REPLY1 An area of public health (non-COVID-19) that you w.docxchris293
REPLY1
An area of public health (non-COVID-19) that you would like to learn more about is behavior and cultural issues. If we wish to help a community improve its health, we must learn to think like the people of that community. People around the world have beliefs and behaviors related to health and illness that stem from cultural forces and individual experiences and perceptions. Cultural behaviors have important implications for human health. Culture, a socially transmitted system of shared knowledge, beliefs and/or practices that varies across groups, and individuals within those groups, has been a critical mode of adaptation. Understanding how behaviors are rooted in an individual’s unique cultural experience and as a response to social pressures can better equip medical professionals with the context, skills and empathy necessary for holistic care.
REPLY2
An area of public health that I would like to learn more is infection prevention and control. Especially in our current times, preventing disease and spread is of high importance. Preventing the reoccurrence of old diseases especially preventable ones are high on the list of public health efforts. Infection preventionist registered nurses have been in high demand in different types of organizations and health care setting since 1941, after the British Medical Council suggested the need for this role (Weston 2008). Infection preventionist work to prevent central line infections, catheter associated infections, hospital acquired pressure ulcers, and hospital acquired pneumonia, including ventilator associated pneumonia.
Infection prevention specialist also work closely with local, state, and federal public health agencies in the reporting, managing, and possible testing and treatment of diseases. Disease threats are difficult to predict especially new disease, but due to an increase in emerging new diseases the return of old diseases is unavoidable. “Microorganisms previously unknown or unrecognized or thought to only cause diseases in animals can and have evolved to produce more virulent strains which can also affect humans (Weston, 2008, pp.4). Preventing disease including infectious agents is associated with public health.
The Centers for Disease prevention and Control (CDC) is an excellent source of information for all healthcare workers. The resources provided include basic principles of infection prevention and control (Centers for Infection Prevention and Control, 2020). Topics range from injection safety, sharps, and of high importance hand hygiene. Training and educational resources are also provided on CDC (Centers for Infection Prevention and Control, 2020).
.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
Week 4: Week 4 - Epidemiology—Introduction
Epidemiology—Introduction
The study of epidemics is epidemiology. Its primary focus is on the distribution and causes of disease in populations. Epidemiology involves developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease by studying its origin, spread, and vulnerabilities.
As a discipline, epidemiologic research addresses a variety of health-related questions of societal importance. Epidemiologic research methods are used by clinical investigators and scientists who conduct observational and experimental research on the prevention and treatment of disease.
The Cholera epidemic, a case from the 19th century, was enabled by the global movement of people. Having appeared in India in 1817, it spread throughout Asia and the Middle East within a decade. It was reported in Moscow in 1830 and then spread to Warsaw, Hamburg, Berlin, and London in 1831 (Snow, 1855, 2002). When it crossed the Atlantic to reach North America, Cholera gained the notoriety of the first truly global disease.
The modern day world is dominated by free trade and rapid transportation. An unprecedented rate of global interchange of food, consumer products, and organisms—including humans—is occurring. The threat of pandemics in the 21st century has heightened the importance of epidemiology at national and international levels.
Although diseases such as Influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), West Nile Virus, Salmonella, are commonly recognized as epidemics, as they cause large scale disruption of health in populations. The field of epidemiology also addresses epidemics of obesity (Ogden et al., 2007), diabetes (Zimmet, 2001), mental health (Insel & Fenton, 2005), and any other disease that may cause large scale disruption of health in populations.
In general, there are ten stages to an outbreak investigation:
1. Investigation preparation
2. Outbreak confirmation
3. Case definition
4. Case identification
5. Descriptive epidemiology
6. Hypothesis generation
7. Hypothesis evaluation
8. Environmental studies
9. Control measures
10. Information dissemination
Investigation preparation requires a health crisis manager to identify a team of professionals who will lead the outbreak investigation, review the scientific literature, and notify local, state, and national organizations of the potential outbreak.
