The impact of 'Jakarta Globe' on the demand for 'The Jakarta Post' in the market for local English newspapers in Jakarta

International Baccalaureate Diploma Program – May 2010

Extended Essay - Economics

Why has ‘Jakarta Globe’ not been
able to significantly affect the
demand for ‘The Jakarta Post’ in
the market for local English
newspapers in Jakarta?

Name of candidate: G.S.Sriraj

Candidate Number: D 000902 046

Name of School: Gandhi memorial International School

School Code: 000902

Number of words: 3898

IB Extended Essay D 000902 046 Sriraj G S

Table of Contents
Page no.

1) Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. 2

2) Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………. 3

3) Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 4

4) Approach for research………………………………........................ 5

5) Market for local English newspapers………………………………… 6

6) Factors affecting demand in the market for local English
newspapers………………………………………………………………………. 8

7) Factors affecting the price elasticities of demand of ‘The Jakarta
Post’ and ‘Jakarta Globe’………………………………………………….. 10

8) Cross Price Elasticity of demand of The Jakarta Post……….. 16

9) Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 19

10) Suggestions for Jakarta Globe………………………………………… 20

11) Limitations of the study………………………………………………….. 21

12) Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. 22

13) Appendices…………………………………………………………………….. 23

1


Abstract

Since its inception, ‘The Jakarta Post’ has been the leading newspaper, nearly
holding a monopoly, in the local market for English newspapers in Jakarta.
However, a new competitor ‘Jakarta Globe’ recently sprung up. This created a
mini-flurry in the market as it was launched with great hype and promotions.
Subsequently The Jakarta Post followed with sweeping changes to its service. I
was very interested by this new battle which threatened The Jakarta Post’s
dominance. However, it was later seen that The Jakarta Post was not greatly
affected by Jakarta Globe despite the media flurry. I was intrigued by this
outcome and hence I decided to study this issue under the research question
“Why has ‘Jakarta Globe’ not been able to significantly affect the demand for
‘The Jakarta Post’ in the market for local English newspapers in Jakarta? ”.

The scope of this investigation was to study the market for local English
newspapers and determine some of its key natures like structure and elasticity.
This was done with a consumer survey narrowed to 50 people. The Jakarta Post
was also interviewed to obtain some statistics as well as their view of the
situation. The two newspapers were also compared head-to-head based on some
criteria along with a study of the changes incurred by The Jakarta Post using a
Gross Consumer Rating (GCR) I created. Based on these data collected, I analyzed
the cause of the situation using my economic knowledge and put forth some
suggestions for Jakarta Globe to compete efficiently.

The conclusion reached was that The Jakarta Post was not deeply affected by
Jakarta Globe mainly due to the long-standing reputation of the newspaper and
its relatively inelastic demand. Timely changes made to newspaper also led the
consumers to rate The Jakarta Post to be more superior in quality.

Word Count: 299

2


Acknowledgements

On the completion of my Extended Essay, I would like to thank sincerely from the
deepest of my heart all people and organizations who have been of help to me
throughout.

I am extremely grateful to The Jakarta Post and its chief editor, Mr. Endy Bayuni,
who took some time out of their schedule to give me an interview of their view of
the market. I would also like to thank Mr. Suryana of The Jakarta Post who
arranged the interview.

I also sincerely thank my Extended Essay supervisor, Mr. Sandeep Lyall, who
guided me throughout the whole process. I also thank my Economics teacher, Ms.
Anuradha Gulati, who also helped me.

I am grateful to all the respondents of my survey who were kind enough to spare
their time to fill them up. I am also gratified by the people who completed my
GCR as it was a pretty long activity.

I am extremely indebted to my parents who gave me filial support whenever I was
in difficulty. My father was very helpful with the process as he was the person
who first introduced me to Economics and business in my life. He also helped me
gain the contact details of The Jakarta Post and do the consumer survey among
his office colleagues.

I also sincerely thank all other people who have helped in my product of the
Extended Essay which include the website authors I have cited and the text I have
referred to. I am also highly appreciative of the software ‘Dia’ which helped me
draw economic graphs easily on the computer as well as Microsoft Office for
creating some amazing work software. Without all these people and help, my
Extended Essay would not have been possible.

