Information and Communication Technologies in Earthquake Engineering

The Thirteenth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing

Information & Communication Technologies
in E th
i Earthquake E i
k Engineering
i

Anastasios Sextos, Assistant Professor

Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki
Greece


aim

to iti ll discuss:
t critically di

the recent advances in Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) and
their applications i the seismic design and assessment of modern structures,
h i li i in h i i d i d f d
with emphasis on buildings and bridges

and present:
d

• new software applications
• web-based engineering tools
• decision-making systems
• collaborative on-site and remote research tools
• frameworks for hybrid simulation (coupled experimental and numerical)
• open source applications
• data and metadata dissemination and archiving g
• applications for mobile devices and remote computing
• earthquake-specific GIS applications


ICT applications for mitigating seismic risk

Risk
mitigation
Decision
making
Seismic
Information Hazard
Seismic i k
S i i risk &
assessment Communication
Technologies
St uctu es
Structures
Lifelines &
critical
Geotechnical
facilities
projects


motivation


Advanced finite element modeling for seismic design and assessment of structures

PROBLEM: Balance the demand imposed to the structures by
earthquake ground motion and the capacity that has to be
provided both at the member and structure level
level.



NEED: tools for reliable estimate of actions, action effects (member
, (
forces and displacements) and structural resistance to ensure that
the structures designed will meet specific performance objectives
against earthquakes
(acceptable displacements, adequate strength & stiffness, ductility,
hierarchy of failure, serviceability etc for different levels of
earthquake intensity)



ADVANCES: a number of alternative methods are now
available f nonlinear static or d
il bl for li t ti dynamic analysis of structures.
i l i f t t
Static Analysis Response History Analysis

Nonlinear Static (Standard Pseudo-Static Response
Pushover) Analysis (SPA) History Analysis (SRHA)

Linear Elastic Response
Modal Pushover Analysis History Analysis (LRHA)
(
(MPA)
)
Nonlinear Response
li
History Analysis (NRHA)
Displacement based
Displacement-based Incremental Dynamic
Adaptive Pushover Analysis Analysis (IDA)
(APA)


Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of Reinforced Concrete members


Open source research software for seismic analysis of structures
Permit programming
Supported by large
communities of users
ii f
http://opensees.berkeley.edu/ http://mae.cee.uiuc.edu/news/zeusnl.html

Open source
finite element
software

Application Programming Interface (API)

http://www.csiberkeley.com/
http // csiberkele com/



Seismic assessment of
composite structures
(masonry/concrete/steel/
( / / l/
wood)



Seismic
rehabilitation
of under-
designed
d i d
structures

National Theater of Athens:designed by Ernst (Ernestos) Moritz Theodor Ziller



Lumped plasticity Distributed plasticity (fiber models)

Stiffness,
Stiffness strength
degradation &
pinching

Sextos, A., Katsanos, E. and Manolis, G. (2010) EC8-based earthquake selection procedure evaluation: validation study based on observed damage
of an irregular R/C building, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering, 31(4), 583-597.



• Models can be
calibrated
lib d
versus real
damage
• Flexural
failure of the
columns at the
entrance of the
Super Marketk
• Spalling
• Buckling of
the longitudinal
bars
• Fracture of
several h
l hoops



Coupled material &
C l d t i l
geometric non-linearities
(pounding) under
earthquake loading
q g


Advances in modeling the cyclic behavior of soils and the response of SSI systems

3-Dimensional modeling of the entire soil-foundation-
superstructure system



R14 Bridge
4 g LA DWP Bridge
g W180 Bridge
g

MGR Bridge Adobe Bridge La Veta

Sextos, A.G., Mackie, K.R., Stojadinović, B. and Taskari, O. N. (2008) ‘Simplified P-y relationships fro modeling embankment-abutment systems of typical
California bridges’, In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.



