January 2015 of The Catalyst! New year, new look. With a brand new website, we can't wait to get your feedbacks on it. This issue is our biggest issue yet, with ~20 articles ready for you to dive into!
This document is the September 2016 issue of the Catalyst student science journal. It includes articles on various science topics such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, ice cream science, human evolution from walking fish, cancer therapies, Zika virus, and enriching the undergraduate experience. It also contains entertainment sections, advertising, and information about the editorial team.
This document contains the March 2015 issue of the Student Science Journal. It includes several articles on topics like Ebola virus, physician assisted death, three-parent babies, and replacing online dating with graduate research. It also features a science comic, science trivia, and a letter from the editor-in-chief. The main article is a poem written by a student researcher reflecting on how conducting original research has benefited them professionally and personally.
The summary is as follows:
1. A Canadian optometrist has created the Ocumetics Bionic Lens, which can provide vision three times better than 20/20 by allowing wearers to see distances of up to 9 meters.
2. The bionic lens would be implanted via a painless 8-minute surgery, similar to cataract removal, and provide immediate perfect vision.
3. Ideal candidates are those over 25 who are dependent on glasses or lenses, once the eyes are fully developed.
4. After $3 million in research over 8 years, the bionic lens shows promise where similar devices have failed, and is a better option than laser eye surgery which can
This document is a science magazine containing several sections: a recap of the year 2013 in science, articles on physiology and zoology, illustrations, quotes, and a humor section. It also includes puzzles and games like a jumble and secret messages for readers to solve.
The document discusses female genital mutilation (FGM), specifically the practice of excision. It notes that an estimated 15 million girls will undergo some form of FGM by 2030. Excision involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris and inner labia. While practiced in around 30 countries, it is not strictly linked to any religion. Socio-cultural factors have allowed the tradition to continue across generations. However, excision provides no health benefits and can cause serious physical and psychological harm, such as infection, hemorrhaging, urinary problems, and increased risk of HIV transmission. Efforts are needed to end the harmful practice.
Brand new way to kick start 2016! Discover the cool scientific inventions of 2015. Come to check out our Dear Darwin section along with a brand new contest where you can win $100!
This document is the September 2016 issue of the Catalyst student science journal. It includes articles on various science topics such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, ice cream science, human evolution from walking fish, cancer therapies, Zika virus, and enriching the undergraduate experience. It also contains entertainment sections, advertising, and information about the editorial team.
This document contains the March 2015 issue of the Student Science Journal. It includes several articles on topics like Ebola virus, physician assisted death, three-parent babies, and replacing online dating with graduate research. It also features a science comic, science trivia, and a letter from the editor-in-chief. The main article is a poem written by a student researcher reflecting on how conducting original research has benefited them professionally and personally.
The summary is as follows:
1. A Canadian optometrist has created the Ocumetics Bionic Lens, which can provide vision three times better than 20/20 by allowing wearers to see distances of up to 9 meters.
2. The bionic lens would be implanted via a painless 8-minute surgery, similar to cataract removal, and provide immediate perfect vision.
3. Ideal candidates are those over 25 who are dependent on glasses or lenses, once the eyes are fully developed.
4. After $3 million in research over 8 years, the bionic lens shows promise where similar devices have failed, and is a better option than laser eye surgery which can
This document is a science magazine containing several sections: a recap of the year 2013 in science, articles on physiology and zoology, illustrations, quotes, and a humor section. It also includes puzzles and games like a jumble and secret messages for readers to solve.
The document discusses female genital mutilation (FGM), specifically the practice of excision. It notes that an estimated 15 million girls will undergo some form of FGM by 2030. Excision involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris and inner labia. While practiced in around 30 countries, it is not strictly linked to any religion. Socio-cultural factors have allowed the tradition to continue across generations. However, excision provides no health benefits and can cause serious physical and psychological harm, such as infection, hemorrhaging, urinary problems, and increased risk of HIV transmission. Efforts are needed to end the harmful practice.
Brand new way to kick start 2016! Discover the cool scientific inventions of 2015. Come to check out our Dear Darwin section along with a brand new contest where you can win $100!
This document provides a summary of various science-related articles and topics, including: bacteria living in the human body (90% of cells are bacteria); a discovery that alcohol can be made from used coffee grounds; a science survival guide for university students with tips; and a cover story about a frog's mating strategy being first-come, first-serve. It also includes brief science news articles on a woman who drank Coke instead of water for 16 years, the relationship between cocaine use and education, and a 2007 climate change prediction that has proven somewhat accurate. The document aims to inform and engage students in various areas of science.
The document provides an overview of various science-related topics including undergraduate research opportunities, zoology, physiology, nutrition, science humor, helium crisis, new neighbors in science programs, cognitive exercise, dangers in a local river, scientific illustration, alternative scientific prizes, exclusive online content, Antarctic lake life, winter-ready plants, editorials, and censorship of Canadian scientists.
This document contains information about various topics including psychology, nutrition, opthalmology, encoding and storing memory, mood theories, human genome project, and using solar energy. It also includes puzzles, a winter writing contest, science humour, and letters to Darwin about light powering houses.