Sriraj G S

3


Introduction

‘The Jakarta Post’ is the leading local English newspaper in Indonesia and is owned by PT
Bina Media Tenggara. It has been in circulation for 26 years since its inception on 25th
April 19831. It has weathered all those years to establish a stronghold as a quasi-
monopoly in the market for local English newspapers in Indonesia. However, this status
came under threat in November 2008 when a new English newspaper – ‘Jakarta Globe’
– emerged. Jakarta Globe took up this challenge of breaking the shackles with the help
of the large financial support from its owner – Lippo Group which is one of Indonesia’s
most reputed conglomerates. They entered by distributing free copies throughout the
city of their flashy and full-colour newspaper.

Though The Jakarta Post has successfully overpowered competition in the past with
papers like The Indonesian Times and The Indonesian Observer, they quickly came up
with a revamped layout and increased coverage. However after 1 financial quarter, it
was seen that The Jakarta Post had not really suffered from the new competition. Their
daily circulation remained constant around 40,000 copies a day despite a nearly 25%
hike in their price2. Though their total revenue fell, it was because of a decrease in
advertising revenue as a result of the economic recession and their sales revenue
actually improved a bit2. As I was curious of this non-competitive outcome, I decided to
find out the reasons why Jakarta Globe could not compete despite heavy monetary
promotions, free copies and a glitzy product.

Under the research question “Why has ‘Jakarta Globe’ not been able to significantly
affect the demand for ‘The Jakarta Post’ in the market for local English newspapers in
Jakarta?”, I intend to study the characteristics of the market’s consumers which will
determine the changes in demand for a newspaper. I will also investigate the relative
elasticity of The Jakarta Post which will give an idea as to how its demand will be
affected by external factors. I will base my analysis on my knowledge of certain
economic concepts like monopoly markets, elasticity and revenue etcetera and further
provide suggestions as to how Jakarta Globe can compete better in the market.

1
“Company Profile | The Jakarta Post” Web. 24 July 2009. < http://www.thejakartapost.com/company_profile>
2
Obtained from Interview – See Appendix 1

4


Approach for research

In order to research about the products and the market of local English
newspapers, I have divided my work into three main tasks.

First I will conduct a consumer survey among the customers of the English
newspaper industry. This will mainly help me assess their attitude towards the
market and also deduce the level of elasticity for the good. I will also particularly
check brand loyalty towards The Jakarta Post and the awareness level about
Jakarta Globe. I have scaled the number of surveys to 50.

Next I have designed a simple comparison scale for the two newspapers based on
few criteria like layout, presentation, content and value-for-money. On this scale,
consumers will rate the two newspapers head-to-head and decide which
newspaper is better. I have named this test ‘Gross Consumer Rating’ (GCR) and I
will conduct 5 such GCRs. I will also include the older version of The Jakarta Post
to infer if the changes in their newspaper were effective.

Thirdly, I will personally interview the chief editor of The Jakarta Post. This will
enable me to collect some genuine statistics of the market. I will also get to know
the firm’s main objectives and strategies. I will also be able to assess their
reaction to the entry of Jakarta Globe.

Overall, the data collected from these primary researches will enable me to
analyze the situation and carry out my investigation effectively.

5


Market for local English newspapers

A market is defined as a group of consumers or organizations that is interested in
a product, has the resources to purchase the product and is permitted by law or
other regulations to acquire the product from producer(s).3 However it is
sufficient to understand that a market consists of producers and consumers of a
good. The consumers represent the demand for the product while the producers
represent the supply of the product.

In the market for local English newspapers in Jakarta, there are currently three
producers of which only two are for commercial sale – The Jakarta Post and
Jakarta Globe.

Name Inception Location(s) Price of Circulation
single copy per day

Jakarta,
1 The Jakarta Post Apr’ 1983 Surabaya, Rp. 6,500 40,000
Bali

2 Jakarta Globe Nov’ 2008 Jakarta Rp. 8,500 N/A

3 The Point Oct’ 2006 Jakarta N/A N/A

Table 1: Current local English newspaper producers

Furthermore, there have been two local English newspaper producers in the past.

3
Adapted from "Market Definition." Web. 11 Aug. 2009.
<http://www.netmba.com/marketing/market/definition/>.

6


Name Inception Closure

1 The Indonesian Observer 1955 2002
2 The Indonesian Times 1960 1998

Table 2: Previous local English newspaper producers

The consumers of the local English newspaper market are represented by a very
small number in comparison to the country’s population. The number of
consumers is estimated to lie between 120,000 to 150,000 while the population
of Indonesia is estimated at 237,512,352.4 The population of Jakarta itself is
estimated at 8,792,000. This shows that this market is extremely tiny – just
around 1% of the city population.