Outbreak confirmation requires actual laboratory confirmation of the disease, which may involve the collection of blood, urine, and stool samples from ill people and performing bacteriologic, virologic, or parasitic testing of those samples.
Case definition is the process by which we establish a set of standard criteria to determine who is and is not infected with respect to a specific outbreak; that is, a protocol is developed to determine case patients.
Case identification requires the health crisis manager and team of professionals to conduct a systematic and organize.
REPLY1 An area of public health (non-COVID-19) that you w.docxchris293
REPLY1
An area of public health (non-COVID-19) that you would like to learn more about is behavior and cultural issues. If we wish to help a community improve its health, we must learn to think like the people of that community. People around the world have beliefs and behaviors related to health and illness that stem from cultural forces and individual experiences and perceptions. Cultural behaviors have important implications for human health. Culture, a socially transmitted system of shared knowledge, beliefs and/or practices that varies across groups, and individuals within those groups, has been a critical mode of adaptation. Understanding how behaviors are rooted in an individual’s unique cultural experience and as a response to social pressures can better equip medical professionals with the context, skills and empathy necessary for holistic care.
REPLY2
An area of public health that I would like to learn more is infection prevention and control. Especially in our current times, preventing disease and spread is of high importance. Preventing the reoccurrence of old diseases especially preventable ones are high on the list of public health efforts. Infection preventionist registered nurses have been in high demand in different types of organizations and health care setting since 1941, after the British Medical Council suggested the need for this role (Weston 2008). Infection preventionist work to prevent central line infections, catheter associated infections, hospital acquired pressure ulcers, and hospital acquired pneumonia, including ventilator associated pneumonia.
Infection prevention specialist also work closely with local, state, and federal public health agencies in the reporting, managing, and possible testing and treatment of diseases. Disease threats are difficult to predict especially new disease, but due to an increase in emerging new diseases the return of old diseases is unavoidable. “Microorganisms previously unknown or unrecognized or thought to only cause diseases in animals can and have evolved to produce more virulent strains which can also affect humans (Weston, 2008, pp.4). Preventing disease including infectious agents is associated with public health.
The Centers for Disease prevention and Control (CDC) is an excellent source of information for all healthcare workers. The resources provided include basic principles of infection prevention and control (Centers for Infection Prevention and Control, 2020). Topics range from injection safety, sharps, and of high importance hand hygiene. Training and educational resources are also provided on CDC (Centers for Infection Prevention and Control, 2020).
.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
Week 4: Week 4 - Epidemiology—Introduction
Epidemiology—Introduction
The study of epidemics is epidemiology. Its primary focus is on the distribution and causes of disease in populations. Epidemiology involves developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease by studying its origin, spread, and vulnerabilities.
As a discipline, epidemiologic research addresses a variety of health-related questions of societal importance. Epidemiologic research methods are used by clinical investigators and scientists who conduct observational and experimental research on the prevention and treatment of disease.
The Cholera epidemic, a case from the 19th century, was enabled by the global movement of people. Having appeared in India in 1817, it spread throughout Asia and the Middle East within a decade. It was reported in Moscow in 1830 and then spread to Warsaw, Hamburg, Berlin, and London in 1831 (Snow, 1855, 2002). When it crossed the Atlantic to reach North America, Cholera gained the notoriety of the first truly global disease.
The modern day world is dominated by free trade and rapid transportation. An unprecedented rate of global interchange of food, consumer products, and organisms—including humans—is occurring. The threat of pandemics in the 21st century has heightened the importance of epidemiology at national and international levels.
Although diseases such as Influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), West Nile Virus, Salmonella, are commonly recognized as epidemics, as they cause large scale disruption of health in populations. The field of epidemiology also addresses epidemics of obesity (Ogden et al., 2007), diabetes (Zimmet, 2001), mental health (Insel & Fenton, 2005), and any other disease that may cause large scale disruption of health in populations.
