This document summarizes Thomas Friedman's book "Hot, Flat, and Crowded" which addresses the major energy, climate, and environmental challenges facing the world. It diagnoses trends of increasing energy demand, climate change impacts, and a growing global population that is putting pressure on natural resources. The document outlines five key problems, and discusses how transitioning to renewable energy and reducing fossil fuel dependence can help address these issues and lift people out of energy poverty.

1. HOT, FLAT andHOT, FLAT and
CROWDEDCROWDED
Thomas L. FriedmanThomas L. Friedman
Presented by Madhava MadireddyPresented by Madhava Madireddy

2. Presentation of contentsPresentation of contents
 Diagnosis of unique energy, climate andDiagnosis of unique energy, climate and
biodiversity challengesbiodiversity challenges
 How we can meet these challengesHow we can meet these challenges

3. Impact of 9/11Impact of 9/11
 More security ….More security ….
 Exporting fearsExporting fears
(not hopes)(not hopes)
 Borrowing (Consumption) our way toBorrowing (Consumption) our way to
prosperityprosperity
 Sputnik led to InternetSputnik led to Internet
 9/11 disconnected US from the rest9/11 disconnected US from the rest

4. Trends in USTrends in US
 Gasoline prices were kept down in USGasoline prices were kept down in US
 Bigger cars were demandedBigger cars were demanded

5. European effortsEuropean efforts
 European Govts imposed Gasoline taxesEuropean Govts imposed Gasoline taxes
 Taxes on engine sizeTaxes on engine size
 Some nations DenmarkSome nations Denmark
imposed CO2 tax.imposed CO2 tax.
 So, Europeans demandSo, Europeans demand
small carssmall cars

6. The American Way of LifeThe American Way of Life
 Ability to spend moreAbility to spend more
energy perceived asenergy perceived as
strengthstrength
 George Bush after 9/11George Bush after 9/11
reduced taxes onreduced taxes on
gasoline.gasoline.
 Looked to import oil atLooked to import oil at
discount pricesdiscount prices
 Overlooking the need ofOverlooking the need of
the hour.the hour. RenewableRenewable
energyenergy
 WHAT ARE THEWHAT ARE THE
CONSEQUENCES?CONSEQUENCES?

7. Five key problems addressedFive key problems addressed
 Growing demand for energy supplies andGrowing demand for energy supplies and
natural resourcesnatural resources
 Massive transfer of wealth to oil richMassive transfer of wealth to oil rich
nations.nations.
 Disruptive climate changeDisruptive climate change
 Energy povertyEnergy poverty
 Loss of biodiversityLoss of biodiversity

8. Hot, Flat andHot, Flat and CrowdedCrowded
 Population will increase by 2.5 billion inPopulation will increase by 2.5 billion in
next 40 years.next 40 years.
 Increase of mega citiesIncrease of mega cities
 City dwellers 5 billion by 2030.City dwellers 5 billion by 2030.
 Growth of population occursGrowth of population occurs
in Afghan, Nigeria and Congoin Afghan, Nigeria and Congo
…….which cant sustain.which cant sustain
 Basic needs shared…violence resultsBasic needs shared…violence results

9. Hot,Hot, FlatFlat and Crowdedand Crowded
 Emergence of InternetEmergence of Internet
 Ability to transfer work electronicallyAbility to transfer work electronically
 Globalization…Market place of buyers andGlobalization…Market place of buyers and
sellers across different nationssellers across different nations
 Removed poverty…increase income.Removed poverty…increase income.
 BUT>>>Demand for home, appliances,BUT>>>Demand for home, appliances,
microwaves, toasters, etc increasemicrowaves, toasters, etc increase
………….green house gases increased.………….green house gases increased.
 More Competition for energy, minerals, waterMore Competition for energy, minerals, water
and forest productsand forest products

10. HotHot, Flat and Crowded, Flat and Crowded
Types of Fuels????Types of Fuels????
 Fuels from hellFuels from hell
(Coal, oil and Natural Gas)…emit CO2(Coal, oil and Natural Gas)…emit CO2
 Fuels from heavenFuels from heaven
(Wind, Hydroelectric, tidal, solar and(Wind, Hydroelectric, tidal, solar and
biomass)….no harmful emissionsbiomass)….no harmful emissions

