This document discusses high blood pressure (hypertension). It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the main types of hypertension, including primary (essential) hypertension which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension which can be caused by other medical conditions like diabetes or kidney disease. It outlines the risk factors, symptoms, complications if untreated, treatment options focusing on lifestyle changes, and discusses how the body normally regulates blood pressure through various mechanisms.

2. By Nazia Ashraf
nazia.ashraf1536@gmail,com

3. High blood pressure, also called "hypertension," is a
serious medical condition. It happens when the force of
the blood pumping through your arteries is too strong.
When heart beats, it pushes blood through arteries to the
rest of the body. When the blood pushes harder against
the walls of the arteries, pressure goes up. Blood
pressure may be different at different times of the day. It
is usually higher when first wake up, after exercise, or
when under stress.
Hypertension is pressure higher than 140 over 90
mmHg (millimeters of mercury).

4. Major Types
1. Primary Hypertension
Primary or essential hypertension, that has no known cause,
is diagnosed in the majority of people
2. Secondary Hypertension:
 Diabetes (both due to kidney problems and nerve
damage)
 Kidney disease
 Pheochromocytoma (a cancer)
 Cushing syndrome (which can be caused by use of
corticosteroid drugs)
 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (disorder of the
adrenal glands, which secrete the hormone cortisol)

5.  Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland).
 Hyperparathyroidism (which affects calcium and
phosphorous levels)
 Pregnancy
 Sleep apnea
 Obesity
The other types include:
3. Malignant Hypertension.
4. Isolated Systolic Hypertension
5. White Coat Hypertension
6. Resistant Hypertension

6. • Normal blood pressure is below 120 systolic and
below 80 diastolic
• Pre hypertension is 120-139 systolic or 80-89
diastolic
• Stage 1 high blood pressure (hypertension) is 140-
159 systolic or 90-99 diastolic
• Stage 2 high blood pressure (hypertension) is 160 or
higher systolic or 100 or higher diastolic
• Hypertensive crisis (a medical emergency) is when
blood pressure is above 180 systolic or above 110
diastolic.

7.  Smoking
 Being overweight or obese
 Lack of physical activity
 Too much salt in the diet
 Too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks
per day)
 Stress
 Older age
 Genetics
 Family history of high blood pressure
 Chronic kidney disease
 Adrenal and thyroid disorder
 Sleep apnea

8. High blood pressure itself is usually
asymptomatic, meaning that patients do not
experience any direct symptoms of the
condition
The silent killer
Damage to the cardiovascular system
Long-term hypertension can cause
complications through arteriosclerosis

9. a. An enlarged or weakened heart to a point where it may fail
to pump enough blood (heart failure)
b. Aneurysm an abnormal bulge in the wall of an artery
(which can burst, causing severe bleeding and, in some
cases, death)
c. Blood vessel narrowing - in the kidneys this can lead to
possible kidney failure, in the heart, brain and legs, this can
lead to heart attack, stroke or the need for amputation,
respectively
d. Blood vessels in the eyes my rupture or bleed, leading to
vision problems or blindness (hypertensive retinopathies -
classified by worsening grades one through four).

10.  Lifestyle changes are important for both treatment and
prevention of high blood pressure
 Salt restriction
 High consumption of vegetables and fruits and low-fat
 Moderation of alcohol consumption
 Reducing weight and maintaining it
 Regular physical exercise
 Stress reduction

12. Rise in B.P activation of impulses to nucleus
baroreceptors of tractus solitarius
nucleus of
Reduces vasomotor inhibition of tractus solitarius acts
. tone vasoconstrictor area on vasomotor center
excites vasodilator area
Redution in peripheral resistance Blood-
& Vasodilatation occur pressure
decreases
(force of contraction &
Cardiac output decrease)

13. Decreased blood pressure
Decreased flow of blood
Decrease in O2 & Increase in CO2
Excitation in the chemoreceptors
Send impulses to vasoconstrictors
Blood pressure rises and
blood flow increases

14. Increase in excretion of water excretion of salts (sodium)
B.P (pressure diuresis) (Pressure Natriuresis)
Blood pressure decrease in blood decrease in ECF
restored volume volume

15. Decrease in reabsorption Increase in ECF
B.P from & Blood
renal-tubules volumes
Blood pressure Increase in cardiac
Restored output

16. The number of people living
with hypertension (high
blood pressure) is predicted
to be 1.56 billion worldwide
by the year 2025