In general, there are ten stages to an outbreak investigation:
1. Investigation preparation
2. Outbreak confirmation
3. Case definition
4. Case identification
5. Descriptive epidemiology
6. Hypothesis generation
7. Hypothesis evaluation
8. Environmental studies
9. Control measures
10. Information dissemination
Investigation preparation requires a health crisis manager to identify a team of professionals who will lead the outbreak investigation, review the scientific literature, and notify local, state, and national organizations of the potential outbreak.
Outbreak confirmation requires actual laboratory confirmation of the disease, which may involve the collection of blood, urine, and stool samples from ill people and performing bacteriologic, virologic, or parasitic testing of those samples.
Case definition is the process by which we establish a set of standard criteria to determine who is and is not infected with respect to a specific outbreak; that is, a protocol is developed to determine case patients.
Case identification requires the health crisis manager and team of professionals to conduct a systematic and organize.
Content
What is disease and disease control ?
What is disease Elimination and Eradication ?
Concept of control
Disease control measures
Breaking the chain of infection
National Health Programs for Disease Control
Learning Objectives
Describe about disease and disease control
Differentiate between disease elimination and eradication
Describe the chain of infection and measures to break it
Describe action to be taken for controlling of disease
Enlist the types of surveillance
Enlist the health program runs in India for controlling of disease
Disease
A pathogenic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death.
Source of disease
Human Tb, chickenpox, Covid-19
Water cholera, diarrhea, typhoid
Animal Rabies
Disease control
It refers to reducing the transmission of a disease to a level when it no longer remains a “public health problem”.
Example :- In London John Snow controlling the cholera by removing the handle of incriminated water pump.
Disease Elimination:
Reduction of incidence of a disease in a defined geographic area to a predetermined very low level or to zero with continued intervention is known as elimination.
Example - Elimination of Measles, Polio and Diphtheria from large geographic regions or areas.
Disease Eradication:
Eradication is permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts.
Eradication literally means to "tear out by roots".
Example - Small pox is only a disease which is Eradicated
It is eradicated in 1980
Concept of control
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at reducing :-
The incidence of disease
The duration of disease, and consequently the risk of transmission
The effects of infection, including both the physical and psychosocial complication
The financial burden to the community.
DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES
Every disease has certain weak link in the ‘Chain of transmission’.
The basic principle or approach in disease control is to identify that weakest link and break it.
This requires sound epidemiological knowledge about the disease study such as - Epidemiological determinants, Magnitude of disease, distribution of disease etc.
IV. Disease control measures are undertaken to –
- Prevent occurrence of disease
- Reduce morbidity and mortality due to disease
V. It requires :-
Teamwork,
Community participation,
Inter sectoral coordination
Political support and
Adequate information about disease epidemiology
• For disease control action taken at the following levels–
Controlling the Source of Infection
Interruption Transmission of Disease
Protection of Susceptible Host
Reservoir & Controlling the Source of Infection
The chain of transmission of a disease starts from the source or reservoir.
Infectious diseases have been a part of human history for as long as we can remember. From the Black Death in the 14th century to more recent outbreaks like COVID-19, these diseases have shaped the course of our lives.
Infectious diseases have been a part of human history for as long as we can remember. From the Black Death in the 14th century to more recent outbreaks like COVID-19, these diseases have shaped the course of our lives.
INTRODUCTIONA pandemic is a global disease outbreak.EXAMPLES 1.pdfgalagirishp
INTRODUCTION:
A pandemic is a global disease outbreak.
EXAMPLES: 1) HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in
history.
2) Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918.
3) In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800
people worldwide.
OBJECTIVES OF LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
The federal government has the central role in shaping all aspects of the health care sector.
Strong federal leadership, a clear direction in pursuit of common aims, and consistent policies
and practices across all government health care functions and programs are needed to raise the
level of quality for the programs’ beneficiaries and to drive improvement in the health care
sector overall.
The federal government plays a number of different roles in the health care arena, including
regulator; purchaser of care; provider of health care services; and sponsor of applied research,
demonstrations, and education and training programs for health care professionals. Each of these
roles can support the accomplishment of somewhat different objectives along the spectrum from
quality assurance to quality improvement to quality innovation.
