing the oil pump.
Caterpillar cat e300 b excavator (prefix 1wj) service repair manual (1wj00001...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing the automatic timing advance from an E300B excavator engine. It describes:
1) Using various tools to turn the crankshaft and camshaft to specific positions to aid in removal.
2) Loosening a bolt to separate the automatic timing advance gear from the fuel pump camshaft.
3) Removing the automatic timing advance unit from the engine.
Proper positioning of engine components and use of the specified tools is necessary for safe and effective removal of the automatic timing advance.
Caterpillar cat 903 c compact wheel loader (prefix w6t) service repair manual...fjsjefskekfmme
The document provides instructions for servicing the fuel injection system and governor/camshaft components of a Caterpillar 903C compact wheel loader. It describes procedures for removing and installing fuel injection lines, nozzles, and the governor/camshaft assembly. Specific steps include removing retaining rings, sleeves, and press-fitting bearings. Torque specifications and notices about cleanliness and fluid containment are provided.
Caterpillar cat e240 c excavator (prefix 2rl) service repair manual (2rl00001...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing the front cover on an excavator engine. It begins by noting the tools needed and safety precautions. The removal procedure instructs to remove the bolts from the front cover and remove the cover and gasket. The installation procedure instructs to install a new gasket on the cover and then install the gasket and cover on the front of the engine.
Caterpillar cat 903 c compact wheel loader (prefix mw4) service repair manual...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for servicing the fuel injection system and governor/camshaft components of a Caterpillar 903C compact wheel loader powered by a C2.4 engine. It includes procedures for removing and installing fuel injection lines and nozzles, as well as disassembling, assembling, removing and installing the governor and camshaft. Detailed illustrations accompany each step-by-step procedure to ensure correct part placement and tool usage. Proper cleanup and containment of fluids is emphasized throughout.
Caterpillar cat e240 b excavator (prefix 8sf) service repair manual (8sf00001...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing the fuel transfer pump on an excavator model E240B powered by a 3116 engine. The removal procedure involves holding the spring loaded cover in place and removing bolts to access internal components. Components like the filter screen, seals, springs and fittings are then removed. The installation procedure is not described but presumably involves reversing the removal steps. Precautions are provided to contain fluids and prevent contamination.
This document provides instructions for removing and installing an implement pump on a 527 track skidder. It outlines the disassembly and assembly procedures in detail with illustrations. Safety notices are included to release pressure from the hydraulic system before removal and to relieve spring tension carefully during disassembly. The multi-page document thoroughly explains each step to disassemble and reassemble the implement pump.
This document provides instructions for removing and installing various components on a Caterpillar 527 Track Skidder, including the turbocharger, water temperature regulator, and radiator. The removal and installation procedures are described in detail in a step-by-step format and include illustrations. Safety and contamination prevention notices are also provided throughout the document.
Caterpillar cat e120 b excavator (prefix 6jf) service repair manual (6jf00001...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for disassembling and assembling the travel drives of an E120B excavator. It describes removing and disassembling the travel drive and travel motor components. It then describes cleaning and inspecting the parts and reassembling the travel drive, which involves determining shim sizes, installing seals and gears, and torquing bolts to the specified values. The goal is to properly disassemble, clean, measure, and reassemble the travel drive components.
This document provides instructions for removing and installing the fuel priming pump and fuel filter base on a Caterpillar 527 Track Skidder with a 3304 engine. It describes:
- Removing the fuel priming pump by turning off the fuel supply, removing bolts/washers, disconnecting tubes, and removing the pump and gasket.
- Installing the fuel priming pump by installing the gasket, bolts/washers, connecting tubes, and turning on the fuel supply.
- Removing the fuel filter base by removing the fuel filter, disconnecting fuel lines, and removing bolts/washers/base/gasket.
