HI

1. Prestige Institute of Management and
Research Bhopal
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
PPT Presentation on
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles An overview
SUBMMITED BY
NAME-Ajeet Kumar Rawat
BRANCH-EX
ENROLLMENT NO.-0198EX211007
SUBMMITED TO
PROF. TANMAY SHUKLA SIR

2. Content
 Why fuel efficiency is important
 Hybrid cars
 Environmental impacts and public concerns
 A short history of electric and hybrid technology
 Where does fuel energy go in a conventional car
 How hybrids save fuel
 Vehicle kinetic energy
 What is A hybrid System
 How Hybrids work
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3. Why fuel efficiency is important
Rank Country
Oil –
consumption
(bbl/day) Date
1 World 85,220,000 2007 est.
2 United States 20,680,000 2007 est.
3 European Union 14,390,000 2007
4 China 7,880,000 2007 est.
5 Japan 5,007,000 2007 est.
6 India 2,722,000 2007 est.
7 Russia 2,699,000 2007 est.
8 Germany 2,456,000 2007 est.
9 Brazil 2,372,000 2007 est.
10 Canada 2,371,000 2007 est.
18 Iran 1,600,000 2007 est.
Rest of the world 23,043,000 2007 est.
World oil consumption, 2007
World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises
US
Source: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook
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4. Why fuel efficiency is important
• Oil Reserves are
diminishing
• New data shows Canada
has world second largest oil
reserves after Saudi Arabia
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5. Hybrid cars
 Better fuel efficiency, up to %80 theoretically possible
 Less CO2 emission and pollution
 Lower maintenance
2009 Toyota Prius
Hybrid
2009 Toyota Corolla
Conventional
5.3 Lit/100 Km 10.5 Lit/100 Km
About $780/year fuel savings
Assume $1 /1L
15000km / year
Invaluable benefit for environment
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6. A short history of hybrid & electric cars
 1825
 Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy
 85 miles round trip took 10 hours (14 km/h)
 1870
 First electric car was build in Scotland
 1897
 The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3 horsepower
electric motor,
 Could be driven 50 miles between charges
 1898
 The German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel-drive
 Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion engine to
spin a generator that provided power to electric motors located in the
wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles
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7. Where does fuel energy go in a conventional car
Source: www.fueleconomy.gov
US DOE
•87.4 % of fuel energy is wasted
•Only 12.6 % of fuel energy is transferred to the wheels
•5.8 % is turned to kinetic energy, consumed in the brake
•17.2 % idling losses, engine on with no torque
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8. How hybrids save fuel
1. Engine is turned off at:
 Stops
 Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor drives
the car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine kicks
in
 When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned
off, Regenerative braking is applied
2. When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high
or very low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and
assists engine. Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone
3. Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistance
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9. A B
)
( 2
2
2
1
B
A V
V
m
E 

• VB > VA accelerating, fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is increased
• VA > VB braking, vey little fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is
reduced
energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional
cars
In hybrids braking energy is recovered by an electric
generator and stored in a battery
it is called regenerative energy, or “Regen Energy”
A B
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10. A hybrid System
Prius does not
have
•step gears
•clutch or
•torque converter
•starter motor
•alternator
Schematic diagram of Prius
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info
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VCU
Eclectic
motors and
planetary gear
system work
as a CVT or
Continuously
Variable
Transmission

11. How Hybrids work
Prius Planetary Gear
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info
Eclectic motors
and planetary
gear system
work as a CVT
or Continuously
Variable
Transmission
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12. Hybrid engine and electric motors
Prius Hybrid
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info
Hybrid engine
is smaller than
conventional
the engine
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14. 14
Prestige Institute of Management and
Research Bhopal
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
PPT Presentation on
How hybrid and electric cars work
SUBMMITED BY
NAME-Ajeet Kumar Rawat
BRANCH-EX
ENROLLMENT NO.-0198EX211007
SUBMMITED TO
PROF. TANMAY SHUKLA SIR

15. Content
 How hybrid and electric cars work
 Why they are fuel efficient
 Advantages and issues
 Technological challenges
 Next generation of green vehicles
 Q&A
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16. How Electric cars work
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17. Electric cars
 Have comparable speed and power
 Zero emission for hydro electric grids like BC
 High overall fuel efficiency, thermal power plants can
have up to 80% efficiency and lower emission
 No IC engine, no transmission, no engine oil, no gearbox
fluid
 Lower maintenance
 Lower price
 Good for inner city short trips
 Simple and mature tech
 Low noise
100 years old
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18. Plug in hybrid
 Plug in hybrid has advantages of the both
 GM 2011 Chevrolet Volt can run for 40 miles on
electric power alone
 Only uses gasoline to power a generator if the 40-
mile range is exceeded
Chevrolet Volt
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19. Hybrid cars issues
 Currently more expensive than conventional
 Heavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors
weight
 Limited battery life
 Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it
 Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel
 Reliability, still under study,
 More complex computer controlled systems
 May have drivability issues
 Expensive to repair
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20. Electric cars issues
 Needs heavy duty power plug terminal (high current) everywhere:
home, parking and street with metering device
 Electric energy infrastructure (generation, transmission and
distribution) must be expanded to provide extra energy for this type
of cars.
 Travels short distances, inner city
 Low speed
 Battery charging takes time
 Limited battery life
 Safety issues
 Need new regulatory standards and
 New building electric code
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21. Technology challenges and opportunities
 Battery capacity reduces by time, even you do not use it.
 This will impact fuel economy
 Fuel economy is dependant
on battery capacity
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The Honda Insight’s battery pack
120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V)
Nickel metal hydride
100A discharge, and 50A charge rates
The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to
extend battery life

22. Technology challenges and opportunities
 Time of battery changing is long(plug in hybrid)
 Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km more)
 Batteries are expensive
 Low performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the
battery
 Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces
dramatically)
 Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue
Opportunity for researchers:
Advance research projects on batteries are supported by governments
and industries
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23. Next generation of green vehicles
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• Plug in hybrids with Lithium Ion Batteries and Ultra Capacitors
• Hybrid Buses
• Hybrid trucks with compressed gas energy storage systems
• Hybrid trains
• EVs everywhere
Hybrids on the Market

24. Fail safe systems
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A fail safe system?

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