PROVISION OF NECESSITIES:
If people are instructed to avoid public places, such as markets, stores, and pharmacies, or if
those places are required to close, there will be a need for people to procure food, medicine, and
other necessities in some other way. Similarly, shutting down mass transit may prevent people
from being able to get to those facilities that do remain open, and it could prevent some people
from being able to seek medical care. Such a situation also raises distributive-justice concerns
since those people with the least resources will be least likely to be able to procure additional
resources before closings occur.
Ideally governments would set up networks for the distribution of necessary provisions to
citizens’ homes, with a particular focus on those most in need. Such distribution should be
consistent and reliable, and it should provide necessities such as food and medicine for the
duration of social-distancing measures. It should also be conducted in such a manner as to
minimize interaction with potentially infectious people, and those people responsible for
distributing provisions should use infection-control precautions to decrease the likelihood that
they will spread disease. Transportation for medical care should be provided as needed by
personnel who are apprised of the risks involved in transporting potentially infectious people;
these personnel should be provided with protective equipment that will allow them to guard
themselves from the disease and to avoid spreading it to others. Similarly, a program should be
put in place for the removal of bodies from homes in a safe and efficient manner.
Resource constraints and logistical difficulties are likely to impede such a program in many
areas. Many gov.
Definition and concepts of public healthVIJAY KUMAR
Whats is public health.
Brief history of public health - Sanitary awakening, Germ theory of disease, etc
What are the current definitions :- WHO, CDC etc
Basic components of public health :- health promotion, Prevention, Multisectoral coordination
And tools of public health :- surveillance, monitoring, indicators etc
Content
What is disease and disease control ?
What is disease Elimination and Eradication ?
Concept of control
Disease control measures
Breaking the chain of infection
National Health Programs for Disease Control
Learning Objectives
Describe about disease and disease control
Differentiate between disease elimination and eradication
Describe the chain of infection and measures to break it
Describe action to be taken for controlling of disease
Enlist the types of surveillance
Enlist the health program runs in India for controlling of disease
Disease
A pathogenic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death.
Source of disease
Human Tb, chickenpox, Covid-19
Water cholera, diarrhea, typhoid
Animal Rabies
Disease control
It refers to reducing the transmission of a disease to a level when it no longer remains a “public health problem”.
Example :- In London John Snow controlling the cholera by removing the handle of incriminated water pump.
Disease Elimination:
Reduction of incidence of a disease in a defined geographic area to a predetermined very low level or to zero with continued intervention is known as elimination.
Example - Elimination of Measles, Polio and Diphtheria from large geographic regions or areas.
Disease Eradication:
Eradication is permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts.
Eradication literally means to "tear out by roots".
Example - Small pox is only a disease which is Eradicated
It is eradicated in 1980
Concept of control
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at reducing :-
The incidence of disease
The duration of disease, and consequently the risk of transmission
The effects of infection, including both the physical and psychosocial complication
The financial burden to the community.
DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES
Every disease has certain weak link in the ‘Chain of transmission’.
The basic principle or approach in disease control is to identify that weakest link and break it.
This requires sound epidemiological knowledge about the disease study such as - Epidemiological determinants, Magnitude of disease, distribution of disease etc.
IV. Disease control measures are undertaken to –
- Prevent occurrence of disease
- Reduce morbidity and mortality due to disease
V. It requires :-
Teamwork,
Community participation,
Inter sectoral coordination
Political support and
Adequate information about disease epidemiology
• For disease control action taken at the following levels–
Controlling the Source of Infection
Interruption Transmission of Disease
Protection of Susceptible Host
Reservoir & Controlling the Source of Infection
The chain of transmission of a disease starts from the source or reservoir.
Infectious diseases have been a part of human history for as long as we can remember. From the Black Death in the 14th century to more recent outbreaks like COVID-19, these diseases have shaped the course of our lives.