- Installing the fuel filter base by installing the
Caterpillar cat e70 b track excavator (prefix 6ak) service repair manual (6ak...fjsjefskekfmme
The document is a service manual that provides specifications and operating instructions for the travel drive and motor of an E70B excavator. It describes the main components of the travel drive and motor system, including the axial plunger motor, counter-balance valve, parking brake, and reduction gears. It explains how each component functions and interacts with the others to convert hydraulic pressure into rotational force to power the tracks and control functions like braking and reversing.
This document provides instructions for connecting and disconnecting tracks on a 517 Track Skidder. It describes 13 steps for the connection procedure, including using tools to lift the machine, engage the track bushings with the sprocket segments, and tighten the master link. It also provides procedures for removing and installing sprocket segments, disassembling and assembling track rollers, and installing Duo-Cone seals.
This document provides instructions for servicing the automatic timing advance on a 517 TRACK SKIDDER model powered by a 3304 engine. It describes removing the fuel injection pump housing and governor, disassembling the housing, and reassembling the housing. The procedures involve using various tools to install and remove parts like bearings, lifters, and seals. Technicians are advised to keep parts clean and apply engine oil during assembly.
Caterpillar cat 320 c excavator (prefix mab) service repair manual (mab00001 ...fjsjefskekfmme
The document provides instructions to remove the front idler, recoil spring, and hydraulic track adjuster from an excavator as a 3-part process. It describes separating the track assemblies first, then using lifting devices to support and remove the components as a unit or individually from the track roller frame. Personal injury warnings are given regarding the compressed spring force involved.
Caterpillar cat 428 d backhoe loader (prefix bll) service repair manual (bll0...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for assembling the transmission of a 428D backhoe loader. It describes installing various transmission components like bearings, gears, shafts, and cases in multiple steps. It also explains how to install the fully assembled transmission in the machine and connect relevant components. The assembly procedure involves cleaning parts, applying oil, heating bearings, using various tools, and verifying clearances during installation.
This document provides instructions for servicing components of a 245 excavator, including:
- Removing and installing the bucket and boom pilot control valve and stick and swing pilot control valve.
- Disassembling and assembling pilot control valves.
- Removing and installing the speed and direction pilot control valve.
- Disassembling and assembling the speed and direction pilot control valve.
- Removing and installing line relief valves from control valves.
Caterpillar cat 428 c backhoe loader (prefix 8rn) service repair manual (8rn0...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing a crankshaft pulley on a Caterpillar 3054 engine. It begins by listing the required tools. The removal procedure involves removing the V-belts, then removing three bolts and the thrust block that holds the pulley in position. The installation procedure specifies cleaning parts and installing in the reverse order, tightening the bolts to the specified torque.
Caterpillar cat 236 d skid steer loader (prefix mpw) service repair manual (m...fjsjefskekfmme
The document provides instructions for removing and installing inlet and exhaust valve springs on a Caterpillar 236D Skid Steer Loader. It describes using a valve spring compressor tool to compress the springs and remove the valve keepers and springs. When installing new springs, the document specifies installing them with the smaller pitch end downward. Safety precautions are provided to avoid injury from parts propelled by spring force.
The document provides instructions for disassembling the piston pump of a Caterpillar 236B3 skid steer loader. It describes removing hoses, fittings, covers, springs, seals, retainers, shafts and other components. Detailed steps and illustrations are given to disassemble the pump housing, actuator assembly, covers and internal parts while taking safety precautions for released spring forces. Measurements are recorded for reassembly.
Caterpillar cat 320 c ln excavator (prefix axk) service repair manual (axk000...fjsjefskekfmme
This document provides instructions for removing and installing the engine oil pump on a 320C LN excavator powered by a 3066 engine. It describes removing the front housing, cover, gears, seals, and spindle. It then describes installing these components in reverse order, including heating some parts for easier installation. Precautions are provided regarding cleaning, fluids, and personal protective equipment.