11. HotHot, Flat and Crowded, Flat and Crowded
 Warming trend of our planet earthWarming trend of our planet earth
 Human activity associated with large scaleHuman activity associated with large scale
manufacturing. Since Industrial Revolutionmanufacturing. Since Industrial Revolution
 Energy needed …Light, heat, MechanicalEnergy needed …Light, heat, Mechanical
and electrical. One can be created fromand electrical. One can be created from
other. But what are we doing?other. But what are we doing?
 We use fossils to create all these evenWe use fossils to create all these even
though light and heat are free.though light and heat are free.

12. What is Greenhouse Effect?What is Greenhouse Effect?

13. Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect
Pound of COPound of CO22 goes into air for every mile.goes into air for every mile.
 ……Other than COOther than CO22, any other gases?, any other gases?
 Methane more harmful (X 21) than COMethane more harmful (X 21) than CO22
 Burning of fossil fuels, oil and coal.Burning of fossil fuels, oil and coal.
 DeforestationDeforestation
 Cattle grazing and industrializationCattle grazing and industrialization

14. Global WarmingGlobal Warming
 Earth already warmed 0.8 degrees CelsiusEarth already warmed 0.8 degrees Celsius
since 1750.since 1750.
 Ice ball earth and Hot furnace earth areIce ball earth and Hot furnace earth are
only 6 degree Celsius apart.only 6 degree Celsius apart.
 The ten hottest years of earth since 1860The ten hottest years of earth since 1860
are…..are…..
 All between 1995 and 2005.All between 1995 and 2005.

15. Code GreenCode Green
 Not the way of generating electric powerNot the way of generating electric power
 ---Is the way of generating national power---Is the way of generating national power
 Reduce addictions to oilReduce addictions to oil
 Build more knowledge intensive green-Build more knowledge intensive green-
collar technology jobscollar technology jobs
 Promote innovation (green) industries toPromote innovation (green) industries to
make us more energy efficient.make us more energy efficient.

16. Gasoline addictionGasoline addiction
 In 2007, India, China andIn 2007, India, China and
Middle East alone spent $ 50 BMiddle East alone spent $ 50 B
 Gasoline for vehicles and cookingGasoline for vehicles and cooking
 Heating oil and electricity for homes andHeating oil and electricity for homes and
factoriesfactories
 Importing energy at global prices andImporting energy at global prices and
selling to nation at discounts…..Why?selling to nation at discounts…..Why?
 Election/Political ReasonsElection/Political Reasons

17. Energy DemandEnergy Demand
 Chinese stealing manholesChinese stealing manholes
 Walmart going Green…..not enough toWalmart going Green…..not enough to
sustain the developmentsustain the development
 Man needs 2000-3000 Kcal of energy/dayMan needs 2000-3000 Kcal of energy/day
 Average American consumes enoughAverage American consumes enough
energy of 100 people.energy of 100 people.

18. Climate ChangeClimate Change
 Increasing amount of COIncreasing amount of CO22 released.released.
 IPCC predicts abrupt or irreversible effectsIPCC predicts abrupt or irreversible effects
on air, oceans, glaciers, land and species.on air, oceans, glaciers, land and species.
 Summer ice disappeared in GreenlandSummer ice disappeared in Greenland
and melting of the Arcticand melting of the Arctic
 Katrina gathered force on its way to NewKatrina gathered force on its way to New
Orleans where the surface waters are 2Orleans where the surface waters are 2
degrees warmer.degrees warmer.