Infectious diseases have been a part of human history for as long as we can remember. From the Black Death in the 14th century to more recent outbreaks like COVID-19, these diseases have shaped the course of our lives.
INTRODUCTIONA pandemic is a global disease outbreak.EXAMPLES 1.pdfgalagirishp
INTRODUCTION:
A pandemic is a global disease outbreak.
EXAMPLES: 1) HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in
history.
2) Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918.
3) In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800
people worldwide.
OBJECTIVES OF LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
The federal government has the central role in shaping all aspects of the health care sector.
Strong federal leadership, a clear direction in pursuit of common aims, and consistent policies
and practices across all government health care functions and programs are needed to raise the
level of quality for the programs’ beneficiaries and to drive improvement in the health care
sector overall.
The federal government plays a number of different roles in the health care arena, including
regulator; purchaser of care; provider of health care services; and sponsor of applied research,
demonstrations, and education and training programs for health care professionals. Each of these
roles can support the accomplishment of somewhat different objectives along the spectrum from
quality assurance to quality improvement to quality innovation.
PROVISION OF NECESSITIES:
If people are instructed to avoid public places, such as markets, stores, and pharmacies, or if
those places are required to close, there will be a need for people to procure food, medicine, and
other necessities in some other way. Similarly, shutting down mass transit may prevent people
from being able to get to those facilities that do remain open, and it could prevent some people
from being able to seek medical care. Such a situation also raises distributive-justice concerns
since those people with the least resources will be least likely to be able to procure additional
resources before closings occur.
Ideally governments would set up networks for the distribution of necessary provisions to
citizens’ homes, with a particular focus on those most in need. Such distribution should be
consistent and reliable, and it should provide necessities such as food and medicine for the
duration of social-distancing measures. It should also be conducted in such a manner as to
minimize interaction with potentially infectious people, and those people responsible for
distributing provisions should use infection-control precautions to decrease the likelihood that
they will spread disease. Transportation for medical care should be provided as needed by
personnel who are apprised of the risks involved in transporting potentially infectious people;
these personnel should be provided with protective equipment that will allow them to guard
themselves from the disease and to avoid spreading it to others. Similarly, a program should be
put in place for the removal of bodies from homes in a safe and efficient manner.
Resource constraints and logistical difficulties are likely to impede such a program in many
areas. Many gov.
Definition and concepts of public healthVIJAY KUMAR
Whats is public health.
Brief history of public health - Sanitary awakening, Germ theory of disease, etc
What are the current definitions :- WHO, CDC etc
Basic components of public health :- health promotion, Prevention, Multisectoral coordination
And tools of public health :- surveillance, monitoring, indicators etc
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
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Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
1. Dr Hatem El Bitar
01005684344
Lecturer in gms academy
Infection
control
diploma
الرحيم الرحمن هللا بسم
2. At the end of this session, the participants will be
able to know:
1-definitions related to infection control
2-modes of transmission of infections
3-portals of entry of bacteria
4-Explain universal precautions
5-Explain the worker’s role in preventing spread of infections
6-Demonstrate proper hand washing techniques, application and removal of
gloves
7-Describe appropriate techniques for cleaning up tools
OBJECTIVES
3. 8-difference between pandemic and epidemic
9-noscomial infection
10- protocols of infection control in child care
11- protocols of infection control in
ophthalmology departments
12- protocols of infection control in endoscopes
13- protocols of infection control in respiratory
tract infection
OBJECTIVES
4. 14- protocols of infection control in dentistry
15- protocols of infection control in icu
16- protocols of infection control in nicu
17- protocols of infection control in kidney dialysis
units
18- protocols of infection control in urinary tract
departments
19- protocols of infection control in surgical site
infection
20 international infection control standards for
health care facilities
OBJECTIVES
5. Introduction
Before we start studying this
branch of medicine we should
ask ourselves why I select it to
study? and what I expect
before I study this diploma?
6. (first assignment)
-why you select this diploma to study?