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
Expanding Access to Affordable At-Home EV Charging by Vanessa WarheitForth
Vanessa Warheit, Co-Founder of EV Charging for All, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
What Could Be Behind Your Mercedes Sprinter's Power Loss on Uphill RoadsSprinter Gurus
Unlock the secrets behind your Mercedes Sprinter's uphill power loss with our comprehensive presentation. From fuel filter blockages to turbocharger troubles, we uncover the culprits and empower you to reclaim your vehicle's peak performance. Conquer every ascent with confidence and ensure a thrilling journey every time.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
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At ASP Cranes, customer satisfaction is our top priority. We are dedicated to delivering reliable, cost-effective, and innovative crane solutions that exceed expectations. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can support your project in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, and beyond. Let ASP Cranes be your trusted partner for all your crane needs!
2. 15 - Engine
30 - Valve
00 - General
15 - 115 9813/9100-1 15 - 115
00 - General
Introduction .................................................. 15-115
Technical Data ............................................. 15-116
Component Identification ............................. 15-117
Remove and Install ..................................... 15-118
Introduction
The valve train system opens and closes the
valves with correct timing in relation to the piston
movements.
Each push rod has one end in a hydraulic tappet and
the other end under a rocker arm.
The hydraulic tappet automatically adjusts the
clearance between the rocker and push rods.
The valves extend through the cylinder head. There
are no sleeves or valve guides in the cylinder head.
The valves are made from a special metal to provide
a long service life. Damaged or worn valves cannot
be lapped or reground and must be replaced with
new ones. Each valve stem has an oil seal.
The valve seat inserts are pressed into the cylinder
head. The seat inserts are also made from a special
metal to provide for a long service life. Damaged or
worn seat inserts can be removed and replaced with
new ones.
3. 15 - Engine
30 - Valve
00 - General
15 - 116 9813/9100-1 15 - 116
Technical Data
Table 106. Inlet and Exhaust Valve Data
Max lift Inlet 7.56mm @ 101°ATDC
(After Top Dead Centre)
Max lift Exhaust 7.32mm @ 109 BTDC
(Before Top Dead Cen-
tre)
Inlet opens (top of ramp) 4.4°BTDC
Inlet closes 50.6°ABDC (After Bot-
tom Dead Centre)
Exhaust opens 48.4°BBDC (Before Bot-
tom Dead Centre)
Exhaust closes 34.6°ATDC
Valve stem diameter
- Inlet 5.94–5.955mm
- Exhaust 5.93–5.945mm
Valve spring free
length
(1)
47.2mm
Valve guide bore diame-
ter
- min 5.992mm
- max 6.008mm
Valve face angle
- Inlet 60.5°
- Exhaust 45.1°
Valve length 111.05–111.55mm
Valve sealing Stem seal with garter
spring
Valve head depth (below
cylinder head surface)
- Inlet 0.624–1.024mm
- Exhaust 0.6–1mm
Valve timing -0.1mm lash (compen-
sated)
(1) The valve spring is an asymmetric coil pitch
spring. The spring is assembled with a particular
orientation.
Refer to: PIL 15-30-00.
4. 15 - Engine
30 - Valve
00 - General
15 - 117 9813/9100-1 15 - 117
Component Identification
Figure 312.
A
B
C
D
E
G
F
H
JK
L
M
N
A Camshaft gear B Crankshaft gear
C Camshaft D HLA (Hydraulic Lash Adjuster) (x8)
E Push rods (x8) F Rocker - exhaust (x4)
G Rocker - inlet (x4) H Rocker shaft
J Valve - inlet (x8) K Valve - exhaust (x8)
L Bridge piece (x8) M Valve spring (x16)
N HLA Guide (x4)
5. 15 - Engine
30 - Valve
00 - General
15 - 118 9813/9100-1 15 - 118
Remove and Install
Special Tools
Description Part No. Qty.
Valve Stem Seal
Installation Tool (430
Engine)
320/03890 1
Before Removal
1. This procedure requires service parts. Make
sure you have obtained the correct service parts
before you start. Refer to Parts Catalogue.
