Sextos, A.G., (2011) “Information and Communication Technologies in Earthquake Engineering”, in: The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, Chania, Greece [published as Computational Technology Reviews, Tsompanakis, Y. and Topping, B.H.V. (Ed.), Vol. 4, Pp. 193-224, 2011. Doi:10.4203/ctr.4.8].
Information and Communication Technologies in Earthquake Engineering
1. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Information & Communication Technologies
in E th
i Earthquake E i
k Engineering
i
Anastasios Sextos, Assistant Professor
Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki
Greece
2. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
aim
to iti ll discuss:
t critically di
the recent advances in Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) and
their applications i the seismic design and assessment of modern structures,
h i li i in h i i d i d f d
with emphasis on buildings and bridges
and present:
d
• new software applications
• web-based engineering tools
• decision-making systems
• collaborative on-site and remote research tools
• frameworks for hybrid simulation (coupled experimental and numerical)
• open source applications
• data and metadata dissemination and archiving g
• applications for mobile devices and remote computing
• earthquake-specific GIS applications
3. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT applications for mitigating seismic risk
Risk
mitigation
Decision
making
Seismic
Information Hazard
Seismic i k
S i i risk &
assessment Communication
Technologies
St uctu es
Structures
Lifelines &
critical
Geotechnical
facilities
projects
5. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
PROBLEM: Balance the demand imposed to the structures by
earthquake ground motion and the capacity that has to be
provided both at the member and structure level
level.
6. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
NEED: tools for reliable estimate of actions, action effects (member
, (
forces and displacements) and structural resistance to ensure that
the structures designed will meet specific performance objectives
against earthquakes
(acceptable displacements, adequate strength & stiffness, ductility,
hierarchy of failure, serviceability etc for different levels of
earthquake intensity)
7. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
ADVANCES: a number of alternative methods are now
available f nonlinear static or d
il bl for li t ti dynamic analysis of structures.
i l i f t t
Static Analysis Response History Analysis
Nonlinear Static (Standard Pseudo-Static Response
Pushover) Analysis (SPA) History Analysis (SRHA)
Linear Elastic Response
Modal Pushover Analysis History Analysis (LRHA)
(
(MPA)
)
Nonlinear Response
li
History Analysis (NRHA)
Displacement based
Displacement-based Incremental Dynamic
Adaptive Pushover Analysis Analysis (IDA)
(APA)
8. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
9. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of Reinforced Concrete members
10. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
11. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Open source research software for seismic analysis of structures
Permit programming
Supported by large
communities of users
ii f
http://opensees.berkeley.edu/ http://mae.cee.uiuc.edu/news/zeusnl.html
Open source
finite element
software
Application Programming Interface (API)
http://www.csiberkeley.com/
http // csiberkele com/
12. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
Seismic assessment of
composite structures
(masonry/concrete/steel/
( / / l/
wood)
13. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
Seismic
rehabilitation
of under-
designed
d i d
structures
National Theater of Athens:designed by Ernst (Ernestos) Moritz Theodor Ziller
14. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of Reinforced Concrete members
Lumped plasticity Distributed plasticity (fiber models)
Stiffness,
Stiffness strength
degradation &
pinching
Sextos, A., Katsanos, E. and Manolis, G. (2010) EC8-based earthquake selection procedure evaluation: validation study based on observed damage
of an irregular R/C building, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering, 31(4), 583-597.
15. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of Reinforced Concrete members
• Models can be
calibrated
lib d
versus real
damage
• Flexural
failure of the
columns at the
entrance of the
Super Marketk
• Spalling
• Buckling of
the longitudinal
bars
• Fracture of
several h
l hoops
Sextos, A., Katsanos, E. and Manolis, G. (2010) EC8-based earthquake selection procedure evaluation: validation study based on observed damage
of an irregular R/C building, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering, 31(4), 583-597.
16. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
Coupled material &
C l d t i l
geometric non-linearities
(pounding) under
earthquake loading
q g
17. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of soils and the response of SSI systems
3-Dimensional modeling of the entire soil-foundation-
superstructure system
18. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of soils and the response of SSI systems
19. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of soils and the response of SSI systems
R14 Bridge
4 g LA DWP Bridge
g W180 Bridge
g
MGR Bridge Adobe Bridge La Veta
Sextos, A.G., Mackie, K.R., Stojadinović, B. and Taskari, O. N. (2008) ‘Simplified P-y relationships fro modeling embankment-abutment systems of typical
California bridges’, In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
20. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of soils and the response of SSI systems
Embankment Soil
(Mohr-Coulomb) Foundation Soil
(Mohr-Coulomb)
Backfill Soil
kfill il
(Mohr-Coulomb,
E=60MPa, φ=39ο)
Surface contact to Foundation Soil
coarse mesh (Mohr-Coulomb)
Pile-soil
contact
Foundation Soil (Mohr-Coulomb,
(Mohr Coulomb,
E=15MPa , φ=15ο, c=100kPa for Soil A Cracked pile
and E=5MPa, φ=5ο, c=50kPa for SoilB stiffness
Sextos, A.G., Mackie, K.R., Stojadinović, B. and Taskari, O. N. (2008) ‘Simplified P-y relationships fro modeling embankment-abutment systems of typical
California bridges’, In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
21. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of soils and the response of SSI systems
Sextos, A.G., Mackie, K.R., Stojadinović, B. and Taskari, O. N. (2008) ‘Simplified P-y relationships fro modeling embankment-abutment systems of typical
California bridges’, In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
22. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of soils and the response of SSI systems
Sextos, A.G., Mackie, K.R., Stojadinović, B. and Taskari, O. N. (2008) ‘Simplified P-y relationships fro modeling embankment-abutment systems of typical
California bridges’, In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
23. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures
LIMITATIONS:
epistemic uncertainly, that is, the uncertainty associated
with modeling decisions and assumptions tends to be
gradually reduced b t i certainly not negligible
d ll d d but is t i l t li ibl
none of these tools can be globally used for all structural
systems, materials, boundary conditions and
performance levels
Earthquake Epistemic
Material
input (modeling)
uncertainty
uncertainty uncertainty
24. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Hybrid and Multi platform simulation
Multi-platform
Current analysis applications do not include both state-of-the-art
soil material model and state-of-the-art structural models.
state of the art
Kwon, Oh-Sung and Elnashai, Amr S. (2008) ‘Seismic analysis of Meloland road overcrossing using multiplatform simulation software including SSI’,
Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(4), pp. 651-660.
25. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Hybrid and Multi platform simulation
Multi-platform
• Analysis coordinator developed
at Mid-America Earthquake
Center (University of Illinois at
( y
Urbana-Champaign)
• Primarily to coordinate
remotely controlled experiments
and numerical analyses
Kwon, O.-S., Nakata, N., Elnashai, A. S. and Spencer, B. (2005) ‘A framework for multi-site distributed simulation and application to complex structural
systems’, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 9(5), pp. 741-753.
26. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Hybrid and Multi platform simulation
Multi-platform
Kwon, Oh-Sung and Elnashai, Amr S. (2008) ‘Seismic analysis of Meloland road overcrossing using multiplatform simulation software including SSI’,
Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(4), pp. 651-660.
27. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Hybrid and Multi platform simulation
Multi-platform
DOF1 DOF2 DOF3 DOF4 DOF5 DOF6 DOF7
n.1 n.2 n.3 n.4 n.5 n.6 n.7
9m
Module 1
19m 32m 19m DOF7
DOF1
Module 2 M d l 3
Module
Decide the static modules and the effective nodes & degrees of freedom
Sextos, A.G. and Taskari, O. N. (2008) ‘Comparative assessment of advanced computational tools for embankment-abutment-bridge superstructure
interaction’, In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
28. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Hybrid and Multi platform simulation
Multi-platform
www.exchange-ssi.net
Duration: 2011-2014
Coordinator: Aristotle University Thessaloniki
Hosting Institution: University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
29. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Hybrid and Multi platform simulation
Multi-platform
fs (μ, σ)
fc (μ, σ)
Ebear.(μ, σ)
Esoil (μ, σ)
www.exchange-ssi.net
Duration: 2011-2014
Coordinator: Aristotle University Thessaloniki
Hosting Institution: University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
30. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of sensor based data acquisition and management
sensor-based
The improvements in sensor and data-acquisition technologies and the use of non-
contact (wireless) measurement systems, permit high quality concurrent measurements
of the displacements or stresses at thousands of points on the structures that are
physically tested.
As the traditional methods of data management cannot handle such enormous amount
of data, new data-visualization and analysis tools have been developed that integrate in
real time the details of the test structure with measured strains, displacements, and
p
cracking data.
