Recommended
More Related Content
More from don ward
More from don ward (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Hum110 wake tech week 5 b health3
- 1. Health Care in Ancient Times
- 2. Beaumont, St. Martin, Internal Medicine and Experimentation
- 3. Examining the Interior Human in Modern Times: Liver Appendix
Editor's Notes
- Ancient Medicine Hippocrates (Fourth Century BC) and Galen (Second Century AD) developed, expanded and espoused a theory of four bodily humors that determined and if properly managed could ensure sound health. These Humors wereโฆ Yellow Bile Black Bile Phlegm Blood Each corresponds to a season Yellow Bile- Summer Black Bile- Autumn Phlegm- Winter Blood- Spring Em-ped-o-cles relates the humors to the four elements (earth, air, fire, water) Aristotle uses the image of wine to expose the nature of black bile. He saysโฆ Black bile like grapes contain pneuma which provokes hypochondriac diseases like melancholia.Like wine black bile is prone to ferment and produce alternating depression and anger. So each humor was related to an element, an emotional state, and a physical condition. Yellow Bile- fire- choleric- hot/dry Black Bile- earth- melancholic- cold/dry Phlegm- water- phlegmatic- cold/moist Blood- air- sanguine- hot/moist Hippocratic physician would prescribe diet and activity designed to "void the body of the imbalanced humor. โ Later leeches and blood-letting. According to Gary Lindquester โs History of Human Diseases, if it was a fever-- a hot, dry disease-- the culprit was yellow bile. The doctor would try to increase its opposite, phlegm, by prescribing cold baths. If the opposite situation prevailed (as in a cold), where there were obvious symptoms of excess phlegm production, the regimen would be to bundle up in bed and drink wine. If this didn โt work the next course would be drugs, often Hellebore, a poison to induce vomiting. Ancient Greek medicine was based primarily on observation. They did have experience with treating open wounds, so they had some knowledge of the body โs interior. They also had contact during the Hellenistic period with Egyptians who practiced the removal of organs as part of the embalming process. After the 3rd Century some vivisection was performed in Alexandria on executed criminals. A understanding of man โs body was presumed from a knowledge of animals. They also used observation, philosophy and function to draw conclusions about the body.This may seem primitive but is not very different than the way psychologists treat the psyche today.
- Internal Medicine in the pre-modern world June 6, 1822: Alexis St. Martin shot in the left upper abdomen. Duck shot discharged from about a yard away resulted in a wound which was the size of a man โs palm. The wound damaged the lung, two ribs and stomach. Dr. Wm. Beaumont bandaged the wound to prevent food from spilling from the stomach. The wound created a permanently open gastric fistula. It was large enough for Beaumont to insert his entire forefinger into the stomach cavity. On August 1, 1825 Beaumont begins to observe human digestion. He ties 1/4 ounce pieces of meat with a piece of silk line and dangles the "high seasoned a la mode beef," raw salt lean beef, raw salted fat pork, raw lean fresh beef, boiled corned beef, stale bread and raw cabbage into the wound. Beaumont pulls the string out three hours later to observe the rate of digestion of the various foods. On August 17 Beaumont has St Martin fast for 17 hours. He observes that the temperature of the stomach is 100 degrees. He removes gastric juice from St. Martin and observes of the "digestion" of corned boiled beef in a test tube. The stomach digested the beef in two hours; the test tube took ten hours. Chicken digested slower than beef.In August, St. Martin moved away. Who could blame him? In 1829, St. Martin returned to work for the Beaumonts. Some limited observations were done on the temperature of the stomach. It wasn โt until 1831 that Beaumont began to compare the effects of food: placed in water; placed in gastric juice; or in St Martinโs stomach. Beaumont also discovered that vegetables digest slower than meat and that milk coagulates before the digestive process. Not surprisingly, Beaumont was able to observe that anger hinders digestion. In 1832 Beaumont set out to locate St. Martin to conduct new experiments. He inserted various foods into the wound (once inserting twelve raw oysters). He learned that exercise helped the production of digestive juices. He failed, however, to experiment the effect of saliva on digestion. One of the limitations on Beaumont โs work was that chemical analysis was not available until the mid-nineteenth century. Alexis St. Martin lived for thirty years with the open wound. When he was in his eighties, his lawyer, Judge Baby of Montreal said that he "was very much addicted to drink." His family hid his body in an unmarked grave after his death to prevent autopsy or further experimentation.
- Today there are tools for diagnosis that give the health practitioner access to the internal workings of the patient โs body without exploratory surgery or Beaumont-like cruel experimentation. CT Scan (Computed Tomography) allows for non-invasive diagnosis. CT uses cross sections using specialized X-rays and computer enhancement. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Uses Magnetism and Radio-waves. This technology separates and identifies soft tissues.` In Radioisotopic Scanning, radioactive particles are attached to an injected, inhaled or ingested substance. This is often used with infants who may not remain immobile long enough for reliable readings from other scans. Urinary Bladder Scan (aka Radio-nul-clide voiding cystogram) tracks reflux to the kidney which signals infection. Ultrasound or Sonography uses high-frequency echoes to create safe (if imperfect) pre-natal images, etc. X-Ray, discovered by Wm Roentgen in 1895 is useful in creating images of bones and lung disorders such as pneumonia. Barium may be added to create an image of soft tissue structures. An example of this would be the "upper GI" series. My-e-logram: is an x-ray of spinal fluid made visible through the injection of a dye. This indicates cartilage and joint abnormalities. Fluoroscopy records images that show movement, This can indicate the processing of the GI or respiratory tracts or the bladder. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): Uses a dye which outlines the urinary system including the kidneys, uterus and the bladder.