-Write about your job in the hospital
- If you work in this field, what is your
tasks in the committee/department?
8. Science concerned with preventing
all types of microorganisms from
infecting health workers and
patients also preventing nosocomial
or healthcare-associated infection
Infection control
9. - Infection control and hospital epidemiology are related to
public health practice
-Infection control addresses factors related to the spread of
infections within the health-care setting
(-whether patient-to-patient,
-from patients to staff and
- from staff to patients, or among staff), including prevention
(via hand hygiene, cleaning , disinfection , sterilization,
vaccination, surveillance)
Infection control
10. - Surveillance: includes
monitoring, investigation of
demonstrated or suspected
spread of infection within a
particular health-care system and
demand further investigations
Infection control
11. The need for strict infection
prevention and control measures
in medical facilities has much more
importance to the general public
and to the medical community .
Infection control
12. -as well as events related to inadequate
sterilization and disinfection of medical
equipment, still occur
-the Idea that every person is subjected to
infection if proper safeguards(precautions) are not
in place to prevent the transmission of infection.
Infection control
13. Epidemiology
The science of epidemiology was
founded by John Snow's
identification of a polluted public
water.
As well as the source of cholera
outbreak in London in 1854 .
14. Epidemiology
Dr. Snow believed in the germ
theory of disease which is
opposed to the miasma
theory. (it believes that diseases is
a result of poor sanitation)
15. Epidemiology
-in 1680 Anton van
Leeuwenhoek's observations
of Microorganisms,
(which are now known to
cause many of the most
common infectious diseases)
16. Epidemiology
the modern era of public
health did not begin until the
1880s
- Louis Pasteur's germ theory and
production of artificial vaccines
17. Epidemiology
-In the U.S., the role of public health nurse began in Los Angeles
in 1898,
-by 1924 there were 12,000 public health nurses, half of them in
the 100 largest cities.
-Public health nurses handled
tuberculosis and other
communicable diseases.
18. Epidemiology
- With the onset of the epidemiological
transition and as the prevalence of infectious
diseases decreased through the 20th century,
-public health began to put more focus on
chronic diseases such as cancer and heart
disease.
19. Epidemiology
During the 20th century and early in the next, the
dramatic increase in average life span is widely credited
to public health achievements, such as vaccination
programs
and control of many infectious
diseases including polio, diphtheria, yellow fever and
smallpox
20. From the beginnings of human
civilization, it was recognized that 1-
polluted water
2- lack of proper waste disposal are
responsible for spread of
communicable diseases
Public health
“History”
21. Early religions attempted to regulate
behavior that specifically related to
health, from types of food eaten, to
regulating certain human behaviors,
such as drinking alcohol or hygienic
actions.
Public health
22. The establishment of governments placed
responsibility to :
1-develop public health policies and
programs in order to gain some
understanding of the causes of disease
2- ensure social stability and maintain
order.
Public health
23. The old term "healthy city" used by
today's public health experts which
reflects the ongoing challenges for
creating healthy , physical well-being
and noncrowded conditions.
Public health
24. "the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life and promoting health through the
organized efforts and informed choices of society,
organizations( public and private) communities and
individuals.
Public health
25. -also, It is concerned with threats to health based on
general health analysis.
-United Nations/ who definition of public health "a
state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease "
Public health
26. Public health include the following approaches :
-community health
-Environmental health
-epidemiology
-biostatistics
-behavioral health
-occupational health
Public health
27. improve health and quality of life through
the prevention and treatment of disease
and other physical and mental health
conditions
through :
focus of public health
28. 1- surveillance of cases and health
indicators, and through the promotion of
healthy behaviors.
2- Promotion of hand washing and
breastfeeding, delivery of vaccinations are
examples of common public health
measures.