The chief reason for this is the lack of English literacy in the country. Though
statistics are not available, it is well-known that English has not penetrated the
Indonesian community deeply. Many regional dialects are spoken in the country
of which the most common is the unified Bahasa Indonesia.

It has been estimated that half of the consumers consist of English-speaking
expatriates working in Indonesia. The other half which represent Indonesians are
typically locals who use English in their daily profession. These Indonesian readers
also tend to belong to the high-income group or hold relatively higher educational
qualifications5.

The market is further heavily concentrated in Jakarta compared to other cities. It
is estimated that nearly 75% of the readers are from Jakarta while the remaining
25% are from other small cities5.

4
"Indonesia - Population." Web. 30 July 2008. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/print/id.html>.
5
Obtained from Interview – See Appenix 1

7


Factors affecting demand in the market
for English newspapers

The main factors which affect the demand for a newspaper are its price, quality,
accessibility, English literacy and the economic condition of the country6. Of these
main factors, the market as a whole is influenced by the economic condition and
the English literacy in Jakarta while price, quality and accessibility affect the
competition between the producers of the newspapers.

The economic condition of Jakarta is in a positive trend despite the global
recession and is one of the 3 top Asian economies currently. Indonesia’s economy
is expected to grow by 5.5% to 6.1% in 20097. This condition is likely to lead to
growing FDI in the country and more foreign expatriates will be attracted to live
here. An increase in expatriates will naturally increase the demand for English
newspapers. This condition will also lead to a growth in the requirement of
English-speaking Indonesians. Hence, the demand for English newspapers from
Indonesians is also likely to increase.

The growing economy will also lead to a growth in English literacy in Jakarta.
Hence, the demand for English newspapers will be propelled if the firms can
attract the potential customers from reading Bahasa Indonesia newspapers to
their English counterparts. The Jakarta Post is also actively involved in a
Newspapers in Education (NIE) program which directly aims at encouraging the
younger generation to learn and read English. They are also trying to provide
newspapers to students at subsidized prices. This will lead to an increase in
English literacy and demand for English newspapers in the long run.

6
7
ANN. Web. 30 July 2009. <http://www.asianewsnet.net/news.php?sec=2&id=2059>

8


Figure 1: Increase in demand for newspapers in future

Hence, the increasing demand for in the market will lead to a growth in the
market size. The Jakarta Post and Jakarta Globe will benefit greatly from this
situation and there are opportunities for both firms to grow well in this market
with healthy competition. However, the fact that Jakarta Globe has not greatly
affected The Jakarta Post’s performance indicates that the factors affecting
demand between the two producers ‘in’ the market might be adverse to Jakarta
Globe.

9


Factors affecting the price elasticities of
demand of The Jakarta Post and
Jakarta Globe

The price elasticities of demand of The Jakarta Post and Jakarta Globe influence
the competition between the newspapers. Their price elasticities of demand are
affected by their relative price, quality and accessibility. However, the accessibility
for both newspapers is relatively the same in the market as all major retailers are
currently stocking both newspapers. Both firms are also actively distributing their
papers to all major residences and offices.

The demand for newspapers as a whole will be inelastic as they are widely
considered a necessity in a home. Though they are losing popularity among the
younger population, many families find a home without newspapers incomplete.
Even if a family doesn’t read newspapers, they buy it to have a feel-good factor.
Despite the fact that the world has seen great advances in technology, data
indicate that only 14% of the population use mobile feeds for news. Internet at
home has caught up faster with 74% usage. Yet it is found that people are still
sticking to conventional means as 94% readers still use television as well as
newspapers for catching news8. This is because consumers believe these
conventional media are more reliable.

The Law of Demand states that the quantity demanded of a good is inversely
proportional to its price ceteris paribus. Therefore, it is most likely that the
newspaper with the lesser retail price is likely to attract more demand. The retail
prices of both the newspapers are listed below.

