This document discusses curriculum implementation and change. It defines curriculum implementation as putting the written curriculum into practice through subjects, syllabi and course guides. Curriculum change is described as an ongoing process that can lead to improvements if done incrementally with time, energy and resources. The document categorizes types of curriculum change and analyzes the driving and restraining forces that impact curriculum changes through a force field analysis model.

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3. It’s a process wherein the learners
acquire the planned or intended knowledge,
skills and attitudes that are aimed at enabling
the same learners to functions effectively in the
society.
Curriculum Implementation
Putting into practice the written
curriculum that has been designed in the
syllabi, course of study, curricular guides, and
subjects.

4. Loucks and Lieberman- they defined it as the
trying out of a new practice and what it looks
like when actually used in school system. It
simply means that implementation should
bring desired change and improvement.
Ornstein and Hunkins - as the inter action
between the curricula that has been written and
planned and the persons(teachers) who are in
charged to deliver it.

5. Concept of Change
Change is a constant law of nature. It
bring improvements. Change is an ongoing
process.
Not all changes lead to improvement, but all
improvement requires change. The ability to
develop, test, and implement changes is essential
for any individual, group, or organization that
wants to continuously improve.

6. Features of Change-
• It’s a PROCESS not an EVENT
• It requires time, energy and resources.
• It is achieved incrementally and entails
development in feelings and skills.

7. Process of curriculum change may be
assisted by permissiveness and support
in accordance of with a helpful
improvement in curriculum. Changing
curriculum changes individuals.
It must be necessary in consideration
that the resources of implementation of
curriculum are available or not.

8. Categories of Curriculum Change
1. Substitution- Replace the present with a new one
2. Alteration- Introduce minor changes or
modification on the current one
3. Restructuring- Introduce major modification of the
current curriculum
4. Perturbation- Changes happen within a fairly
short time
5. Value Orientation- Respond to shift in emphasis
within the vision/mission of the school

10. Force Field Analysis
in Curriculum Change
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11. Restraining ForcesDriving Forces
Force Field Analysis in Curriculum Change
Government Interventions
Society’s Values
Administrative Support
Technological Changes
Knowledge Explosions
Fear of the unknown
Negative Attitudes to change
Tradition Values
Limited Resources
Obsolete Equipment
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Restraining Forces

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FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS IN CURRICULUM CHANGES
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EQUILIBRIUM