Embankment Soil
(Mohr-Coulomb) Foundation Soil
(Mohr-Coulomb)
Backfill Soil
kfill il
(Mohr-Coulomb,
E=60MPa, φ=39ο)

Surface contact to Foundation Soil
coarse mesh (Mohr-Coulomb)

Pile-soil
contact
Foundation Soil (Mohr-Coulomb,
(Mohr Coulomb,
E=15MPa , φ=15ο, c=100kPa for Soil A Cracked pile
and E=5MPa, φ=5ο, c=50kPa for SoilB stiffness




LIMITATIONS:

epistemic uncertainly, that is, the uncertainty associated
with modeling decisions and assumptions tends to be
gradually reduced b t i certainly not negligible
d ll d d but is t i l t li ibl

none of these tools can be globally used for all structural
systems, materials, boundary conditions and
performance levels

Earthquake Epistemic
Material
input (modeling)
uncertainty
uncertainty uncertainty


Hybrid and Multi platform simulation
Multi-platform

Current analysis applications do not include both state-of-the-art
soil material model and state-of-the-art structural models.
state of the art

Kwon, Oh-Sung and Elnashai, Amr S. (2008) ‘Seismic analysis of Meloland road overcrossing using multiplatform simulation software including SSI’,
Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(4), pp. 651-660.


Multi-platform

• Analysis coordinator developed
at Mid-America Earthquake
Center (University of Illinois at
( y
Urbana-Champaign)

• Primarily to coordinate
remotely controlled experiments
and numerical analyses

Kwon, O.-S., Nakata, N., Elnashai, A. S. and Spencer, B. (2005) ‘A framework for multi-site distributed simulation and application to complex structural
systems’, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 9(5), pp. 741-753.


Multi-platform

Kwon, Oh-Sung and Elnashai, Amr S. (2008) ‘Seismic analysis of Meloland road overcrossing using multiplatform simulation software including SSI’,
Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(4), pp. 651-660.


Multi-platform

DOF1 DOF2 DOF3 DOF4 DOF5 DOF6 DOF7

n.1 n.2 n.3 n.4 n.5 n.6 n.7
9m

Module 1

19m 32m 19m DOF7
DOF1

Module 2 M d l 3
Module

Decide the static modules and the effective nodes & degrees of freedom

Sextos, A.G. and Taskari, O. N. (2008) ‘Comparative assessment of advanced computational tools for embankment-abutment-bridge superstructure
interaction’, In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.


Multi-platform

www.exchange-ssi.net
Duration: 2011-2014
Coordinator: Aristotle University Thessaloniki
Hosting Institution: University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign


Multi-platform

fs (μ, σ)
fc (μ, σ)

Ebear.(μ, σ)

Esoil (μ, σ)

www.exchange-ssi.net
Duration: 2011-2014
Coordinator: Aristotle University Thessaloniki
Hosting Institution: University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign


ICT in support of sensor based data acquisition and management
sensor-based

The improvements in sensor and data-acquisition technologies and the use of non-
contact (wireless) measurement systems, permit high quality concurrent measurements
of the displacements or stresses at thousands of points on the structures that are
physically tested.

As the traditional methods of data management cannot handle such enormous amount
of data, new data-visualization and analysis tools have been developed that integrate in
real time the details of the test structure with measured strains, displacements, and
p
cracking data.

Shake Table Research Equipment
Large-Scale L b
L S l Laboratory E Experimentation S
i i Systems
Centrifuge Research Equipment
Tsunami Wave Basin
Large-Scale Lifeline Testing
g g
Field Experimentation and Monitoring Installations


ICT in support of sensor based data acquisition and management
sensor-based

Reaction wall, ELSA, JRC, Italy Shaking Table, E-DEFENCE, Japan

Shaking Table, EU-CENTRE, Italy
h k bl l Centrifuge, Cambridge, U.K.

