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infertility and causes of infertility.pptx
- 1. Infertility Presenter: MSN student Romina
- 2. Objectives • Define infertility and its types • Identify the causes of infertility • Discuss the management of infertility • Explain the role of nurses in infertility
- 3. Fertility and types Infertility: Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of trying to get pregnant. It affects both men and women. Types: • Primary Infertility: This refers to the inability to conceive after at least one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. (For women aged 35 or older, six months). • Secondary Infertility: This refers to the inability to conceive again after having at least one successful pregnancy. (World Health Organization: WHO, 2023)
- 4. Causes • Ovulatory Disorders: Issues with egg maturation and release. • Endometriosis: Abnormal growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus. • Low Sperm Count or Low Testosterone in males. • Age: The risk of infertility increases with age. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/womensrh/healthconcern s.html
- 5. Causes… • Male factors: • Low sperm count: Reduced number of healthy sperm cells. • Abnormal sperm motility: Sperm unable to move effectively towards the egg. • Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the scrotum affecting sperm production. • Female factors: • Ovulation problems: Difficulty releasing an egg from the ovary. • Blocked fallopian tubes: Impeding the sperm from reaching the egg. • Endometriosis: Tissue similar to the uterine lining growing outside the uterus. • Other factors: • Age: Fertility naturally declines with age in both partners. • Lifestyle: Certain habits like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity can affect fertility. • Underlying medical conditions: Medical issues like hormonal imbalances, chronic illnesses, and some medications can contribute.
- 6. Treatment options include: • Lifestyle Modifications: Healthy diet, exercise, stress management. • Medications: To stimulate ovulation or improve sperm count. • Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), etc. • Surgery: For conditions like endometriosis. • Counseling and Emotional Support: Coping with the emotional impact of infertility 13.
- 7. Role of Nurses in Infertility Nurses play a crucial role in supporting individuals and couples dealing with infertility: • 1. Education: providing information about fertility, treatments, and emotional well-being. • 2. Emotional Support: Assisting patients during the challenging journey. • 3. Coordination: coordinating care between healthcare providers. • 4. Advocacy: advocating for patients’ needs and rights. • Holistic Care: Addressing physical, emotional, and social aspects 4
- 10. Reference • Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Infertility. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083- infertility • World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, April 3). Infertility. https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility • https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/womensrh/healthconcer ns.html
Editor's Notes
- (Professional, n.d.)
- Cause=Polycystic ovary syndrome happens when a woman’s ovaries or adrenal glands produce more male hormones than normal. One result is that cysts (fluid-filled sacs) develop on the ovaries. Women who are obese are more likely to have PCOS. Women with PCOS are at increased risk of developing diabetes and heart disease
- The process of oxidation in the human body damages cell membranes and other structures, including cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA. When oxygen is metabolized, it creates unstable molecules called 'free radicals', which steal electrons from other molecules, causing damage to DNA and other cells. Oxidative takes place in the presence of oxygen. Smoking: Ovarian Damage: Smoking can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation in the ovaries, causing damage to ovarian follicles and reducing the ovarian reserve (the number and quality of eggs). Hormonal Disruption: Components of cigarette smoke, such as nicotine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can disrupt the delicate hormonal balance necessary for ovulation and proper menstrual function. Impaired Implantation: Smoking increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can impair the ability of the fertilized egg to implant properly in the uterine lining, leading to early pregnancy loss or miscarriage. Sperm Damage: In men, smoking can damage sperm DNA, decrease sperm motility, and impair sperm function, making it more difficult for sperm to fertilize an egg. Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Hormonal Imbalance: Alcohol disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which regulates reproductive hormone production. This disruption can lead to irregularities in menstrual cycles, ovulatory dysfunction, and decreased sperm production. Oxidative Stress: Alcohol metabolism generates free radicals and increases oxidative stress in reproductive tissues, which can damage sperm, eggs, and reproductive organs. Liver Dysfunction: Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to liver dysfunction, affecting the metabolism and clearance of hormones involved in reproductive function, such as estrogen and testosterone. Testicular Atrophy: Excessive alcohol intake can lead to testicular atrophy and impair sperm production in men, contributing to male infertility. Obesity: Insulin Resistance: Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which can disrupt ovarian function and impair ovulation. Insulin resistance also leads to increased androgen production, contributing to conditions like PCOS. Hormonal Imbalance: Adipose tissue produces estrogen, and excess fat cells can lead to elevated estrogen levels and disrupted estrogen-progesterone balance, affecting menstrual regularity and ovulation. Inflammation: Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, which can affect reproductive tissues and disrupt normal ovarian and uterine function. Heat Stress: Excess body fat can lead to increased scrotal temperature in men, which can impair sperm production and quality by affecting spermatogenesis.
- https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/womensrh/healthconcerns.html
- Lifestyle Modifications: Healthy Diet: A balanced and nutritious diet is essential for overall health and reproductive function. Consuming a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can provide essential nutrients that support fertility. Exercise: Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, improves circulation, and reduces stress levels, all of which can positively impact fertility in both men and women. Stress Management: High levels of stress can interfere with reproductive hormones and disrupt ovulation in women and sperm production in men. Techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, yoga, and counseling can help manage stress and improve fertility outcomes. Medications: Ovulation Stimulation: Fertility medications such as clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins may be prescribed to stimulate ovulation in women with ovulatory disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Improving Sperm Count: Medications such as clomiphene citrate or hormone therapy may be prescribed to improve sperm count, motility, and quality in men with low sperm count or other sperm abnormalities. Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART): In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): IVF involves fertilizing eggs with sperm outside the body in a laboratory setting and then transferring the resulting embryos into the uterus. It is often recommended for couples with tubal issues, severe male factor infertility, or unexplained infertility. Intrauterine Insemination (IUI): IUI involves placing prepared sperm directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation to facilitate fertilization. It may be recommended for couples with mild male factor infertility or cervical issues. Surgery: Endometriosis: Surgery may be performed to remove endometrial implants, scar tissue, or cysts associated with endometriosis, a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. Surgical intervention can help improve fertility outcomes in women with endometriosis and may be combined with other infertility treatments.