2. Make sure that the engine is safe to work on. If
the engine has been running, let it cool before
you start the service work.
3. Get access to the engine.
4. Remove the cylinder head assembly.
Refer to: PIL 15-06-00.
5. Measure the valve recession with a suitable DTI
(Dial Test Indicator). Clean the carbon deposits
from a small area of the valve heads for location
of the DTI probe. If the valve recession is outside
the serviceable limits, it is advisable to obtain a
new or reconditioned cylinder head assembly.
Refer to: PIL 15-06-00.
6. To aid removal and Installation, use a wooden
valve stand to retain the valves after removal.
Add labels to make sure that the valves are
correctly replaced.
Figure 313. Valve Stand
EXHAUST
CYL. 1 CYL. 2 CYL. 3
INLET
EXHAUST
INLET
EXHAUST
INLET
Remove
1. Use a spring compressor tool to compress each
valve spring and remove the collets. Make sure
that the springs are compressed squarely.
Figure 314.
A
B
A Spring compressor tool
B Collets
2. Remove the spring compressor tool and lift off
the retainer and valve spring.
Figure 315.
C
D
C Retainer
D Valve spring
3. Turn the cylinder head on its side and withdraw
the inlet valves and exhaust valves as shown.
6. 15 - Engine
30 - Valve
00 - General
15 - 119 9813/9100-1 15 - 119
Figure 316.
G
E
F
E Cylinder head
F Inlet valves
G Exhaust valves
4. When removing, note the respective position of
each valve. Use a suitable valve stand to keep
the valves together and identify them with their
respective cylinder. The exhaust valves have
smaller diameter heads.
5. Remove the valve stem seals. Discard the seals.
Figure 317.
HJ
H Valve stem seals
J Punch tool
Inspection
1. Carefully clean the carbon deposits from the
valves, take care not to damage the valve seats.
2. Check that the valves and valve seats are not
cracked, burnt or damaged.
3. Check the valve stems and valve guides for wear.
Refer to: PIL 15-30-00.
If there is evidence of wear or damage to the valves,
guides or seats, it is advisable to obtain a new or
reconditioned cylinder head assembly.
Before Installation
1. Position the cylinder head upside down in a
suitable jig or fixture.
2. Make sure that all items are clean and free from
damage and corrosion.
3. Install the injectors into the cylinder head to
do a trial check of the nozzle protrusion. Note
the relative positions for the injectors, and then
remove the injectors for installation at a later
stage.
Installation
1. The installation procedure is the opposite of the
removal procedure. Additionally do the following
steps.
2. Install the new valve stem seals as shown. Use
the installation tool to avoid damaging the seals.
Pre-assemble the seal into the tool. Locate the
tool over the valve guide and gently press the
seal into place. Lubricate the seal with P80 fluid.
Special Tool: Valve Stem Seal Installation Tool
(430 Engine) (Qty.: 1)
3. With the cylinder head on its side, insert the
inlet valves and exhaust valves as shown. Make
sure that the valves are installed in the correct
positions. Lubricate the valve stems with clean
engine oil before assembly. Carefully push the
end of the valve stem through the stem seals.
4. Install the valve springs on to the valve stems,
together with a retainer.
4.1. Make sure that the valve springs are
orientated correctly, the white painted end
of the valve spring must go at the top.
5. Use the spring compressor tool to compress
each valve spring and insert the collets. Make
sure that the collets are correctly seated in the
valve stem grooves before you remove the spring
compressor tool.
After Installation
1. Pop the valves by tapping the valve stems in turn
using a rubber mallet.
7. 15 - Engine
33 - Connecting Rod
06 - Big-End Bearing
15 - 128 9813/9100-1 15 - 128
Check (Condition)
1. Check the bearing shell surfaces for signs of
damage and excessive wear.
Refer to: PIL 15-33-00.
2. Measure the crank pin diameters to confirm they
are within service limits.
Refer to: PIL 15-12-00.