Complete list of European-based facilities: project SERIES http://www.series.upatras.gr


ICT in support of structural health monitoring and control

Step 1
p • Modal identification via ambient vibrations

Monitoring
of bridge
Traffic loads response
imposed to the
bridge

Nω
E  ψ  =  tr S  kΔω;ψ  -S  kΔω 


ˆ *T ˆ 
S  kΔω;ψ  -S  kΔω  


 1 
k=1
k Least squares minimization

Measured Refined 3D FE Model
modes modeling updating

Sextos, A.G., Faraonis, P., Papadimitriou, C. and Panetsos, P. (2011) ‘System identification of a R?C bridge based on ambient vibrations and 3D numerical
simulations of the entire soil-structure system’, In 3rd ECCOMAS Thematic Conf. on Comp. Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.


2nd Kavala Bypass Ravine Bridge

13.50m 13.50m

Overall length of 170m (4 spans of 42.5m)
4 pre-cast , post-tensioned I beams of 2.80m height


2nd Kavala Bypass Ravine Bridge

• Piers of 4.0x4.0m hollow
sections, thickness of 40cm
• Pier height 30.0-50.0m
• D i PGA = 0.16g
Design 6
• Seismic zone I of Greek Code
• Foundation height 12.0-12.8m


Finite element model development and updating

10cm gap 8cm gap

Deck

4 Stoppers
Cap beam (300x500x52)



.



.

Sextos, A.G., Faraonis, P., Papadimitriou, C. and Panetsos, P. (2011) ‘System identification of a R?C bridge based on ambient vibrations and 3D numerical
simulations of the entire soil-structure system’, In 3rd ECCOMAS Thematic Conf. on Comp. Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.



Top view
ment

ment
Fundamental pe od in
u da e ta period
embankm

utment-embankm
the transverse direction
T=1.43sec
stem

tem
1st branch
syst
utment-e
sys

2nd branch . (apparently common for
the two branches)
Abu

Abu



LIMITATIONS:
• measurement quality is affected by environmental conditions
• potentially initial p
p y poor agreement between measured and
g
predicted (FE) response
• complex FE models are more accurate but their updating
requires huge computational effort
• the optimum solution is not necessarily the one with the most
reasonable physical interpretation
• engineering judgement is still needed despite the major ICT
advancements


Early warning systems

NEED: rapid response systems assessing in real time the
structural condition of critical facilities

ADVANCES:

from
passive, web-based post-earthquake
passive web based post earthquake information content
requiring no pre-event configuration,

to
sophisticated damage-assessment and active notification
systems that require pre-event set up and IT expertise (e.g.
customizable alerts, earthquake magnitude and location
notifications)


Early warning systems

CALTRANS-USGS-SHAKECAST: An application for automating ShakeMap delivery to
critical users and for facilitating notification of shaking levels at user-selected facilities.
user selected

Provides automatic
notifications within
minutes of an
earthquake indicating
the level of shaking
and the likelihood of
impact to critical
facilities

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/software/shakecast/


Computer aided pre & post earthquake assessment
Computer-aided pre- post-earthquake


Computer aided pre & post earthquake assessment
Computer-aided pre- post-earthquake

PREPEARED reduces the time required between the visual on-site inspection of buildings
and crisis management actions

Decision
D i i
making

On-site d t
O it data Wireless E
Wi l Expert
t Projection in GIS
acquisition system update

Application:
city of Duzce,
Turkey
k
(stock size:
17050
buildings)
b ildi )

Sextos, A.G., Kappos, A.J. and Stylianidis, K. (2008) ‘Computer-Aided Pre- and Post-Earthquake Assessment of Buildings Involving Database
Compilation, GIS Visualization, and Mobile Data Transmission’, Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 23, pp. 59-73.


Remote sensing

ADVANCES: optical satellite imagery, synthetic aperture radar
(SAR),
(SAR) and light detection and ranging (LIDAR)
for rapid estimate of the effects of earthquakes

Failure geometry from Light Integration of satellite i
I t ti f t llit images
Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and field reconnaissance

Visual identification Integration with topographic, geologic maps and USGS
of l d lid
f landslides Shakemap
Sh k

Rathje, El.M. and Adams, B.J. (2008) ‘The Role of Remote Sensing in Earthquake Science and Engineering: Opportunities and Challenges’,
Earthquake Spectra, 24(2), p. 471.


