Infertility: Inability of Couple to conceive (Pregnant ) pregnancy after regular sexual intercourse without use of contraceptive upto one year. It may occur in male and female , Accordingly two type of infertility Male infertility and Female infertility

1. INFERTILITY IN MALE AND FEMALE
Made by: Dr.D.S.Rathod

2. Introduction
Infertility:
▪ Inability of Couple to conceive (Pregnant ) pregnancy
after regular sexual intercourse without use of
contraceptive upto one year.
▪ It may occur in male and female , Accordingly two type of
infertility
▪ Male infertility and Female infertility

3. Male Infertility
▪ Male infertility refers to a male's inability to cause
pregnancy in a fertile female.
▪ In humans it accounts for 40–50% of infertility.
▪ It affects approximately 7% of all men.
▪ Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the
semen, and semen quality etc.

4. Causes of Male infertility
▪ Low Sperm count
▪ Volume of Semen's
▪ Quality of Sperm
▪ Undescended testis
▪ Insufficient Gonadotrophic hormones
▪ Varicose condition of Scortum
▪ Hormonal Imbalance
▪ Substance abuse
▪ Chronic Inflammatory disease
▪ Other Factor : Stress , Emotion etc.

5. Low Sperm count
▪ Abnormal number of sperm per ejection is
called low sperm count.
▪ The normal sperm count is 15-200 million/
ejection.
▪ The sperm count below 15 million/
ejection is low sperm count.
▪ It reduces the chances of fertilization.

6. Volume of Semen
▪ Sperm containg body fluid is called Semen.
▪ The normal volume of semen is about 3.5
ml/ ejection.
▪ The volume of semen below 3.5 ml/
ejection is abnormal volume of semen.
▪ The normal volume of semen is increases
the chances of fertilization

7. Quality of Sperm
▪ The sperm should be mature ,motile and
without abnormality in head and tail such
sperm is called good quality sperm.
▪ Semen should not contain about 25%
sperm abnormality
▪ If the abnormal sperm are more than 25%
that leads to cause infertility in the male.

8. Undescended testis
▪ Generally testis are present outside the
abdomen and inside the Scortum where
temperature is less than body temperature this
is called descended testis
▪ Undescended testis is a Condition in which
testis may in the abdomen.
▪ If the testis are remain Undescended , the
spermatogenesis adversely affected.
▪ Hence this lead to cause infertility in the male.

9. Insufficient Gonadotrophic Hormones
▪ Gonadotrophic hormones secreted by
anterior pituitary called FSH and LH.
▪ These hormones bring about reproductive
activity like spermatogenesis.
▪ If insufficient gonadotrophic secretion
prevent the spermatogenesis which leads to
cause infertility.

10. Varicose condition of Scortum
▪ Swelling in the vein of Scortum this
condition is called varicose condition of
Scortum.
▪ In this condition blood is accumulated in
testicular vein that leads to increases the
temperature of the testis and damage the
sperm production process that leads to
cause infertility .

11. Duct Blockage
▪ Passage of sperm from testis to penis is
called duct.
▪ Some time it is blocked by infection like
filariasis, Gonorrhea ,T.B. and some time by
surgery of hernia.
▪ In this condition semen produced by the
persons or infertile male is without sperm.
▪ This leads to cause infertility in man.

12. Hormonal Imbalance ,Substances abuse ,Chronic
inflammatory diseases and Other factor
▪ Abnormal secretion of pituitary and adrenal gland
leads cause infertility in the male.
▪ Excessive intake of alcohol and drugs leads to
decrees in the function of liver and increase the
level of estrogen which in turn in suppression of
sperm.
▪ Chronic inflammatory disease to prostate and
seminal vesicle may leads to cause to cause
infertility in man.
▪ Some other factors are also responsible for
infertility in male like age ,emotion ,stress,
medicinal side effect etc.

13. Female infertility
▪ Inability to produce offspring or child after regular
sexual inter course upto one year without use of
contraceptive this condition is called female
infertility.
▪ There are various causes of infertility namely,
▪ 1. Endometriosis.
▪ 2. Leutal Phase defect
▪ 3. Abnormal hormonal level
▪ 4; Pelvic Inflammatory disease
▪ 5.Cervical Cause
▪ 6. Life style
▪ 7.Other factors

14. Endometriosis.
• Endometriosis occurs when tissue that normally
grows in the uterus implants and grows in other
locations.
• This extra tissue growth and the surgical removal
of it can cause scarring, which may block fallopian
tubes and keep an egg and sperm from uniting.
• Endometriosis can also affect the lining of the
uterus, disrupting implantation of the fertilized
egg.
• The condition also seems to affect fertility in less-
direct ways, such as damage to the sperm or egg.