Public health
29. Modern public health practice requires
multidisciplinary teams of professionals
including:
1-physicians specializing in public
health/community
2-medicine/infectious disease,
3-epidemiologists
Public health
30. 4-biostatisticians
5- public health nurses
6- medical microbiologists
7-environmental health officers
8-public health inspectors
Public health
32. - Objectives
1-The focus of a public health intervention is to
prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other
health conditions through surveillance of cases and
the promotion of healthy behaviors, communities
and environments.
Public health
33. 2-Many diseases are preventable through simple,
non-medical methods. For example, research has
shown that the simple act of hand washing with soap
can prevent many contagious diseases.
Public health
34. 3-treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be
vital to preventing its spread to others, such as during
an outbreak of infectious disease, or contamination
of food or water supplies.
Public health
35. 4-Public health communications
programs, vaccination programs, are
examples of common public health
measures. such as these Measures have
contributed greatly to the health of
populations and increases in life
expectancy.
Public health
36. 5-Public health plays an important role
in disease prevention efforts in both
the developing world and developed
countries,
through local health systems and
non-governmental
organizations.
Public health
37. The World Health
Organization (WHO) is the
international agency that
coordinates and acts on
global public health
issues.
Public health
38. Most countries have their own
government public health
agencies, sometimes known as
ministries of health, to respond
to domestic health issues.
Public health
39. For example in the United States, the
front line of public health initiatives are
state and local health departments.
The United States Public Health Service
(PHS), led by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Public health
40. In the developing world, public health
infrastructuresare still forming.
There may not be enough trained health
workers or financial resources to provide
even a basic level of medical care and
disease/infection prevention.
Public health
41. As a result, a large majority of
infectious diseases and mortality in
the developing world results from
and contributes to extreme poverty.
For example, many African
governments spend less than 10$
US dollars per person per year on
health care.
Public health
42. while, in the United States, the
federal government spent
approximately 4,500$ US dollars per
person per year in 2000. However,
expenditures on health care should
not be confused with spending on
public health.
Public health
43. Public health measures may not generally
be considered "health care" in the strictest
sense. For example, mandating the use of
seat belts in cars can save countless lives
and contribute to the health of a
population, but typically money spent
enforcing this rule would not count as
money spent on health care.
Public health
44. Pre 1800: Early efforts at wound prophylaxis
1800-1940: Semmelweis, Pasteur findings
1940-1960: Antibiotic era begins,
Staph. aureus nursery outbreaks, begin of hygiene
focus
History of infection control and hospital epidemiology
45. 1960-1970’s: Documenting need for infection
control programs, surveillance begins
1980’s: focus on patient care practices, intensive
care units, resistant organisms, HIV
History of infection control and hospital epidemiology
46. 1990’s: Hospital Epidemiology
= Infection control, quality
improvement and economics
2000’s: Healthcare system
epidemiology
History of infection control and hospital epidemiology
47. What is Hospital Epidemiology good
for?
Infection control
Quality improvement
Controlling costs
An effective hospital epidemiology program can help
achieve all three goals
48. According to the Public Hospitals
Act, medical institutions must
have an Infection Control
Committee, and a proper
infection control infrastructure is
required to meet hospital
accreditation standards.
49. In contrast, most of
these requirements has not
consistently been realized in office
practices in many countries.
The science of infection control is
rapidly changing with new infections
being described
52. Ebola virus
an example, incapacitate their victims
extremely quickly and kill them soon after.
As a result, the victims of this disease do
not have the opportunity to travel very far
from the initial infection zone.
53. The human strains of Ebola virus
Also, this virus must spread through
skin lesions or permeable membranes
such as the eye.
Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not
very contagious since its victims
experience only internal hemorrhaging.
54. The human strains of Ebola virus
As a result of the above features, the spread
of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within
a relatively confined geographical area.
In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by
attacking their immune system.
55. The human strains of Ebola virus
As a result, many of its victims transmit the
virus to other individuals before even
realizing that they are carrying the disease.
Also, the incubation period about 21days
so the patient can be source of infection
without any signs of the virus and
considered highly contagious
56. Get educated and involved
Be aware of your rights
To be a part of the decision
Process for your medical
care