Damage detection from satellite imagery: crowd sourcing

http://tomnod.com/geocan


Web based collaborative research & large scale dissemination of experimental data
Web-based data.

Permits the participating research teams to:
• plan perform and publish experiments
plan, perform, experiments.

Provides:
• data management software for organizing
and sharing data through the hub
• telepresence tools for enabling remote
participation in experiment planning and
execution,
• visualization capabilities for viewing pre-
recorded sensor data
corresponding videos with common time
collaboration services for promoting joint
research
• simulation software for computational
modeling. NEEShub

http://www.nees.org


Strong ground motion data management, generation and dissemination
management

Use of the web-based Next Generation Attenuation Strong Motion Database

NGA-Database (operated by PEER): http://peer.berkeley.edu/nga/

3551 three-components records (10650 individual seismic records)

173 shallow crustal
earthquakes from
active tectonic
regions world-wide


Strong ground motion data management, generation and dissemination
management


C
Code-based selection of seismic records: a p b
b problematic p
process

LIMITATIONS:
• code-based selection of earthquake records leads to significant
b q g
discrepancies in structural response

0.12<T 0 6<1 2
0 12<T1=0.6<1.2 sec


Structure-specific earthquake record selection p
p q process for RH analysis
y

Search
Record database Form
selection compatible
criteria sets

Measure Run Rank
response dynamic eligible
discrepancy analysis sets



Structure-specific earthquake record selection p
p q process for RH analysis
y


Structure specific earthquake record selection software

Katsanos, E. I., Sextos, A. G. and Notopoulos, T. (2011) ‘ISSARS : An integrated systems for structural analysis and record selections’, In 3rd
ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Corfu, Greece



Records are selected not
only on th b i of:
l the basis f

• preliminary criteria
(M,R, PGA, Soil) and

• frequency content
f q y
(best spectrum
matching)

• but also on the
minimum discrepancy
in structural response
(i.e., member forces of
shear walls or roof
displacements).
di l )


Parallel processing / Grid computing

NEED: to make use of computer p
p power for solving complex
g p
and time consuming numerical analysis problems

Parallel Grid
processing computing

utilizing multiple processor cores for Distributing non-interactive,
structural problems with a large remotely processed, workloads that
processed
number of DOF involve a large number of files

Partitioning to several CPUs for
multiple independent analyses and
then post-processing http://www.sdsc.edu


Bio inspired technologies & Knowledge based expert systems
Bio-inspired Knowledge-based
Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques

Artificial Knowledge-
K l d
Case-Based
Neural Based Expert
Reasoning
Networks System
(CBR)
(ANN) (KBES)
(KBES)*

* lacking intelligence

ADVANCES: soft computing, ANN, genetic algorithms, f
f i i l ih fuzzy
and hybrid neuro-fuzzy systems, as well as intelligent
applications for structural and geotechnical engineering.

N. Lagaros, Y. Tsompanakis, (editors), “Intelligent computational paradigms in earthquake engineering”, Idea Publishers, 2006


Conclusions

• The future of research in earthquake engineering is inherently dependent on
the Information and Communication Technological advances to be made in the
years to follow and thus, it is not only the tools that will be developed based on
specific needs of the engineering community, but the needs themselves will be
transformed due to the rapid technological change
change.

• It is probable that an unrecoverable large technological gap will develop both
horizontally (i
h i ll (i.e., world-wise) and vertically (i
ld i ) d i ll (i.e., f
from the research to the
h h h
professional community).

• Education, collaboration, knowledge dissemination and life-long learning
should be seen as priorities of equally high value with the primary investment
gy
in technology.

• Engineering judgment will always be the key factor for moderating results

Information and Communication Technologies in Earthquake Engineering

More Related Content

Similar to Information and Communication Technologies in Earthquake Engineering

Recently uploaded

Information and Communication Technologies in Earthquake Engineering