19. Climate ChangeClimate Change
The natural climate systemThe natural climate system
 Earth’s distance from sun changes soEarth’s distance from sun changes so
slightly ….10,000 yearsslightly ….10,000 years
 Tilt of the earth ….gives us variation inTilt of the earth ….gives us variation in
intensity of radiation and seasons….But tiltintensity of radiation and seasons….But tilt
changes every 40,000 yearschanges every 40,000 years
 Change in the plane of earth’s orbit…Change in the plane of earth’s orbit…
21,000 years21,000 years

20. Climate ChangeClimate Change
The human effectThe human effect
 Some deny the human effect..(Example)Some deny the human effect..(Example)
 6 degree change in global temperature between6 degree change in global temperature between
warm and glacial periods?warm and glacial periods?
 Increase of COIncrease of CO22 in atmosphere from 280 ppm toin atmosphere from 280 ppm to
384 ppm since Industrial Revolution?384 ppm since Industrial Revolution?
 By 2050, IPCC predicts 550 ppm COBy 2050, IPCC predicts 550 ppm CO22 and 3and 3
degree rise in average Temp.degree rise in average Temp.
 More heat waves (in Europe killing 35,000?)More heat waves (in Europe killing 35,000?)

21. Energy PovertyEnergy Poverty
 Blackouts in Africa due to power demandBlackouts in Africa due to power demand
…..increased demand for generators…..increased demand for generators
 Indoor air pollution from cooking fires andIndoor air pollution from cooking fires and
deaths for mothers and kids.deaths for mothers and kids.
 Women in rural areas…walk to get waterWomen in rural areas…walk to get water
……their children drop out of school to help.their children drop out of school to help.

22. Energy Poverty +Energy Poverty + HotHot WorldWorld
 Who is causing? Who is sufferingWho is causing? Who is suffering
 Prolonged droughtsProlonged droughts
 Heavy rainfalls---(Dry soils)Heavy rainfalls---(Dry soils)
 Low lying costal areas need migrationLow lying costal areas need migration
 Higher lying areas subject to warming andHigher lying areas subject to warming and
hence insect borne diseases.hence insect borne diseases.

23. Energy Poverty +Energy Poverty + FlatFlat worldworld
 No Energy or Electricity means---You areNo Energy or Electricity means---You are
DISCONNECTED.DISCONNECTED.
Transition NEEDEDTransition NEEDED
 No phones----No phones---- Cell phonesCell phones
 No power grid--No power grid-- renewable energyrenewable energy

24. Energy Poverty + Crowded WorldEnergy Poverty + Crowded World
 Cities overly crowded in developingCities overly crowded in developing
countries.countries.
 No internet, investment or energy inNo internet, investment or energy in
villagesvillages
 Need for electricity to the villagesNeed for electricity to the villages
 IT and ET need to work together.IT and ET need to work together.

25. Biodiversity LossBiodiversity Loss
 Half of the temporal forests are goneHalf of the temporal forests are gone
 Species disappear 1000 times faster.Species disappear 1000 times faster.
 If a species don’t know how to live inIf a species don’t know how to live in
coherence with the Mother Nature, thatcoherence with the Mother Nature, that
will be wiped out.will be wiped out.
 Hence, every time you look into the mirror,Hence, every time you look into the mirror,
you are looking at an endangered species.you are looking at an endangered species.

26. Code GreenCode Green
 Cost of Ownership = Short term + LongCost of Ownership = Short term + Long
term + Hidden + Financial + Seen + Socialterm + Hidden + Financial + Seen + Social
+ Political + ……..+ Political + ……..
 Environmental ( How to include this )Environmental ( How to include this )
 Clean Air Technology RevolutionClean Air Technology Revolution
significant as Industrial Revolution (Jobs)significant as Industrial Revolution (Jobs)
 Reduce Per-capital consumptionReduce Per-capital consumption
 Who has to lead this revolution?Who has to lead this revolution?

27. Code Green- ActionCode Green- Action
 Scientific breakthrough—CommercializingScientific breakthrough—Commercializing
 No hydrogen fuel car or fuel cell in marketNo hydrogen fuel car or fuel cell in market
 What are our options?What are our options?
 Photovoltaic?—clean, cheaper, not abundantPhotovoltaic?—clean, cheaper, not abundant
until we have battery to storeuntil we have battery to store
 Wind Power….abundance depend on windWind Power….abundance depend on wind
 Solar Thermal?….Sun rays heat a fluid that driveSolar Thermal?….Sun rays heat a fluid that drive
a generator. No need of battery.a generator. No need of battery.
Clean, abundant but NOT cheap.Clean, abundant but NOT cheap.