3. Renew any parts that are worn or not within the
specified tolerances.
Remove and Install
Special Tools
Description Part No. Qty.
Torque Wrench
(10-100Nm)
993/70111 1
Before Removal
1. This procedure requires service parts. Make
sure you have obtained the correct service parts
before you start. Refer to Parts Catalogue.
2. Make sure that the engine is safe to work on. If
the engine has been running, let it cool before
you start the service work.
3. Get access to the engine.
4. Disconnect and remove the fuel pipes from the
injectors. Refer to (PIL 18-96).
5. Remove the rocker cover. Refer to (PIL 15-42).
6. Remove the fuel injectors. Refer to (PIL 18-18).
7. Drain the oil from the engine. Refer to (PIL
15-21).
8. Remove the oil sump. Refer to (PIL 15-45).
9. Position the engine upside down in a suitable jig
or fixture, supported at the front of the crankcase.
The connecting rod and the big-end bearing cap
have been fracture split and must be kept together
as a set. Care must be taken to avoid contamination
and or damage to the fracture split surfaces.
Remove
1. It is recommended that the big-end bearing caps
are removed in pairs, cylinders 1 and 4 and
cylinders 2 and 3. Rotate the crankshaft so that
the big-end bearing caps on cylinders 2 and 3 are
positioned as shown.
2. Remove the bolts and lift off the big-end bearing
caps from the connecting rods. The bolts must
not be re-used, discard the bolts.
8. 15 - Engine
33 - Connecting Rod
06 - Big-End Bearing
15 - 129 9813/9100-1 15 - 129
Figure 318.
X
1 2
1 Big-end bearing caps
2 Big-end bearing cap bolts
X Cast notch
2.1. Make sure that the tool is kept in inline
with the bolt to avoid damaging the screw
thread.
3. Lift out the bearing shells from the bearing caps.
Carefully rotate the crank to disengage from the
connecting rods and get access to the upper
bearing shells. Lift out the upper bearing shells.
It is recommended that the bearing shells are
renewed. If they are to be reused, label the
bearing shells to make sure that they are installed
in their original positions on assembly.
Figure 319.
4
3
Z
1
2
6
5
1 Big-end bearing cap
2 Bolts
3 Connecting rod
4 Piston
5 Piston rings
6 Big end bearing shells
Z Fracture split surfaces
4. Carefully rotate the crankshaft to position the big-
end bearing caps of cylinders 1 and 4. Make
sure that the crank does not foul the connecting
rods of cylinders 2 and 3. Remove the bearing
caps and bearing shells as described in previous
steps.
5. Inspect the big-end bearings for signs of damage
and excessive wear. Refer to Check Condition
(PIL 15-12).
Install
1. The installation procedure is the opposite of the
removal procedure. Additionally do the following
steps.
2. Make sure that all items are clean and free from
damage and corrosion.
3. Install the upper bearing shell to the connecting
rod. Lubricate the bearing shell with clean engine
oil.
9. 15 - Engine
33 - Connecting Rod
06 - Big-End Bearing
15 - 130 9813/9100-1 15 - 130
4. Install the lower bearing shell to the big-end
bearing cap. Lubricate the bearing shell with
clean engine oil. Install the big-end bearing cap
to the connecting rod. Make sure that the cast
notch on the bearing cap faces to the front of the
engine. Use compressed air to clean the fracture
surfaces before assembly.
5. Install new fixing bolts. Tighten the new bolts in
three stages to the correct torque value.
Special Tool: Torque Wrench (10-100Nm) (Qty.:
1)
Figure 320.
T3
T3 Angle gauge (obtain locally)
5.1. Make sure that the tool is kept in inline
with the bolt to avoid damaging the screw
thread.
6. The bolts are tightened using a torque and
angle method. Refer to Fasteners and Fixings,
General, Introduction (PIL 72-00).
Figure 321.
0° +90°
Y
After Installation
1. Carry out the procedures listed in Before
Removal in reverse order.
