The document provides a comprehensive overview of intelligence, defining it as the capacity to think rationally and interact effectively with the environment. It discusses various types and theories of intelligence, including abstract, mechanical, and social intelligence, as well as individual differences influenced by heredity and environment. Furthermore, the document covers intelligence testing, highlighting significant tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, and their applications in educational and psychological settings.

1. Intelligence
Mr.Visanth V S
Sherwood College of Nursing
Barabanki, UP

2. Intelligence- Meaning
Intelligence makes human beings to be superior to
animals.
The word “intelligence” is derived from two
words in Latin: inter and legere.
“Inter” means “between” and the meaning of
“legere” is “choose.”
So an intelligent person is someone who learned
how to “choose between.”
2

3. “
Definition
3
“The aggregate or global capacity of
the individual to act purposefully, to
think rationally, and to deal
effectively with his environment.”
- David Wechsler

4. Types of Intelligence
● The intelligence may be divided into following
types;
■ Abstract/General intelligence
■ Mechanical intelligence
■ Social intelligence
4

5. ● Abstract Intelligence:
○ It is the ability to handle words, numbers,
formulae and scientific principles.
○ The effective use of words, word comprehension,
sentences etc. (Eg: like poets).
○ A person with abstract intelligence is able to
discover relations among symbols to solve
problems
5

6. ● Mechanical Intelligence (Concrete Intelligence)
○ It is the ability to use machines, “tools or gadgets”.
○ Mechanical engineers and trained industrial workers have
an abundance of mechanical intelligence.
● Social Intelligence
○ It is the ability to use human relations effectively and
understanding the people.
○ Politicians, salesman, and diplomats are to be socially
intelligent.
6

7. Theories of Intelligence
7

8. Faculty Theory
● It is the oldest theory regarding the nature of
intelligence.
● According to this theory, mind is made up of
different faculties like reasoning, memory,
discrimination, imagination, etc.
● They are independent of each other and can be
developed by vigorous training.
8

9. The Monarchic Theory
● This theory is given by Dr.Jhonson.
● According to him a person who can perform one
intellectual task very well can also perform other task
also.
● According to this theory there is one factor in the
intelligence of a person and he termed as ‘intellectual
competence’.
● This theory stands rejected as it fails to explain different
types of intelligence.
9

10. Guilford’s Theory
● Guilford proposed a three dimensional structure of intellect
model.
● According to Guilford every intellectual task can be
classified according to its content, the mental operation
involved and the product resulting from the operation.
● He further classified content into five categories, namely,
Visual, Auditory, Symbolic, Semantic and Behavioral.
● He classified operations into five categories, namely,
Cognition, Memory retention, Memory recording,
Divergent production, Convergent production and
evaluation.
● He classified products into six categories, namely, Units,
Classes, Relations, Systems, Transformations and
Implications.
10

11. Two Factor Theory
● It is given by Charles Spearman; according to him all the
intellectual activities are interdependent.
● He had given two factors for the intelligence of the
person; a general factor “g” and a specific factor “s”
factor.
● Spearman proposed that individuals possess general
intelligence factor (G) ,this determines the individual’s
overall ability.
● The amount of ‘G’ differs from individual to individual.
Higher the ‘G’ in an individual, greater is the success in
life.
● ‘S’ is learned and acquired in the environment; it varies
from activity to activity even in the same individual.
11

12. Multifactor Theory
● Dr. L.L Thurstone (1936) suggested this theory
● Thurstone has argued that ‘g’ can be broken up into a cluster of
related abilities, which he calls the primary mental abilities.
● According to him there are nearly seven factors that contribute
the intelligence of a person.
○ Verbal factor- Effective use of language, word
comprehension.
○ Spatial factor- Ability to recognize the things in the space,
approximate distance.
○ Numerical factor- ability to use numbers effectively
○ Memory – Ability to recall the things
○ Word Fluency- How fluently the words can be used
○ Reasoning Factor- Rational thinking
○ Perceptual Factor- Effectively perceiving the sensory
stimuli
12

13. Process Oriented Theory
● Given by Jean Piaget, According to him there are
certain developmental stages for the intelligence as
follows.
○ Sensori-motor stage- (0-2yrs), object existence
develops during this stage
○ Pre operational stage- (2-7 yrs), Development of
language and development of thinking process.
○ Concrete operational stage- (7-12 yrs), logical
operations/thinking develops; schooling starts.
○ Formal operational stage- (above 12 yrs), abstract
thinking develops, able to give abstract ideas.
13

14. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
 In 1912 the German psychologist William Stern
introduced the concept of IQ.
 Stern given an idea of dividing mental age by
chronological age; which he called the intelligence
quotient, as an index of intelligence
IQ=MA/CAx100
Mental Age (MA) , Chronological Age (CA)
14

15. Individual Differences in Intelligence
● Individual difference is one of the most important
characteristics of intelligence.
● Sir Francis Galton was the first scientist to study the
individual difference in a systematic way.
● The fact behind individual difference is that two individuals
differ in their genetic makeup and also in the environment
in which they brought up.
● There exists wide individual difference among individuals
with regard to intelligence. Not even identical twins have
equal intelligence.
● Intelligence testing has indicated that intelligence varies in
the same individual from time to time and situation to
situation.
15

16. Distribution of individuals based on IQ
16
Sl No IQ Description
1 130 and above Very Superior
2 120-129 Superior
3 110-119 Bright normal
4 85-109 Average
5 70-84 Borderline
6 55-69 Mild mental retardation
7 40-54 Moderate mental retardation
8 25-39 Severe mental retardation
9 Below 25 Profound mental retardation

