Hypertension (high blood pressure) is when the pressure in your blood vessels is too high (140/90 mmHg or higher).

1. The blood vessels are networks
of hollow tubes that transport
blood throughout the entire
body.

2. ARTERIES
Arteries carry the blood
away from the heart.

3. CAPILLARIES
Capillaries are extremely
small vessels located within
the tissues of the body that
transport blood from the
arteries to the veins.
Capillaries enable the actual
exchange of water and
chemicals between the blood
and the tissues.

4. VEINS
Veins carry blood from the
capillaries back toward the
heart.

5. Arteries and veins to a degree can regulate their
inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer.
This changes the blood flow to downstream organs.
VASOCONSTRICTION
Constriction of blood vessels .
VASODILATION
Dilatation of blood vessels.

6. Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by
circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels.

7. SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
Systolic pressure is peak pressure
in the arteries, which occurs when
the ventricles are contracting.
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
Diastolic pressure is minimum
pressure in the arteries, which
occurs when the ventricles relax.

9. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE FOR ADULTS
Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg)
Recommended Follow-up
Hypotension < 90 < 60
Normal 90 – 120 and 60 – 80
Blood pressure is rechecked in 2 years
Prehypertension 121 – 139 or 81 – 89
Blood pressure is rechecked in 1 year, and
advice about lifestyle changes is provided
Stage 1
Hypertension
140 – 159 or 90 – 99
The high blood pressure is confirmed within 2
months, and advice about lifestyle changes is
provided
Stage 2
Hypertension
≥ 160 or ≥ 100
The person is evaluated or referred to a
source of care within 1 month. For those with
higher pressures (eg, 180/110 mm Hg or
higher), evaluation or treatment is immediate
or within 1 week, depending on the person's
condition

10. HEART RATE:
The rate at which blood is pumped by the heart.
CARDIAC OUTPUT (heart rate x stroke volume) :
The volume of blood pumped by the heart in per unit time is
called the cardiac output.
BLOOD VOLUME:
The amount of blood that is present in the body.
RESISTANCE:
In the circulatory system, this is the resistance of the blood
vessels.

11. Blood pressure = Cardiac Output X Total Peripheral
Resistance
These factors are controlled by the sympathetic nervous
system and by the kidneys.

12. B.P = Cardiac Output x TPR
• Vasoconstriction
• Vasodilation
Heart rate Blood Vol.
Contractility

13. Sympathetic nervous system stimulates the
adrenal glands to release the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine. These
hormones stimulate the heart to beat faster and
more forcefully and most arterioles to constrict.
Sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the
kidneys to decrease their excretion of sodium and
water, thereby increasing blood volume.
The kidneys also respond directly to changes in
blood pressure.

14. 1. BARORECEPTOR REFLEX
• The most important arterial baroreceptors
are located in the left and right carotid
sinuses and in the aortic arch.
• Baroreceptors detect changes in arterial
pressure and send signals to the brain.
• Rapid moment to moment regulation of
B.P.

15. 2. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM (RAS)
• This system is generally known for its long-term
(weeks/months)
• adjustment of arterial pressure.
• This system allows the kidney to compensate for loss in
blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by activating an
endogenous vasoconstrictor known as angiotensin II.

17. 3. ALDOSTERONE
RELEASE
• This steroid hormone is
released from the adrenal
cortex in response to
angiotensin II or high
serum potassium levels.

18. PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
•HTN with no known cause is called primary or essential
hypertension.
•85% - 95% of people with HTN have primary hypertension.
•Several changes in the heart and blood vessels probably
combine to increase blood pressure.
•The reasons for such changes are not fully understood but
appear to involve an inherited abnormality.

19. PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
•Obesity
•Sedentary lifestyle
•Stress
•Smoking
•Excessive amounts of alcohol or salt in the diet all can play a
role in the development of HTN in people who have an
inherited tendency to develop it.

20. SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
•HTN with a known cause is called secondary hypertension.
•Between 5% and 15% of people with HTN have secondary
hypertension.
•Damage to the kidneys from inflammation or other
disorders
renal artery stenosis
•Hormonal disorder (cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism ,
hyperaldosteronism and pheochromocytoma)
•Use of certain drugs (oral contraceptives)

21. People with high blood pressure may have these symptoms, but
the symptoms occur just as frequently in people with normal
blood pressure.
•Headaches
•Nosebleeds
•Dizziness
•A flushed face
•Fatigue
Severe or long-standing high blood pressure that is untreated can
produce symptoms because it can damage the brain, eyes, heart,
and kidneys.

22. Drug therapy is usually started at the same time as alternative
measures in all people with blood pressure at or above 160/100
mm Hg and in people with blood pressure at or above 120/80 mm
Hg who also have diabetes, a kidney disorder, evidence of damage
to a vital organ, or other risk factors for coronary artery disease.
LIFESTYLE CHANGES
•Lose weight
•Dietary changes (rich in fruits,
vegetables, and low in fat)
•Stop smoking
•Reduce the intake of alcohol and
sodium
•Regular exercise

23. ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING
ENZYME (ACE) INHIBITORS :
These medications help dilate
the arteries and inhibit salt and
water retention, thereby
decreasing resistance to blood
flow and reduce blood volume
consequently decreasing blood
pressure.

24. Untreated high blood pressure increases a person's risk
of developing:
•Heart failure
•Myocardial infraction
•Sudden cardiac death
•Kidney failure
•Stroke
•Impaired vision/blindness
Retinal
damage