Table 108.
Item Torque Value
2 - 1st Stage 35N·m
2 - 2nd Stage 65N·m
2 - Final Stage 90°
10. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 134 9813/9100-1 15 - 134
Technical Data
Table 109. Piston Data
Gudgeon pin bore diam-
eter
- min. 36.01mm
- max. 36.015mm
Piston ring clearance
- Top ring 0.155–0.12mm
- Middle ring 0.13–0.09mm
- Bottom (oil) ring 0.08–0.02mm
Piston ring gap
- Top ring 0.25–0.35mm
- Middle ring 0.6–0.8mm
- Bottom (oil) ring 0.25–0.5mm
Piston height above
crankcase (cold)
0.239–0.558mm
(1)
Piston groove width
- Top ring 1.952mm
(2)
- Middle ring 1.83–1.85mm
- Bottom (oil) ring 2.53–2.55mm
Piston skirt 91.861–91.879mm
Piston pin 35.994–36mm
(1) Nominal measurement is 0.426mm
(2) Measure at gauge diameter 88.01 ± 0.38mm
11. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 135 9813/9100-1 15 - 135
Component Identification
Figure 322.
B
C
D
H
J
A
F
E
G
J
B
C
D
Da
TOP
TOP
TOP
A Piston B Piston ring - compression No.1
C Piston ring - compression No.2 D Piston ring - oil control ring
Da Spiral wire - oil control ring E Connecting rod
F Piston pin G Retaining circlip (x2)
H Piston orientation cut out J Main bearing cap orientation mark
12. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 136 9813/9100-1 15 - 136
Operation
The groove around the diameter of the upper main
bearing shells allows oil transfer to an oil jet located
in the crankcase bearing saddle. Jets are installed at
the main bearing positions.
The jets spray oil directly to the under side of the
pistons effectively transferring heat away from the
top of the pistons. Oil spray also enters the small end
bearing bushes via a feed hole on the top of each
connecting rod.
Figure 323.
1
2
4
5
3
1
2
1 Groove 2 Oil jet
3 Pistons 4 Bearing bushes
5 Crankshaft
13. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 137 9813/9100-1 15 - 137
Check (Condition)
1. Check the piston for signs of damage and
excessive wear. Measure the piston skirt
diameter, piston pin bore and the clearance in
the piston ring grooves to confirm they are within
service limits.
Refer to: PIL 15-36-00.
2. Check the piston pin for signs of damage and
excessive wear. Measure the pin diameter to
confirm it is within service limits. Refer to Piston.
Refer to: PIL 15-36-00.
The connecting rod small end bearing bush is not
renewable. If the small end bearing bush is damaged
or worn the connecting rod must be renewed as a
complete assembly.
Calibrate
Piston Height Measurement Above
Cylinder Block- DTI Method
In the event of sufficient liquid entering the engine, a
hydraulic lock can occur. This may result in bending
of one or more of the connecting rods. Bending of the
connecting rod(s) can occur even when the engine is
cranked by the starter motor.
Bending of the connecting rod may be very slight and
can be checked by carrying out this procedure prior
to a full strip down:
1. With the cylinder head removed, make sure the
surface of the engine block and piston are clean.
2. Zero a DTI (Dial Test Indicator) on the top face
of the cylinder block adjacent to the area on the
piston to be measured. The aim of the procedure
is to use the DTI to take a measurement across 2
locations on the piston that are on the axis of the
gudgeon pin. This will be towards the front and
rear of the engine.
3. Rotate the engine and bring the piston up until
it is 3mm below the engine block face. Carefully
reposition the zeroed DTI above the area of the
piston to be measured.
4. Rotate the engine to bring the piston up to
exactly TDC (Top Dead Centre) and record the
measurement at position 1.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for position 2.
6. Calculate the average of the 2 readings to give
a figure of the piston height above the cylinder
block.
7. Compare the reading obtained to the technical
data.