28. Code Green- PlanCode Green- Plan
 End to dirty fuels systemEnd to dirty fuels system
 Stop exploitation of other naturalStop exploitation of other natural
resources (water, land, rivers, forests,resources (water, land, rivers, forests,
ocean fisheries)ocean fisheries)
 Replacing the old system completely…..Replacing the old system completely…..
Eg. Toyota Prius…Regenerative BrakingEg. Toyota Prius…Regenerative Braking
 Generate cheap, better & clean electronsGenerate cheap, better & clean electrons
(laptops, cell phones, now energy)(laptops, cell phones, now energy)

29. Other Options…for Green?Other Options…for Green?
 Power from diesel generators (Cheap andPower from diesel generators (Cheap and
abundant, but Not Clean)abundant, but Not Clean)
 Burning coal but capturing COBurning coal but capturing CO22? Not? Not
cheap. Why?cheap. Why?
 Nuclear Power? Not cheap, not abundant.Nuclear Power? Not cheap, not abundant.
 Shell predicts Ren.Energy by 2030-- 30%Shell predicts Ren.Energy by 2030-- 30%
 MORE INNOVATIONS NEEDED.MORE INNOVATIONS NEEDED.

30. Other Options….Other Options….
 Improve Energy EfficiencyImprove Energy Efficiency
 Ethics of conservation….Creating aEthics of conservation….Creating a
responsibility towards a natural worldresponsibility towards a natural world
 Fundamental changes in life styleFundamental changes in life style
 World Economy need to stop growing?World Economy need to stop growing?
 MAY BE…We don’t know yet?MAY BE…We don’t know yet?

31. Consume more + Conserve moreConsume more + Conserve more
 Ration ElectricityRation Electricity
 Ban big cars and big enginesBan big cars and big engines
 Ban taxis that are not hybridsBan taxis that are not hybrids
 Illegal to waste electricity…..OFFENSEIllegal to waste electricity…..OFFENSE
 I-pods and laptops made of recyclable materialsI-pods and laptops made of recyclable materials
only.only.
 Big homes are okay….but they should be run onBig homes are okay….but they should be run on
renewable energy only.renewable energy only.
 Mass Transit in big cities and rest of the worldMass Transit in big cities and rest of the world
 Biking lanes.Biking lanes.

32. How can we save the earth?How can we save the earth?
 Increase fuel efficiency of vehiclesIncrease fuel efficiency of vehicles
 Install carbon capture and SequestrationInstall carbon capture and Sequestration
in 800 coal plantsin 800 coal plants
 Set up more wind mills and solar powerSet up more wind mills and solar power
plants to replace half of coal plants.plants to replace half of coal plants.
 Halt the cutting and burning of treesHalt the cutting and burning of trees
 Cut electricity in homes, offices and storesCut electricity in homes, offices and stores
by 25%. E.g. Fluorescent lampsby 25%. E.g. Fluorescent lamps

33. Energy Internet: IT meets ETEnergy Internet: IT meets ET
 Objective: Create cheap, abundant and cleanObjective: Create cheap, abundant and clean
electrons.electrons.
 Current power distribution…Pricing (Extra coalCurrent power distribution…Pricing (Extra coal
plants)plants)
 Charges vary on types of fuelsCharges vary on types of fuels
 Smart Black Box (SBB) optionsSmart Black Box (SBB) options
 Duke Energy---Energy Internet with progressiveDuke Energy---Energy Internet with progressive
utility (Carolinas)utility (Carolinas)
 Hybrid Electric car -Powered during nightHybrid Electric car -Powered during night
 Operate efficiently from homeOperate efficiently from home

34. Energy Internet: IT meets ETEnergy Internet: IT meets ET
 Programming energy usageProgramming energy usage
 Day trading of energyDay trading of energy
 On/Off electricity semiconductorsOn/Off electricity semiconductors
 Solar power from your panel cutting outSolar power from your panel cutting out
your electricity billyour electricity bill
 Electricity providers can share the savingsElectricity providers can share the savings
by selling carbon credits.by selling carbon credits.

