Bangladesh is one of the 49 countries in the list of Asian continent, which got independence in the year 1971 after having a bloody war of nine months. Since independence, a series of felony has been experienced by the populace of Bangladesh over times either by the internal rulers or by the external forces and thence continues to be wracked by human rights violations. Even though, Bangladesh became the member of United Nations in 1974 and have ratified a number of international human rights instruments such as: The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (United Nations Convention against Torture) 1984 and The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICCPED) 2006, which are indispensable to prevent torture within the border, and forbids state to transport people to any country where there is reason to believe that they will be tortured, there remain perceived cases of serious abuse, including extra-judicial killings, custodial deaths, arbitrary arrest and detention, and harassment of populace over the recent past five years. Moreover, the failure to investigate fully extra-judicial killings by security forces (such as: police, RAB and BDR) including the deaths under custody, remained a matter of serious concern. Some members of the security forces acted with impunity and committed acts of physical and psychological torture. Violence against women and children remained a serious problem, as did trafficking in persons. This paper will pose a critical analysis on how provisions of such international conventions (for the protection of human rights) are being violating in Bangladesh and suggest some guidelines for implementing such human rights instruments contingenting upon the present impasse.
Bangladesh is one of the 49 countries in the list of Asian continent, which got independence in the year 1971 after having a bloody war of nine months. Since independence, a series of felony has been experienced by the populace of Bangladesh over times either by the internal rulers or by the external forces and thence continues to be wracked by human rights violations. Even though, Bangladesh became the member of United Nations in 1974 and have ratified a number of international human rights instruments such as: The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (United Nations Convention against Torture) 1984 and The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICCPED) 2006, which are indispensable to prevent torture within the border, and forbids state to transport people to any country where there is reason to believe that they will be tortured, there remain perceived cases of serious abuse, including extra-judicial killings, custodial deaths, arbitrary arrest and detention, and harassment of populace over the recent past five years. Moreover, the failure to investigate fully extra-judicial killings by security forces (such as: police, RAB and BDR) including the deaths under custody, remained a matter of serious concern. Some members of the security forces acted with impunity and committed acts of physical and psychological torture. Violence against women and children remained a serious problem, as did trafficking in persons. This paper will pose a critical analysis on how provisions of such international conventions (for the protection of human rights) are being violating in Bangladesh and suggest some guidelines for implementing such human rights instruments contingenting upon the present impasse.
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Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
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This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
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"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
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Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
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The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
2. WHAT IS ARBITRARY DETENTION?
Arbitrary detention is the violation of the right to liberty. It is defined as the
arrest and deprivation of liberty of a person outside of the confines of
nationally recognized laws or international standards. International treaties
may be implored to guarantee the right to liberty if national laws protect the
individual in an incomplete or partial manner.
Detention may be illegal without being arbitrary and vice-versa. Illegality
simply means that the law has not be complied with, whereas arbitrary refers
to the inappropriate, unjust, unforeseeable or disappropriate nature of
detention
Arbitrary detention exposes the victim to more human rights violations since
they are deprived of means to defend themselves from extrajudicial execution,
enforced disappearances, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment, etc.
.
3. ARBITRARY DETENTION IN
INTERNATIONAL LAW
The right to personal liberty is defined by Article 9 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which outlines the conditions that
render detention arbitrary, especially when:
The grounds for the arrest are illegal
The victim was not informed of the reasons for the arrest
The procedural rights of the victim were not respected
The victim was not brought before a judge within a reasonable amount of
time
4. . The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention has defined five categories of cases in which
a detention or arrest could be considered arbitrary. These are:
Category I: when it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of
liberty.
Category II: when the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms
guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights such as the freedom of opinion and
expression or freedom of assembly and association.
Category III: when States violate the total or partial observance of the international norms
relating to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Category IV: when asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged
administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or remedy.
Category V: when the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law for
reasons of discrimination based on birth; national, ethnic or social origin; language; religion;
economic condition; political or other opinion; gender; sexual orientation; or disability or
other status, and which aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of human rights.
5. INTERNATIONAL LAWS RELATED TO
ARBITRARY ARREST
Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ‘No one
shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.’
This right has also been recognised by the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights (ICCPR), in which Article 9 establishes that ‘Everyone has
the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to
arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on
such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by
law.’
At a regional level, the American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San
Jose) states in Article the right to personal liberty which establishes no one
should be subject to arbitrary arrest or imprisonment, and the African Charter
on Human and Peoples´ Rights states in Article 6 the right to personal liberty
and protection from arbitrary arrest. This right is also recognized in the Arab
Charter on Human Rights and the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration.
6. INDIAN LAWS REGARDING
DETENTION
Article 22 of Indian Constitution provides for the protection of the life
and personal liberty of individuals and lays down the procedure for
preventive detention. According to this article, no person can be detained
without being informed of the grounds for such detention, and no person
can be detained for more than three months without a judicial review
Clause 2 of Article 22 requires the state to provide for a judicial review of
the detention within a period of five weeks from the date of detention
unless the individual is otherwise released earlier
.
7. Arrest Procedures and Treatment of
Detainees
In cases other than those involving security risks, terrorism, or insurgency,
police may detain an individual without charge for up to 30 days, but an
arrested person must be brought before a judge within 24 hours of arrest..
Arraignment of detainees must occur within 24 hours unless authorities
hold the suspect under a preventive detention law. The law allows police to
summon individuals for questioning, but it does not grant police prearrest
investigative detention authority.
8. INSTANCES OF ARBITRARY ARREST IN
INDIA
On 9 March, Hidme Markam, a human rights activist from the Adivasi
Indigenous community, was arrested under the UAPA for highlighting
sexual violence against women by state security forces. On 8 April, various
UN Special Rapporteurs wrote to the Indian government questioning the
charges against her. The government refused to share the legal basis for
her arrest.
On 21 September, Aakar Patel, a human rights activist and Chair of
Amnesty International India, was arrested and charged with “creating
communal disharmony” after tweeting about hostility towards the Ghanchi
Muslim community, including from the ruling BJP. The complaint was filed
by a sitting member of the legislative assembly who was affiliated to the
BJP.
9. Hundreds of members of the Muslim Tablighi Jamaat movement, who were
arbitrarily arrested by 11 state governments for allegedly violating visa terms
and intentionally disregarding Covid-19 guidelines, were acquitted by the
courts. The court judgments called the prosecution “malicious” and held that
the state governments abused their power and tried to make “scapegoats” of
the accused.
In September 2020 former Jawaharlal Nehru University student leader Umar
Khalid was arrested under the UAPA for making a speech during protests
against the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 (CAA). He remained in jail and
claimed prosecutors were delaying the start of his trial. In a related case, the
Delhi High Court ordered the release of student leaders Asif Iqbal Tanha,
Natasha Narwal, and Devangana Kalita in June. The three had been charged
under the UAPA for allegedly conspiring to incite the 2020 Delhi riots.