17. Determinants/ Factors Affecting Intelligence
● Heredity
○ Each individual is born out of a single “fertilized egg”.
○ Evidence pointing to the influence of heredity on
intelligence comes mainly from family and the twin
studies.
○ There are 23 pairs of chromosomes present in each cell
of human beings.
○ Each chromosome contains genes which are the true
carriers of hereditary traits.
○ So they determine various physical and psychological
traits of an individual for example color of the skin
and eyes, the height, intelligent, temperament etc.
17

18. ● Environment
○ The term environment refers to such factors in and around
the individual.
○ The environment is classified into two categories, internal
and external environment.
○ The internal environment refers to the intrauterine life and
intracellular environment.
○ The external environment is the environment after the
birth and is more complex and powerful.
○ It includes language, customs, tradition, cultural aspects
like values, moral, religion etc. . Further school,
community, family, peer group, neighborhood also
influences the individual.
18

19. INTELLIGENCE TESTS
19

20.  Alfred Binet is known as the father of
intelligence testing, beginning with the first
intelligence test developed by Binet (1905).
● Intelligence tests are broadly classified
into;
○ Individual Tests: one individual is tested at a
time
○ Group Tests: Group of people is tested at a time
20

21. Classification of Intelligence Tests
21

22. ● Verbal Test/Language Tests
○ Verbal tests make use of language.
○ Here the instructions are given in words.
Individuals are required to use language as well as
paper or pencil for giving the responses.
○ The test content is loaded with verbal material.
● Non-verbal tests/Non Language tests/Performance tests
○ Involve such activities in which the use of
language is not necessary.
○ The use of language is eliminated from the test
content and response expect in giving directions
22

23. Individual Verbal Tests
● Stanford-Binet Scale
○ Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon prepared this scale in
1905. In 1937 Stanford University made a revision of this
test and named as Stanford-Binet scale
○ The tests in this scale are grouped into age levels from 2-
22yrs.
○ This tests measure five cognitive abilities like reasoning,
knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial
processing, working memory.
○ Indian version of this test is available like Hindustani Binet
Performance Scale (Made by Dr. CH Rice in 1922).
○ The State Manovigyan Shala of Uttar Pradesh made a Hindi
Version and named as Budhi Pariksha Anooshilan.
23

24. Individual Performance Tests
Block building or cube construction: Where the subject is
asked to make a structure or design by means of blocks or cubes
supplied to him. Examples are Merrill Palmer Block Building
Koh’s Block Design Test Alexander’s pass-along test.
24
Alexander’s pass-along test.
Koh’s Block Design

25. To fit the blocks in the holes: Test material of such
types provides numerous blocks and a board in which
there are holes corresponding to each blocks. The
subject has to fit the blocks in these corresponding
holes. Examples are, Seguin Form Board Test
Goddard Form Board Test.
25

26. ● Tracing a Maze Test: Material consists of a series
of mazes of increasing difficulty, each printed on a
separate sheet. The subject is required to trace with
pencil, the path from entrance to exit.
● Example: Porteus Maze test.
26

27. ● Picture Arrangement/Picture
Completion: In picture arrangement test
the task is to arrange in series the given
pictures whereas in picture completion
test the subject is required to complete the
pictures with the help of given pieces cut
of each picture. Example Healy pictorial
completion Test.
● In India Dr. Chander Mohan Bhatia
developed a performance tests known as
Bhatia’s Battery of Performance test.
27

28. Wechsler Scale
 The first popular individual test is the Wechsler Bellevue scale (1938)
developed by Dr. David Wechsler, a clinical psychologist.
 The test measures one’s ability to adapt and constructively solve problems in
the environment and is available in two forms
 WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
 WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test).
 This scale consists of eleven sub sets; six make up a verbal scale and five
performance scale
28
● Verbal Scale:
● Test of general information
● Test of general apprehension
● Test of arithmetic reasoning
● Test of distinction between similarities
● Test of digit span
● Test of vocabulary
● Performance Scale:
● Digit symbol test
● Picture completion test
● Block design test
● Picture arrangement test
● Object assembly test

29. The Group Verbal Tests
These tests need the use of languages and are applied
to a group of people.
Some of the examples are Army Alpha Test
(developed in World War), Army General
Classification Test (developed in World War-II).
29

30. The Group Non-Verbal Tests
● These tests do not need the use of language and can
be used for a group of people at a time.
● Responses are purely motor in character and testee
uses paper and pencil so this type of tests are
otherwise termed as paper and pencil test also.
● The examples for such type of tests are Army Beta
Test, Chicago Non-Verbal test, Raven’s Progressive
Matrices Test etc.
30

31. 31
Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test

32. Few Intelligence tests developed in India
● Indian Adaptation of Stanford-Binet Test (Third Edition) by
S.K. Kulshrestha
● Test of General Mental Ability (Hindi) by M.C. Joshi.
● Bhatia’s Battery of Performance Tests
● Draw-a-Man Test by Pramila Pathak
● Adaptation of Wechsler Adult Performance Intelligence Scale
by R. Ramalingaswamy
● CIE Verbal Group Test of Intelligence by Uday Shankar
● Group Test of General Mental Ability by S. Jalota
● Group Test of Intelligence by Prayag Mehta
● The Bihar Test of Intelligence by S.M. Mohsin
● Group Test of Intelligence by Bureau of Psychology,
Allahabad
32

33. Uses of Intelligence Tests
● For the purpose of selection
● For classifying the students as bright, dull or average in
order to bring efficiency in using suitable teaching-
learning process.
● Used as a useful instrument for promotion
● Intelligence tests help to reveal the potentialities of an
individual.
● Helps in diagnosis of exceptional children like gifted,
backward and the mentally retarded.
● Intelligence testing is very much useful in Psychological,
Sociological and Educational research.
33

34. 34