15. Endometriosis.
• Endometriosis is a disorder in which tissue
similar to the tissue that forms the lining of
your uterus grows outside of your uterine
cavity.
• The lining of your uterus is called the
endometrium.
• Endometriosis occurs when endometrial
tissue grows on your ovaries, bowel, and
tissues lining your pelvis.
This condition is called Endometrosis

16. Luteal Phase defect
▪ The Luteal phase is one stage of your
menstrual cycle.
▪ It occurs after ovulation (when your ovaries
release an egg) and before your period
starts.
▪ If you have a Luteal phase defect, that lining
doesn't grow properly each month.
▪ This can make it difficult to become or
remain pregnant.
▪ Due to this defects frequently miss carriage
takes place.
▪ This leads to cause infertility in female

17. Abnormal hormonal level
▪ There two types of gonadotropin namely
FSH and LH.
▪ The deficiency of FSH and LH of pituitary
▪ Can stop the mensustration process
▪ If there is menustration ,there is no
ovulation.
▪ No fertilization

18. Pelvic Inflammatery Disease
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection
of the female reproductive organs.
• Caused by Gonorrhoea ,chlamadiya
• This infection can damage reproductive organs
• Blockage of Fallopian tube prevent the
fertilization this result in infertility
• It most often occurs when sexually transmitted
bacteria spread from your vagina to your
uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries.

19. Pelvic Inflammatery Disease
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of
the female reproductive organs.
• It most often occurs when sexually transmitted
bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus,
fallopian tubes or ovaries.
• The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory
disease can be subtle or mild.
• Some women don't experience any signs or
symptoms.
• As a result, you might not realize you have it until
you have trouble getting pregnant or you develop
chronic pelvic pain.

20. Life Style
• Some studies have been show that at least one
pack of cigarrette smoking can cause the
infertility in the female.
• Eating disorder obesity and alcohol
consumption also cause infertility.

21. Cervical Cause
• A small group of female have defective cervical
conditions in which sperm can not passes
through cervical canal due to abnormal mucos
production
• This leads to cause infertility

22. Other Causes
• Some other causes responsible for infertility in
the female
• Failure in the development of uterus
• Implantation of uterus
• Implantation of oviduct Salpangitis
• Chronic leucoria and vaginal discharge
• Myoma (Tumour of Uterus)
• Disturbances in Ovarian activity

23. Test Tube Baby
• It is a modern invention for infertile couples to
obtain baby.
• A technique in which fertilization brings about
outside the body and inside the test tube
hence it is also called test tube baby.
• It was first devised by British Scientist Dr.
Patrick Steptoe and Dr. Robert Edward in
1976.
• The first test tube bay was born 1978 and her
name is Louise Brawn.

24. Test Tube Baby
• Procedure:
• In this technique first woman is medically
examined if she is all right.
• Then she injected fertility drug to stimulate
ovary for the production of eggs.
• Growth of follicles was monitored by doctor.
• Once ovarian follicles are matured the woman
will inject with human chorionic gonadotropin.
• Then eggs are harvested by intravaginal needle
without surgical incision.

25. Test Tube Baby
• The man donating sperm is also medically
examined if he is all right then collects semen.
• Egg and sperm are collected and allowed for
fertilization Petri dish which contain special
nutrient.
• Embryo(s) then placed in female’s uterus with
the help of laparoscope.
• The embryo implanted in the wall of uterus
naturally and allowed for growth and
development upto 265 days.
• After 265 days young one is born by caeserian
method called delivery

26. Test Tube Baby
• Advantages :
• It provide baby to infertile couple.
• It also give opportunity to obtain baby of
desired sex.
• Disadvantages:
• It is difficult to select abnormality formation
like triploidy ,tetraploidy etc.

27. GIFT
• Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
• It is a modern invention for infertile couple to
achieve pregnancy.
• A technique in which sperm and ovum are
transferred in fallopian tube hence it is called
gamete intrafallopian transfer.
• It allows fertilization to take place inside the
woman's uterus it was first devised by Ricardo
Asch in 1980.
• The first gift baby was born in 1986 and her
name is Toad Holder.
• The second gift baby was born in US in 1986 and
her name is Kaitlynne Kelley.

28. GIFT
• Procedure:
• First woman is medically examined if she is all
right.
• Then she injected fertility drug to stimulate
ovary for the production of eggs.
• Growth of follicles was monitored by doctor.
• Once ovarian follicles are matured the woman
will inject with human chorionic gonadotropin.
• Then eggs are harvested by intravaginal needle
without surgical incision.