Shake Table Research Equipment
Large-Scale L b
L S l Laboratory E Experimentation S
i i Systems
Centrifuge Research Equipment
Tsunami Wave Basin
Large-Scale Lifeline Testing
g g
Field Experimentation and Monitoring Installations
31. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of sensor based data acquisition and management
sensor-based
Reaction wall, ELSA, JRC, Italy Shaking Table, E-DEFENCE, Japan
Shaking Table, EU-CENTRE, Italy
h k bl l Centrifuge, Cambridge, U.K.
Complete list of European-based facilities: project SERIES http://www.series.upatras.gr
32. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
Step 1
p • Modal identification via ambient vibrations
Monitoring
of bridge
Traffic loads response
imposed to the
bridge
Nω
E ψ = tr S kΔω;ψ -S kΔω
ˆ *T ˆ
S kΔω;ψ -S kΔω
1
k=1
k Least squares minimization
Measured Refined 3D FE Model
modes modeling updating
Sextos, A.G., Faraonis, P., Papadimitriou, C. and Panetsos, P. (2011) ‘System identification of a R?C bridge based on ambient vibrations and 3D numerical
simulations of the entire soil-structure system’, In 3rd ECCOMAS Thematic Conf. on Comp. Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.
33. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
2nd Kavala Bypass Ravine Bridge
13.50m 13.50m
Overall length of 170m (4 spans of 42.5m)
4 pre-cast , post-tensioned I beams of 2.80m height
34. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
2nd Kavala Bypass Ravine Bridge
• Piers of 4.0x4.0m hollow
sections, thickness of 40cm
• Pier height 30.0-50.0m
• D i PGA = 0.16g
Design 6
• Seismic zone I of Greek Code
• Foundation height 12.0-12.8m
35. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
Finite element model development and updating
10cm gap 8cm gap
Deck
4 Stoppers
Cap beam (300x500x52)
36. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
.
37. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
.
Sextos, A.G., Faraonis, P., Papadimitriou, C. and Panetsos, P. (2011) ‘System identification of a R?C bridge based on ambient vibrations and 3D numerical
simulations of the entire soil-structure system’, In 3rd ECCOMAS Thematic Conf. on Comp. Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.
38. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
39. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
Top view
ment
ment
Fundamental pe od in
u da e ta period
embankm
utment-embankm
the transverse direction
T=1.43sec
stem
tem
1st branch
syst
utment-e
sys
2nd branch . (apparently common for
the two branches)
Abu
Abu
40. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control
LIMITATIONS:
• measurement quality is affected by environmental conditions
• potentially initial p
p y poor agreement between measured and
g
predicted (FE) response
• complex FE models are more accurate but their updating
requires huge computational effort
• the optimum solution is not necessarily the one with the most
reasonable physical interpretation
• engineering judgement is still needed despite the major ICT
advancements
41. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Early warning systems
NEED: rapid response systems assessing in real time the
structural condition of critical facilities
ADVANCES:
from
passive, web-based post-earthquake
passive web based post earthquake information content
requiring no pre-event configuration,
to
sophisticated damage-assessment and active notification
systems that require pre-event set up and IT expertise (e.g.
customizable alerts, earthquake magnitude and location
notifications)
42. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Early warning systems
CALTRANS-USGS-SHAKECAST: An application for automating ShakeMap delivery to
critical users and for facilitating notification of shaking levels at user-selected facilities.
user selected
Provides automatic
notifications within
minutes of an
earthquake indicating
the level of shaking
and the likelihood of
impact to critical
facilities
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/software/shakecast/
43. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Computer aided pre & post earthquake assessment
Computer-aided pre- post-earthquake
44. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Computer aided pre & post earthquake assessment
Computer-aided pre- post-earthquake
PREPEARED reduces the time required between the visual on-site inspection of buildings
and crisis management actions
Decision
D i i
making
On-site d t
O it data Wireless E
Wi l Expert
t Projection in GIS
acquisition system update
Application:
city of Duzce,
Turkey
k
(stock size:
17050
buildings)
b ildi )
Sextos, A.G., Kappos, A.J. and Stylianidis, K. (2008) ‘Computer-Aided Pre- and Post-Earthquake Assessment of Buildings Involving Database
Compilation, GIS Visualization, and Mobile Data Transmission’, Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 23, pp. 59-73.
45. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Remote sensing
ADVANCES: optical satellite imagery, synthetic aperture radar
(SAR),
(SAR) and light detection and ranging (LIDAR)
for rapid estimate of the effects of earthquakes
Failure geometry from Light Integration of satellite i
I t ti f t llit images
Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and field reconnaissance
Visual identification Integration with topographic, geologic maps and USGS
of l d lid
f landslides Shakemap
Sh k
Rathje, El.M. and Adams, B.J. (2008) ‘The Role of Remote Sensing in Earthquake Science and Engineering: Opportunities and Challenges’,
Earthquake Spectra, 24(2), p. 471.
46. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Damage detection from satellite imagery: crowd sourcing
http://tomnod.com/geocan
47. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Web based collaborative research & large scale dissemination of experimental data
Web-based data.
Permits the participating research teams to:
• plan perform and publish experiments
plan, perform, experiments.
Provides:
• data management software for organizing
and sharing data through the hub
• telepresence tools for enabling remote
participation in experiment planning and
execution,
• visualization capabilities for viewing pre-
recorded sensor data
corresponding videos with common time
collaboration services for promoting joint
research
• simulation software for computational
modeling. NEEShub
http://www.nees.org
48. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Strong ground motion data management, generation and dissemination
management
Use of the web-based Next Generation Attenuation Strong Motion Database
NGA-Database (operated by PEER): http://peer.berkeley.edu/nga/
3551 three-components records (10650 individual seismic records)
173 shallow crustal
earthquakes from
active tectonic
regions world-wide
49. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Strong ground motion data management, generation and dissemination
management
50. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
C
Code-based selection of seismic records: a p b
b problematic p
process
LIMITATIONS:
• code-based selection of earthquake records leads to significant
b q g
discrepancies in structural response
0.12<T 0 6<1 2
0 12<T1=0.6<1.2 sec
51. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Structure-specific earthquake record selection p
p q process for RH analysis
y
Search
Record database Form
selection compatible
criteria sets
Measure Run Rank
response dynamic eligible
discrepancy analysis sets
Sextos, A., Katsanos, E. and Manolis, G. (2010) EC8-based earthquake selection procedure evaluation: validation study based on observed damage
of an irregular R/C building, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering, 31(4), 583-597.
52. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Structure-specific earthquake record selection p
p q process for RH analysis
y
53. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Structure specific earthquake record selection software
Katsanos, E. I., Sextos, A. G. and Notopoulos, T. (2011) ‘ISSARS : An integrated systems for structural analysis and record selections’, In 3rd
ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Corfu, Greece
54. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Structure specific earthquake record selection software
55. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Structure specific earthquake record selection software
56. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Structure specific earthquake record selection software
57. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Structure specific earthquake record selection software
Records are selected not
only on th b i of:
l the basis f
• preliminary criteria
(M,R, PGA, Soil) and
• frequency content
f q y
(best spectrum
matching)
• but also on the
minimum discrepancy
in structural response
(i.e., member forces of
shear walls or roof
displacements).
di l )
58. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Parallel processing / Grid computing
NEED: to make use of computer p
p power for solving complex
g p
and time consuming numerical analysis problems
Parallel Grid
processing computing
utilizing multiple processor cores for Distributing non-interactive,
structural problems with a large remotely processed, workloads that
processed
number of DOF involve a large number of files
Partitioning to several CPUs for
multiple independent analyses and
then post-processing http://www.sdsc.edu
59. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Bio inspired technologies & Knowledge based expert systems
Bio-inspired Knowledge-based
Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques
Artificial Knowledge-
K l d
Case-Based
Neural Based Expert
Reasoning
Networks System
(CBR)
(ANN) (KBES)
(KBES)*
* lacking intelligence
ADVANCES: soft computing, ANN, genetic algorithms, f
f i i l ih fuzzy
and hybrid neuro-fuzzy systems, as well as intelligent
applications for structural and geotechnical engineering.
N. Lagaros, Y. Tsompanakis, (editors), “Intelligent computational paradigms in earthquake engineering”, Idea Publishers, 2006
60. The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing
Conclusions
• The future of research in earthquake engineering is inherently dependent on
the Information and Communication Technological advances to be made in the
years to follow and thus, it is not only the tools that will be developed based on
specific needs of the engineering community, but the needs themselves will be
transformed due to the rapid technological change
change.
• It is probable that an unrecoverable large technological gap will develop both
horizontally (i
h i ll (i.e., world-wise) and vertically (i
ld i ) d i ll (i.e., f
from the research to the
h h h
professional community).
• Education, collaboration, knowledge dissemination and life-long learning
should be seen as priorities of equally high value with the primary investment
gy
in technology.
• Engineering judgment will always be the key factor for moderating results