This document provides information on several topics related to health, science, and the human body. It includes articles about learning during sleep, mysterious patterns created by pufferfish underwater, research into removing the ability to feel cold, the benefits of exercise for reducing stress, and the growing issue of myopia related to modern lifestyles. The articles discuss recent scientific studies and their findings on these various topics.
1) A new DNA sequencing technique called MALBAC has been developed that significantly improves the accuracy of single-cell genome sequencing.
2) MALBAC uses special primers that reduce amplification bias, improving genome coverage from an average of 40% to 93% with no false positives.
3) This technique allows researchers to distinguish genetic variations between individual cells in a population, which has applications for cancer research and understanding disease progression.
Here are a few tips to help reduce blushing:
- Breathe deeply. Taking slow, deep breaths can help calm your nerves and reduce blushing.
- Focus on listening, not talking. Put the attention on others instead of yourself to take the spotlight off.
- Remind yourself it's normal. Blushing is a natural response and most people won't judge you for it. Try to reassure yourself.
- Use makeup. Applying a green-tinted concealer or foundation can help mask redness from blushing.
- Stay hydrated and well-rested. Being tired or dehydrated can exacerbate blushing.
- Practice positive self-talk. Challenge negative thoughts
This document contains the November contents page for a publication. It lists various article titles to be included such as an illustration of the month on progeria, an article on the theory of cookies, pieces on spirituality and science, the health effects of artificial sweetener Splenda, antimicrobial resistance, science trivia for the month, bioethics issues around banning flights to prevent Ebola spread, and offers for extra academic help and information on funding graduate school and the debate around designer babies.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This document provides a summary of various science-related articles and topics, including: bacteria living in the human body (90% of cells are bacteria); a discovery that alcohol can be made from used coffee grounds; a science survival guide for university students with tips; and a cover story about a frog's mating strategy being first-come, first-serve. It also includes brief science news articles on a woman who drank Coke instead of water for 16 years, the relationship between cocaine use and education, and a 2007 climate change prediction that has proven somewhat accurate. The document aims to inform and engage students in various areas of science.
The document provides an overview of various science-related topics including undergraduate research opportunities, zoology, physiology, nutrition, science humor, helium crisis, new neighbors in science programs, cognitive exercise, dangers in a local river, scientific illustration, alternative scientific prizes, exclusive online content, Antarctic lake life, winter-ready plants, editorials, and censorship of Canadian scientists.
This document contains information about various topics including psychology, nutrition, opthalmology, encoding and storing memory, mood theories, human genome project, and using solar energy. It also includes puzzles, a winter writing contest, science humour, and letters to Darwin about light powering houses.
This document provides information on several topics related to health, science, and the human body. It includes articles about learning during sleep, mysterious patterns created by pufferfish underwater, research into removing the ability to feel cold, the benefits of exercise for reducing stress, and the growing issue of myopia related to modern lifestyles. The articles discuss recent scientific studies and their findings on these various topics.
1) A new DNA sequencing technique called MALBAC has been developed that significantly improves the accuracy of single-cell genome sequencing.
2) MALBAC uses special primers that reduce amplification bias, improving genome coverage from an average of 40% to 93% with no false positives.
3) This technique allows researchers to distinguish genetic variations between individual cells in a population, which has applications for cancer research and understanding disease progression.
Here are a few tips to help reduce blushing:
- Breathe deeply. Taking slow, deep breaths can help calm your nerves and reduce blushing.
- Focus on listening, not talking. Put the attention on others instead of yourself to take the spotlight off.
- Remind yourself it's normal. Blushing is a natural response and most people won't judge you for it. Try to reassure yourself.
- Use makeup. Applying a green-tinted concealer or foundation can help mask redness from blushing.
- Stay hydrated and well-rested. Being tired or dehydrated can exacerbate blushing.
- Practice positive self-talk. Challenge negative thoughts
This document contains the November contents page for a publication. It lists various article titles to be included such as an illustration of the month on progeria, an article on the theory of cookies, pieces on spirituality and science, the health effects of artificial sweetener Splenda, antimicrobial resistance, science trivia for the month, bioethics issues around banning flights to prevent Ebola spread, and offers for extra academic help and information on funding graduate school and the debate around designer babies.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
7. I AM A TRYPSINIZED CELL
I am a trypsinized cell.
I am alive but with no ground.
I float in media of life
In search for something.
I’m surviving.
I am an instrument, machine
Without analyte to spike.
I am turned on- The lights are on.
I’m working.
No signal. Just a baseline.
I yearn for a surface to attach to
With perfect optimal conditions.
I place high hopes on Brownian motion.
By chance, I am sure,
Something is bound to reach my detector.
16. JET LAG: THE COSTLY EFFECTS OF YOUR AIR TRAVELS
SCIENCE COMICS
17. Dear Darwin:
I’ve been sitting in this lecture for like, forever. I
swear time is moving slower than normal and I’m
so bored. Am I crazy, or does time move slower
during my chemistry lectures?
Sincerely,
Bored-yet-brilliant chemistry student
L’ASPIRINE, UN ANTI-CANCER?
19. READER’S CORNER:
TOP PICKS OF 2014
NON-FICTION
FICTION
Want more recommendations or have recommendations of your own? Let us know on Facebook, Twitter or e‐mail.
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