29. GIFT
• After three hours of collection of egg, semen
sample from her husband is obtained.
• Sperm then washed and prepared for loading
into same catheter into which eggs will placed.
Gametes are mixed, and then injected into the
woman’s fallopian tubes.
• The mixture of sperm and eggs are immediately
injected into the woman’s fallopian tubes so
fertilization takes place inside the woman.
• This procedure can be performed surgically
either through laparoscopy or small one inch
incision in the lower abdomen under general
anesthesia.
•

30. GIFT
• Thus the gamete free in the fallopian tube where
the fertilization process is allowed to happen
naturally.
• The resulting embryo move down into uterus for
implantation.
• The embryo is implanted in the wall of the uterus
,it allowed for growth and development upto 265
days.
• After 265 days young ones are born by caeserian
method or normal

31. Stem Cell :
• Stem Cell :
• Undifferentiated cell that has potential to differentiate into
specialized cell such a cell is called Stem cell.
• In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated
or partially differentiated cells.
• They are differentiating into various types of cells and
divide indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
• They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage
• They self renewable cells.
• They have potential to divide long period of time.
• They are Totipotent cell (The cell that is capable of
developing into any cell type.)
• They are Plueripotent or multipotents cell

32. Stem Cell :
• Types of stem Cell:
• A) Embryonic Stem cell:
• Stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass
cells of a human embryo such cells are called embryonic
stem cells (ESCs).
• They are found in embryonic tissues and have potential to
differentiate into all cell types.
• Embryonic stem cells are Plueripotent, meaning they are
able to grow (i.e. differentiate) into all derivatives of the
three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and
mesoderm.
• In other words, they can develop into each of the more
than 200 cell types of the adult body as long as they are
specified to do so.

33. Stem Cell :
• The embryonic stem cells are Plueripotent because they are able to
differentiate into all the derivatives of primary germ layer (ectodermal
in origin)
• They are capable of propagating them selves indefinitely.
• They are found in the embryo (blasocyst)
• B) Adult stem Cell:
• The undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that divide to
replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues such cells are
called adult stem cell.
• They are also known as somatic stem cells, they can be found in
children, as well as adults.
• The stem cell which are found in some adult body part of an animal
and which has potential to differentiates few specilized cell called
adult stem cell
• They are found in different types of tissues such brain ,bone marrow,
blood vessels skeleton muscle, skin liver.

34. Stem Cell :
• They remain in undivided state until activated by
disease or injuriy
• They are not self propagated.
• They have ability to regenerate entire original organ
• They are multipotent cells because they have potentail
to develop or produce specilized cells.
• Research into adult stem cells has been fueled by their
• Adult stem cells can be isolated from a tissue sample
obtained from an adult. They have mainly been studied
in humans and model organisms such as mice and rats.

35. Stem Cell :
• C) Haemopoitc Stem Cell:
• The stem cells that give rise to other blood cells like RBC,
WBC, and Platelets are called Haemopoitic stem cell.
• This process is called haematopoiesis.
• This process occurs in the red bone marrow, in the core of
most bones likes femur ,hip bones ,sternum and other
bones.
• In embryonic development, the red bone marrow is
derived from the layer of the embryo called the mesoderm.
• They are adult stem cells.
• They are multipotents stem cell because they produces
various type of blood cells Erythrocyte ,Leucocyte
,Platelets ,Monocytes, Lymphocytes ,Eosinophils,
Basophills ,and Neutrophils cell

36. Stem Cell :
• They can obtain directly from the hip bones by needle
or syrange.
• Such stem cells are used for treatment of blood cancer
,Anemia etc..

37. Stem Cell :
• D) Nervous Stem Cell:
• Undifferentital nerve cell that has potential to produce
specilized cell called nervous stem cell.
• They are found in nerve brain and gangilion.
• Such cell are used for treatment of parkinsons disease
,spinal cord injury and varius neural disorder etc.
• Nervous stem cell are also called adult stem cell.
• They are also multipotent because they have ability to
produce many cells

38. Stem Cell :
Human welfare of Stem Cell:
It Used for formation of original organ like kidney liver
,pancrias, part of alimentary canal for the treatment of
organ failure patient.
Generation of stem cell and tissue for cell based therapy.
Cancerous cell line developed from cancerous stem cell
used to screen potential antitumour drugs.
Used in formaceutical industries for synthesis of various
drug for diabetes ,parkinsons,arthritis , cardiac
disesaese