Refer to: PIL 15-36-00.
7.1. If the reading obtained is lower than zero,
the connecting rod may be bent.
7.2. If the reading obtained is equal to the range
stated in technical data, the connecting rod
is not bent.
8. Repeat steps 2 to 7 to check all connecting rods/
pistons.
9. If any connecting rods are bent, strip the engine
and check for further damage.
10. If the engine is serviceable, any connecting rod
that is bent must be replaced.
14. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 138 9813/9100-1 15 - 138
Figure 324. DTI Measurement
D
C
A
B
A Gudgeon pin axis
B Line of measurement above gudgeon pin axis
C Piston measurement point 1
D Piston measurement point 2
Piston Height Measurement Above
Cylinder Block- Straight Edge Method
If a DTI is not available, a calibrated straight
edge may be used to take a measurement. The
measurement will be less accurate.
1. With the cylinder head removed, make sure the
surface of the engine block and piston are clean.
2. Rotate the engine until the piston to be measured
is at TDC.
3. Position the straight edge on top of the piston
along the axis of the gudgeon pin.
4. Use feeler gauges to measure the gap between
the cylinder block face and underside of the
straight edge on both sides, position 1 and
position 2.
5. Calculate the average of the 2 readings to give
a figure of the piston height above the cylinder
block.
5.1. If the reading obtained is lower than zero,
the connecting rod may be bent.
5.2. If the reading obtained is equal to the range
stated in technical data, the connecting rod
is not bent.
Refer to: PIL 15-36-00.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5.2 to check all connecting
rods/pistons.
Figure 325. Straight Edge Measurement
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
E Straight edge
F Measurement position 1
G Measurement position 2
H Cylinder block- top face
J Gudgeon pin axis
K Piston
L Connecting rod
15. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 139 9813/9100-1 15 - 139
Remove and Install
Before Removal
This procedure requires service parts. Make sure
you have obtained the correct service parts before
you start. Refer to Parts Catalogue.
The following procedure is for one piston and
connecting rod assembly. Each assembly must be
replaced in the same cylinder bore. Label each piston
and connecting rod assembly to make sure it is
installed in the correct position on assembly.
1. Make sure that the engine is safe to work on. If
the engine has been running, let it cool before
you start the service work.
2. Remove the engine from the machine.
Refer to: PIL 15-00-00.
3. Remove the ECM (Engine Control Module).
Refer to: PIL 33-45-06.
4. Remove the fuel injector cover.
Refer to: PIL 18-18-04.
5. Remove the fuel injectors.
Refer to: PIL 18-18-03.
6. Remove the rocker cover.
Refer to: PIL 15-42-06.
7. Remove the cylinder head assembly.
Refer to: PIL 15-06-00.
8. Remove the oil sump.
Refer to: PIL 15-45-00.
16. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 140 9813/9100-1 15 - 140
Figure 326.
A
B
F
F
EH G
C
D
J
J
A Piston B Piston rings
C Connecting rod D Big end bearing cap
E Piston cut out - intake side of crankcase F Big end bearing cap orientation marks
G Shortest side of connecting rod - intake side of
crankcase
H Longest side of connecting rod - exhaust side of
crankcase
J Big end bearing cap bolts
17. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 141 9813/9100-1 15 - 141
Remove
The piston and connecting rod assemblies are
removed through the top of the crankcase.
1. Remove the big end bearing caps.
2. Use a suitable scraper and wire wool to clean off
the carbon deposits from around the top of the
cylinder bore. Take care not to scratch or damage
the cylinder bore.
3. Use a hammer and a short length of wood to
tap the piston from the connecting rod side. Take
care not to scratch or damage the cylinder bore
or the connecting rod bearing surface.
Before Installation
1. Check the big end bearings and the crank shaft
for signs of wear.
Refer to: PIL 15-33-06.
Install
1. Make sure that all items are clean and free from
damage and corrosion.
2. Make sure that the big end bearing shells are
installed correctly.