35. 1. Creating Demand1. Creating Demand
2. Reduce Addictions2. Reduce Addictions
 Attract investment into innovationAttract investment into innovation
 More wind and solar plants set upMore wind and solar plants set up
 Proper tariffs on imported dirty oils and onProper tariffs on imported dirty oils and on
Chinese exports made by dirty oilsChinese exports made by dirty oils
 Subsidize EthanolSubsidize Ethanol
 Oil Addictions…Any ad of oil on TV?Oil Addictions…Any ad of oil on TV?
 Eliminate traditional oil.Eliminate traditional oil.
 NO DEAL WITH GASOLINE…will be $ 6 by nowNO DEAL WITH GASOLINE…will be $ 6 by now

36. InvestmentsInvestments
 Photovoltaic modules (15%,.BE by 2025)Photovoltaic modules (15%,.BE by 2025)
 Assure the technology is real andAssure the technology is real and
competitive compared tocompetitive compared to premiumpremium fuels.fuels.

37. Cap and TradeCap and Trade
 Introduce carbon tax and Gasoline tax. IsIntroduce carbon tax and Gasoline tax. Is
it enough?it enough?
 Cap on COCap on CO22 for each nation by 2050for each nation by 2050
 Deter the rich from excess usageDeter the rich from excess usage

38. Technology at WorkTechnology at Work
 GE Transportation- Energy EfficiencyGE Transportation- Energy Efficiency
Innovation----Only driven by technologyInnovation----Only driven by technology
 To meet USEPA Tier-II standards, redoingTo meet USEPA Tier-II standards, redoing
the whole engine…..the whole engine…..Fuel eff TradeoffFuel eff Tradeoff
EmisEmis
 Technology solutions to reduce CarbonTechnology solutions to reduce Carbon
emissions, NOx and increase efficiency.emissions, NOx and increase efficiency.
 Pollution reduction….Dual use? (Porter’sPollution reduction….Dual use? (Porter’s
Theory)Theory)

39. Government Intervention NeededGovernment Intervention Needed
 Energy Efficiency needed after 2040.Energy Efficiency needed after 2040.
 Clear price signals and clear regulationsClear price signals and clear regulations
 Utility companies should be encouraged forUtility companies should be encouraged for
efficiency. Reward them for efficiencyefficiency. Reward them for efficiency
 How IT competition created innovation …How IT competition created innovation …
Similarly ET should also innovate.Similarly ET should also innovate.
 Let us follow Japan in Gas Taxing policyLet us follow Japan in Gas Taxing policy
 Mitsubishi (Japanese) Industries…..efficientMitsubishi (Japanese) Industries…..efficient
turbines and machinery.turbines and machinery.

40. China….should lead?China….should lead?
 America grew and then cleaned up.America grew and then cleaned up.
 Can China do the same?Can China do the same?
 Population---20%, biggest carbon emitterPopulation---20%, biggest carbon emitter
 Second largest importer of oil after US.Second largest importer of oil after US.
 World has to boycott dirty Chinese goods?World has to boycott dirty Chinese goods?
 Conspiracy against China?Conspiracy against China?

41. Really a conspiracy?Really a conspiracy?
 1/3 of China faces Acid rain1/3 of China faces Acid rain
 Half the water in 7 largest rivers is uselessHalf the water in 7 largest rivers is useless
 8 to 15 % of GDP is going down8 to 15 % of GDP is going down
 1998-2000: GDP X 4…Energy usage X 21998-2000: GDP X 4…Energy usage X 2
 Post 2001: Energy usage faster by40%Post 2001: Energy usage faster by40%
 Burn the cheapest fuel first????Burn the cheapest fuel first????

42. China’s Growth—China’s Growth—
American Challenge?American Challenge?
 Wind Energy doubled from 2005-2007Wind Energy doubled from 2005-2007
 SunTech –Top 5 solar manufacturersSunTech –Top 5 solar manufacturers
 America’s Challenge:America’s Challenge:
 Cold War….Green War?Cold War….Green War?

43. Let us BEGINLet us BEGIN

44. Questions?Questions?