The document describes various types of passive and active transport in cells across multiple pages for the months of January through August 2012. It defines diffusion, dialysis, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion as forms of passive transport and active transport mechanisms like pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis which require cellular energy. Key facts are provided for each type of transport.

1. The season of
Janua ry 201 2
pa s s i v e t r a n s p o rt
Diffusion: refers to a natural
phenomenon caused by the tenden-
cy of small parƟcles to spread out
evenly within any given space. (3)
Fact: During diffusion ©3
molecules move from an
area of high concentraƟon SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
to an area of low concentra-
1
Ɵon. (3)
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2. The season of
F e b ru a ry 2 0 1 2
pa s s i v e t r a n s p o rt
Dialysis: A form of diffusion in
which the selecƟvely permeable
nature of a membrane causes the
separaƟon of smaller solute parƟcles
from larger solute parƟcles. (3)
Fact: Both water and glucose
molecules are small enough to
pass through the pores in the ©9
dialysis membrane. (3)
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3. The season of
pa s s i v e t r a n s p o rt
ma rc h 201 2
Osmosis: The diffusion of water
through a selecƟvity permeable
membrane that does not allow
diffusion of one or more other sub-
stances. (3)
Fact: adding volume to a cell
by osmosis increases its
pressure, just as adding volume
©3
to a water balloon increases its
pressure. (3) SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
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4. The season of
pa s s i v e t r a n s p o rt
Facilitated diffusion: When
A p r i l 201 2
movement of molecules is facilitated
or made more efficient by the acƟon
of carrier mechanisms in a cell
membrane. (3)
Fact: This mechanism differs
from channel-meditated ©3
transport, which does not
involve binding the solute
molecule and changing shape to SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
release the bound solute. (3) 1
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5. The season of
pa s s i v e t r a n s p o rt
FiltraƟon: Form of transport
may 201 2
involves the passing of water and
permeable solutes through a
membrane by the force of hydrostaƟc
pressure. (3)
©8
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6. The season of
ac t i v e t r a n s p o rt
AcƟve Transport – a carrier
J une 201 2
mediated process where cellular ener-
gy is used to move molecules “uphill”
through the cell membrane
©3
Pumps– two different types: cal-
cium or sodium – potassium SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
Facts: 1
- allow cells to move certain ions or
other water – soluble parƟcles 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
to specific areas
- usually essenƟal for healthy cell
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survival/ used in all different
types of cells
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7. The season of
ac t i v e t r a n s p o rt
Endocytosis – requires meta-
bolic energy by the cell but un-
like pumps allow substances to
enter or leave the cell without
actually moving through the
J u ly 2 0 1 2
plasma membrane
Facts: ©10
- plasma membrane “traps” extra cellu-
lar material and brings it into the
cell SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
-two basic forms Phagocytosis and Pino-
cytosis 1
-Phagocytosis: parƟcles are engulfed by
the plasma membrane and enter 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
the cell in vesicles that have pinched
off from the membrane
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-Pinocytosis: commonly called
“condiƟon of cell drinking” , fluid
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and the substances dissolved in it
enter the cell
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8. The season of
august 2012
ac t i v e t r a n s p o rt
Exocytosis – requires metabolic
energy by the cell but unlike pumps
allow substances to enter or leave
the cell without actually moving
through the plasma membrane
©10
Fact:
- large molecules and notably proteins
can leave the cell even though they SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
are too large to move out through
the plasma membrane 1
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9. The season of
September 2012
C e l l m e ta b o l i s m
Catabolism: the breakdown of
food compounds or cytoplasmic con-
sƟtuents into simpler compounds (3)
Facts: A metabolic
pathway is considered ©11
catabolic if its main SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
goal is to break down 1
molecules. (3)
Catabolism usually 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
breaks down nutrient
molecules, therefore 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
releasing energy. (3)
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10. The season of
O c to b e r 2 0 1 2
C e l l m e ta b o l i s m
Anabolism: cells making com-
plex molecules from simpler mole-
cules(3)
Facts: metabolic path-
ways are called to as ana-
bolic pathways when small ©11
molecules are built into SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
larger molecules. (3)
1
Anabolism requires a large
amount of energy, and are 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
considered to be the oppo-
site of catabolic pathways. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(3)
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11. The season of
N ov e m b e r 2 0 1 2
C e l l m e ta b o l i s m
Enzymes: funcƟonal proteins
that regulate various metabolic path-
ways of the body (3)
Fact: enzymes are typi-
©11
cally terƟary or quaternary
proteins (3)
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12. The season of
December 2012
P ro t e i n s y n t h e s i s
TranscripƟon: The process of chang-
ing one form of energy or other physical
event to another form, as when sound
energy is changed to an electrical energy
in a microscope (3)
©11
TranslaƟon: Process in SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
which mRNA is used by ribo-
some in the synthesis of a 1
protein. (3)
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13. The season of
Cell division- begins with the spliƫng and
g ro w t h
replicaƟon of double helix DNA, in the end creaƟng
two molecules of DNA. (1)
Stages: Mitosis the life cycle of the cell, basical- ©1
ly the division of the nucleus. The majority of the
cell’s life is spent in interphase, where the cell pre-
forms all its normal funcƟon. Slowly chromosomes
become more defined and moving
J a n u a ry 2 0 1 3
apart as prophase begins. Metaphase
comes next as spindle fibers form and
then the chromosomes align in the
middle of the cell. Anaphase involves
the chromosomes spliƫng in half and ©1
moving to the opposite poles of the
cells. Telophase is when the 2 groups SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
of chromosomes fully separate and 1
form their own cells and then return to
anaphase. (1) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Fact: Cell reproducƟon speaks to the XY sex chro- 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
mosome. Females have 2 X’s, which are homologous,
and males have XY, which aren’t homologous. This de- 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
termines the gender of the cell. (1)
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