Name of newspaper Price (Single-Copy) Price (1 Year Subscription)

The Jakarta Post Rp. 6,500 Rp. 1,800,000
Jakarta Globe Rp. 8,500 Rp. 1,404,0009
Table 3: Price list of newspapers
8
Obtained from Consumer Survey – See Appendix 2
9
Obtained from newspaper copies directly

10


The price lists of the newspapers provide contrasting information. While the
single-copy price of Jakarta Globe is significantly higher by Rp. 2,000 (due to full-
colour printing and more pages), the 1 year subscription price of Jakarta Globe is
significantly lesser by nearly Rp. 400,000! The Jakarta Post readers will get a
discount of 22.5% on 1 year subscription while Jakarta Globe readers will get
45%! Jakarta Globe has planned its sales strategy in such a way that the readers
are attracted to directly subscribe to the newspaper rather than buy single-
copies. Hence, they are likely to attract long-term readers who would subscribe
for a year to avail cheaper prices. As subscription is like a bond, readers who
subscribe to Jakarta Globe are likely to persist with the product once bought.
Thus, Jakarta Globe has an advantage over The Jakarta Post in terms of long-term
prices but whether they will be able to attract greater demand will largely depend
on how much importance consumers place on the prices.

Meanwhile, the quality of the newspaper is directly proportional to its demand as
long as the consumers’ value-for-money is satisfied.

In order to estimate the newspaper to which readers will be more inclined, their
perception of the newspapers’ quality is required. I have used a Gross Consumer
Rating (GCR) in order to measure the quality of the old The Jakarta Post, its new
version and Jakarta Globe. In the GCR, respondents are given copies of each
newspaper to make observations and comparisons. Then, they fill in a form where
they rate each newspaper against particular criteria stated below.

1) Layout

- Section layout

- Article layout

2) Content

- Variety

- Depth

- Supplements

11


3) Presentation

- Overall Design

- Easy-to-read factor

- Color

- Language

4) Value

- Value-for-money

There are 10 criteria each worth 3 points. Hence, the GCR of a newspaper will be
out of 30 points. Below are the average GCRs of each newspaper as rated by 5
consumers.

GCR of The Jakarta Post – Old Version = 20.4

GCR of The Jakarta Post – New Version = 24.2

GCR of Jakarta Globe = 22.510

30 24.2
22.5
25 20.4

20

15

10

5

0
Old JP New JP JG

Figure 2: GCR comparison of competitors

10
Obtained from GCR – See Appendix 3

12


As seen from the GCR data collected, it is noticed that the new version of The
Jakarta Post is perceived by the consumers to be of higher quality than Jakarta
Globe. It is also found that it was effective for The Jakarta Post to revamp their
newspaper as their older version is perceived to be of poor quality in comparison
to the others. Thus it can be predicted that the consumer demand for The Jakarta
Post will be stronger than that for Jakarta Globe based on quality.

However, the price and quality factors of demand seem to contradict each other
as The Jakarta Post costs more on subscription but is considered to be of better
quality than Jakarta Globe. As these two factors oppose each other, their actual
combined effect will be determined by the characteristics of the consumers in the
market as in whether they give more importance to quality or price in their
choice-making as there is an opportunity cost involved here. The price-quality
consciousness of the consumers was determined through my consumer survey.

11

Figure 3: Price-Quality orientation of consumers

The data clearly indicate that the consumers in the market are more quality-
oriented than price-oriented. In fact there are no consumers who put price as
their ultimate priority while 20% of consumers are purely quality-oriented. The
majority of the consumers are represented by people who are slightly quality-
oriented.

11

13


Moreover, the value-for-money ratings collected from my GCRs also give an
insight into the consumers’ product inclination. The GCRs show that The Jakarta
Post is perceived to have a greater value-for-money than Jakarta Globe. The
former newspaper has an 80% score while Jakarta Globe is rated much lesser.
This is because though Jakarta Globe offers full-colour papers and more pages,
they do not cover as much news as The Jakarta Post. Jakarta Globe’s extra pages
are filled with more potpourri content rather than the news which the consumers
need more.

Newspaper Value-for-money
The Jakarta Post 2.40
Jakarta Globe 1.7512

Table 4: Value-for-money ratings of competitors

As the consumers have been identified to be more quality-oriented, they will be
more likely to be satisfied with The Jakarta Post which has been rated to be of
better quality and more value-for-money than Jakarta Globe by the consumers
themselves. Thus the consumer demand for The Jakarta Post is likely to be
stronger than that for Jakarta Globe despite the fact that Jakarta Globe costs
cheaper on subscription and also distributed numerous free copies during the
initial times of circulation.

These factors point that The Jakarta Post’s demand is inelastic. The consumer
market is more inclined towards them and hence they are likely to be less
responsive to any changes in their prices. This is particularly depicted by the fact
that their sales revenue has slightly improved despite a 25% increase in price13.
Due to their inelastic demand, their sales revenue should fare better as the
change in demand will be of lesser proportion than their change in price. This is

12
Obtained from GCR – See Appendix 3
13

14


likely to happen in the long run as the overall market size is consistently growing.
Meanwhile the price elasticity of demand of Jakarta Globe is likely to be relatively
elastic. This is naturally opposite to that of The Jakarta Post’s as consumers are
less inclined to them. This is particularly depicted by their high pricing of single-
copies which have failed to attract strong demand in the market.

