It tells almost Full details about Inflammatory response,It type and function.

1. S.SRIDHAR
23MIM44

2. INFLAMMATION :
• Inflammation is part of the body’s defense mechanism.
• It is the process by which the immune system recognizes
and removes harmful and foreign stimuli and begins the
healing process.
• Inflammation can be either acute or
chronic.

4. TYPES OF INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE :
ACUTE INFLAMMATION – Acute inflammation is a
short-term process, usually appearing within a few
minutes or hours and begins to cease upon the
removal of the injurious stimulus.
• The classic signs and symptoms of acute
inflammation:
• Redness
• Swelling
• Heat
• Pain

5. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION - Chronic
inflammation is inflammation that
lasts for months or years.
•Diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
allergies, and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) are
examples of diseases mediated by
chronic inflammation.

7. Vascular component :
• The very first step in an inflammatory
response Is the sensing of tissue damage or
Microbial infection By tissue resident
immune cells.
• That pattern recognition receptors can
recognize microbial patterns found on
infectious called PAMPs as well as signs of
tissue damage that might result from A burn
or blunt force trauma called DAMPs

8. • Activated macrophages release Inflammatory lipid
mediators Like leukotrienes, prostaglandins And
platelet activating factor as well as other chemicals
like nitric oxide.
• These inflammatory mediators act on the smooth
muscle cells surrounding the vasculature to induce
vasodilation.
• Vasodilation which is a widening of the blood vessels.
Vasodilation increases the volume of Blood while
slowing down blood flow and is responsible for the
redness and heat.

9. • Nitric oxide and other mediators also increase vascular permeability.
• occurs when the normally Tightly joined endothelial cells Separate from
each other to produce Gaps.
• increased vascular permeability Means that fluid from the blood leaks
Into the tissues And this is the cause of swelling.

10. • The complement system which helps clear infectious microbes.
however there are other important Protein cascades that are
mediated by plasma proteins one Of these is called the kinin
system.
• Which involves a sequence of protein cleaving and activating
other proteins.
• Bradykinin is one of the terminal products of the kinin system.

11. COAGULATION SYSTEM
• Another important plasma protein cascade is the coagulation
system that results in a fibrin clot.
• Local blood clotting in the micro vessels of inflamed tissue also
helps prevent the spread of pathogens through the blood stream
and some pathogens can even be trapped inside fibrin clots

12. Endothelial activation
• Changes that occur to endothelial cells during inflammation result in
endothelial activation.
• Increase expression of cell adhesion molecules on their luminal side
which is the side facing the inside of the blood vessels.
• Expressing cellular adhesion molecules
allows the vascular component to interact
with the cellular component of
inflammation.

15. • Circulating immune cells have to interact with the endothelium to move into
tissues.
• here’s how this Process works endothelial cells express a protein on their
surface called p-selectin in response to the cytokine tnf alpha, bacterial
endotoxin,leukotriene b4, histamine or complement protein c5a.
• they also express a protein called e-selectin these selectins recognize and bind
to glycoproteins on the surface of immune cells as blood flow through a vessel
slows due to vasodilation.
• Immune cells especially neutrophils and monocytes are able to move to the
walls of the blood vessels where they can begin to interact with the selectants
instead of flowing through the blood vessels these immune cells begin to roll
along the edge of the blood vessel.
• Chemokines like cxcl8 which are increased during inflammation strengthen
these interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells until the
immune cell completely stops rolling and is stuck to the outside of the
endothelium.

16. CELLULAR COMPONENT

17. • The cellular component of inflammation this component
includes actions like phagocytosis which is enhanced by
opsonization of the target with complement and
antibodies.
• It also includes release of pro-killing effectors such as
lysozyme, granzyme b, nitric oxide, interferon gamma as
well as propagation of the immune response through
release of other cytokines and chemokines.
• many cells involved in the cellular component are also
critical for repairing tissue damage. the acute
inflammatory response is an effective way to limit
microbial spread and promote wound healing.
• Many antimicrobial mechanisms are specially designed to
only target pathogens. Several can cause collateral
damage to host tissue.

18. RESOLUTION STAGE
• Where a new suite of regulatory molecules
sweeps in to control the immune response.
• That uses several distinct mechanisms and
mediators to decrease inflammation and
promote wound healing.
• one feature that helps promote resolution of
inflammation is the short half-life of
neutrophils.
• During an infection neutrophils begin to
undergo Apoptosis

19. • After just a few days of being in the tissue and they are phagocytosed by
infiltrating macrophages in a process called efferocytosis.
• The process of efferocytosis can help reprogram macrophages to be less pro-
inflammatory and to be more pro-resolving. Involved in clearing out dead
cells and producing the kind of cytokines that promote wound healing.
• there are several classes of lipids involved in resolution these mediators are
derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and include resolvence protectants.
• These lipids have a huge range of pro-resolving effects which include
production of anti-inflammatory cytokines

21. OTHER FEATURES OF RESOLUTION
PHASE
• Angiogenesis ( New blood vessel growth).
• Proliferation Of epithelial cells.
• Desposition of matrix of protein.
1. when a tissue doesn't go through this resolution phase however
either because of an inability to clear the pathogen tissue damage
that perpetuates the immune response or something else the
result is chronic inflammation.

22. REFERENCES
• Kuby Immunology Edition: 8th edition year: 2018
• Coico Immunology Edition : 7th edition