3. Lubricate the cylinder bore with clean engine oil.
4. Lubricate the big end bearings with clean engine
oil.
5. Use a suitable compressor tool to compress the
piston rings.
6. Insert the piston and connecting rod assembly
into the cylinder bore. Make sure that the longest
side of the connecting rod is on the exhaust
side of the crankcase and the piston cut-out is
on the intake side of the engine. Take care not
to damage the cooling jets when you guide the
connecting rod down the cylinder bore and over
the crank pin diameter.
7. Install the big end bearing cap. Make sure that
it is orientated correctly, the orientation mark
should be on the same side as the orientation
mark on the connecting rod.
8. Install new big end bearing cap bolts. Tighten the
bolts in three stages to the correct torque value.
After Installation
1. The after installation procedure is the opposite of
the before removal procedure.
Table 110. Torque Table
Item Torque Value
(Nm)
Angle (de-
grees)
J (1st Stage) 35
J (2nd Stage) 65
J (Final Stage) 90
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19. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
00 - General
15 - 142 9813/9100-1 15 - 142
Disassemble and Assemble
Dismantle
1. Clamp the connecting rod in a vice. Take care not
to damage the connecting rod.
2. It is recommended that the piston rings are
renewed. If they are to be reused, label the
rings to ensure they are installed in the correct
positions and the correct way up on assembly.
Carefully remove the piston rings from the piston.
To avoid damage or distortion to the rings, use a
suitable piston ring expander tool. Note that the
oil control ring is installed with a spiral wire. Pull
the wire apart and remove it.
3. Remove the circlips and push out the piston pin.
Figure 327.
A
B
C
B
A Piston
B Circlip (x2)
C Piston pin
4. Use a suitable cleaning agent, clean the carbon
deposits from the piston.
Inspect
1. Inspect the pistons for signs of wear or damage.
Assemble
1. The assembly procedure is the opposite of
the disassembly procedure. Additionally do the
following steps.
2. Make sure that all items are clean and free from
damage and corrosion.
3. Lubricate the piston pin with clean engine oil.
Assemble the connecting rod to the piston and
insert the piston pin. Make sure that the short
side of the connecting rod is on the same side as
the cut out in the piston.
4. Install new circlips. Make sure that they are
installed correctly in the groove in the piston.
5. Lubricate the piston with clean engine oil. Install
the piston rings to the piston in sequence as
follows:
5.1. Install the spiral wire for the oil control ring
in the bottom groove and locate the locking
wire inside both ends of the spiral as shown.
Using a piston ring expander tool to install
the oil control ring in the bottom groove and
locate the locking wire inside both ends of
the spiral as shown. Make sure that the
ring gap is positioned 180° to the locking
wire. The correct ring orientation can also
be determined from the profile shape of the
ring.
Refer to: PIL 15-36-00.
5.2. Install the No.2 compression ring into the
middle groove. New rings have a reference
number etched on one face. Make sure
that this face is installed uppermost in the
piston groove. The correct ring orientation
can also be determined from the profile
shape of the ring.
Refer to: PIL 15-36-00.
5.3. Install the No.1 compression ring into the
top groove. New rings have a reference
number etched on one face. Make sure
that this face is installed uppermost in the
piston groove. The correct ring orientation
can also be determined from the profile
shape of the ring.
Refer to: PIL 15-36-00.
6. Rotate the piston rings so that the ring gaps are
120° apart as shown.
21. 15 - Engine
36 - Piston
03 - Piston Ring
15 - 144 9813/9100-1 15 - 144
03 - Piston Ring
Introduction
Gas sealing inside the piston is achieved by the use
of piston rings. The rings are loosely installed into
grooves in the piston. The rings are split at a point in
the rim, to allow them to press against the cylinder
with a light spring pressure.
Two types of ring are used:
- Upper rings have solid faces and provide gas
sealing
- Lower rings have narrow edges and have a U-
shaped profile, to act as oil scrapers.