As all the factors identified indicate that The Jakarta Post is relatively inelastic in
demand, they are hence not likely to be affected deeply by Jakarta Globe. The
theoretical demand curves for The Jakarta Post and Jakarta Globe are likely to be
as shown below.

Figure 4: Increase in revenue due to inelastic demand (The Jakarta Post)

Figure 5: Fall in revenue due to elastic demand (Jakarta Globe)

15


Cross price elasticity of demand of The
Jakarta Post

The cross price elasticity of demand (XED) is an important factor that will affect
the consumers’ reaction towards Jakarta Globe. The cross price elasticity of
demand of a good is the degree to which the quantity demanded of the good will
change as a result of a change in the price of another good.

The only direct substitute The Jakarta Post has is Jakarta Globe. Hence, The
Jakarta Post’s cross price elasticity of demand is theoretically supposed to be
positive and an increase in The Jakarta Post’s price should lead to a fall in its
demand and revenue. However in reality, despite a recent 25% increase in its
retail price, The Jakarta Post’s sales revenue has slightly improved14. This indicates
that despite having entered the market, Jakarta Globe has not really influenced
the market as a substitute. This is surely due to the time period in consideration.

As Jakarta Globe has been present for only 1 quarter, we are studying a short
term condition. It is generally noticed that a good tends to be inelastic in the short
run and more elastic in the long run. This applies here to The Jakarta Post as well.
This is because in the short run the consumers will not have time to change their
product. They need time to compare the products and arrive at the better choice.
They also need time to gain awareness of the arrival of the new product. This is
justified as it is found that only 29.55% of consumers are aware of Jakarta Globe’s
existence15. Hence, Jakarta Globe clearly needs more time to affect The Jakarta
Post as people still have to know it. This view is confirmed by the editor of The
Jakarta Post who says Jakarta Globe has not affected their sales and needs at
least 3 – 5 years to make an impact16.

14
15
16

16


An important factor dictating whether The Jakarta Post readers are likely to
change to Jakarta Globe is how many people have subscribed to the former and
how loyal they are. Subscribers are not as likely to change product compared to
non-subscribers because the process is likely to involve some documentation and
monetary loss. It is found that 82% of readers are subscribers to The Jakarta Post.
This is a very large amount and will hence benefit them as they are likely to lose
only few consumers to Jakarta Globe if at all.

It is also found that 63.6% of their readers are brand-loyal and will remain with
them. When asked if the Jakarta Globe would ever be able to displace The Jakarta
Post, majority of the readers (54.55%) felt The Jakarta Post would continue to
dominate the market17. This indicates that majority of the consumer population is
not ready to change to Jakarta Globe.

54.55%
No

Yes 45.45%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 6: “Can The Jakarta Post’s dominance be affected?” (Poll)

Hence it can be deduced that Jakarta Globe has not yet developed enough market
presence to affect The Jakarta Post significantly in this short time period and has
not quite assumed the role of a competitor in the market. However in the long
run, Jakarta Globe may be able to compete better with increased awareness
among consumers. Hence the cross price elasticity of demand of The Jakarta Post
can be depicted as shown below. The actual XED will be unrelated due to the

17

17


short time period while the theoretical and potential XED in the long run will be in
negative relation.

Figure 7: XED of The Jakarta Post

18


Conclusion

From the various factors affecting the demand of newspapers in the market
discussed above, it is found that The Jakarta Post is in a very strong position in the
market. Hence Jakarta Globe does not have a great chance of disturbing the
demand for The Jakarta Post. As The Jakarta Post holds a quasi-monopoly, huge
barriers to entry exist for Jakarta Globe in the market. The most significant
advantage for The Jakarta Post is that consumers rate their quality to be superior
to Jakarta Globe’s and more value-for-money as well. This is important in a
quality-oriented market. Furthermore, The Jakarta Post has a long standing
reputation and has built good brand loyalty from the older generations.

The timely upgrade The Jakarta Post made to their newspaper also gave them an
advantage. The old version of The Jakarta Post was of poorer quality than Jakarta
Globe. If the old version had been persisted with, Jakarta Globe could have had a
chance of upsetting The Jakarta Post. Instead they have been left competing with
a better new version.

It is also found that the demand for The Jakarta Post is relatively inelastic. This
means that the consumers are less likely to change from buying The Jakarta Post
to any other newspaper. In order to woo them away from buying The Jakarta
Post, Jakarta Globe needs to have some strong attributes. However as the GCR
shows, Jakarta Globe does not have any such major advantage over The Jakarta
Post as of now. However, if they make a few changes, they can be more
competitive in the long run.

19


Suggestions for Jakarta Globe

Based on my observations and study of the market for English newspapers, I
would like to provide a few suggestions for Jakarta Globe to help them compete
better.

Jakarta Globe’s main problem is a lack of quality in comparison to The Jakarta
Post especially in value-for-money. In order to combat this, they should focus on
improving quality and cutting the prices of their single-copies. The best way to do
this would be to reduce the extra content like too much potpourri and comics
which the consumers are less interested in. This will also save them printing costs.
Another thing they could do is to take advantage of their huge media presence
through their group firm ‘First Media’. First Media is widely prevalent in Indonesia
through their cable TV and internet services. Jakarta Globe could be jointly
promoted using these services. For example a combined subscription system
could be created where consumers will pay a little extra and receive both Jakarta
Globe and the cable TV service. For a limited period of time, free copies of Jakarta
Globe could be provided with the cable TV service in order to increase its brand
awareness which is currently poor.

The most important long-term motive for Jakarta Globe should be to target the
youth segment of the market as the older consumers are likely to be loyally
bound to The Jakarta Post. Their full-color and glitzy presentation is already likely
to impress the youth but they need to immerse in a NIE program like The Jakarta
Post in order to spread awareness of their product to the youth. They can also
provide their newspapers at subsidized costs to students. For this, they could
create a new type of membership where the students can register using their
university IDs in order to identify themselves. They can also provide frequent
supplements with their newspapers like The Jakarta Post’s ‘YouthSpeak’
dedicated to students.

20


Limitations of the study

There were several problems and drawbacks in my study which may have affected the
actual results of the study thus leading to imperfections.

 My survey had a total of only 50 respondents which is a small number compared
to the actual size of the market. So the statistics collected are not likely to
represent that of the whole market.

 My GCR was based on just 5 respondents which is extremely small and this will
not represent the views of all the consumers. This was due to consumers
displaying lack of interest to indulge in a highly time-consuming task.

 I was not able to arrange an interview with the editor of Jakarta Globe. Thus it is
likely that I may have missed some important views or insights.

 I was not able to collect numerical statistics like revenue and profit from The
Jakarta Post as intended due to confidentiality. Rather I was given their general
trends which reduced accuracy of the statements.

 70% of my expatriate survey respondents were of Indian nationality which might
not represent a balanced view of the whole expatriate community.

Indian
Indonesian
Pakistani
Korean
Sri Lankan
American

Figure 8: Nationality distribution of survey respondents

21


Bibliography

 Interview with The Jakarta Post editor – Mr. Endy Bayuni (Appendix 1)

 Consumer Survey scaled to 50 respondents (Appendix 2)

 Gross Consumer Rating scaled to 5 respondents (Appendix 3)

 “The Jakarta Post”. Web. <http://www.thejakartapost.com> Accessed multiple

times

 “Jakarta Globe”. Web. < http://www.thejakartaglobe.com> Accessed multiple

times.

 “Indonesia – Population”. Web. < https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

world-factbook/print/id.html > 30 July 2009.

 “ANN”. Web. <http://www.asianewsnet.net/news.php?sec=2&id=2059> 30 July

2009.

 “Market Definition”. Web. < http://www.netmba.com/marketing/definition/> 11

August 2009.

 “New Jakarta English Newspaper”. Web.

<http://www.livinginindonesiaforum.org/showthread.php?t=1346> 26 April

2009.
nd
 Glanville, Alan. “Economics from a Global Perspective”. 2 ed. Glanville Books

Ltd., 2003

22


Appendices

23


Appendix 1

Transcript of interview with Chief

Editor of The Jakarta Post

24


Appendix 2

Consumer Survey

(50 nos.)

Note: Though 50 consumer surveys had been undertaken for the

primary research of the study, only a blank sample and 5 other filled

samples have been enclosed with the appendix.

25


Appendix 3

Gross Consumer Ratings (GCR)

26

The impact of 'Jakarta Globe' on the demand for 'The Jakarta Post' in the market for local English newspapers in Jakarta

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