The document provides a comprehensive history of microprocessors, detailing key processors from the Intel 4004 to the Intel Core 2, including their specifications and features. It emphasizes the essential functions of processors and factors affecting performance, such as clock speed and core counts. The presentation is delivered by three presenters and outlines the technological evolution of Intel microprocessors over time.

1. History of
Microprocessors
PRESENTORS:
1. Abdullah tariq
2. Kashif rizvi
3. Arbish tufail

2. Contents
1. Processors
2. Basic Elements Of Processors
3. Factors Effecting Performance
4. Intel 4004
5. Intel 8008
6. Intel 8080
7. Intel 8085
8. Intel 8086
9. Intel 80286
10. Intel 80386
11. Intel 80486
12. Intel Pentium
13. Intel Pentium ii
14. Intel Pentium iii
15. Intel Pentium iv
16. Intel Pentium D
17. Intel Pentium core
18. Intel core 2

3. Presenter:
Abdullah Tariq

4. Processors
• A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the
basic instructions that drive a computer.
• TheThree primary functions of a processor are
I. fetch,
II. decode,
III. execute

5. The Basic Elements Of A Processor:
Control Unit;
Fetches, Decodes, Executes Instructions.
Arithmetic & Logic Unit;
Performs Arithmetic And Logical Operations On Data.
Registers:
Fast, On-chip Memory Inside The CPU, Dedicated Or General
Purpose.
Internal Clock:
Derived Directly Or Indirectly From The System Clock
Internal Buses:
To Connect The Components
Logic Gates:
To Control The Flow Of Information

6. Factors Affecting Performance
• Increase Clock Speed:
More the number of cycles per second the more faster it is.
• Multicore Processors:
Multiple tasks are run at the same time on different cores or tasks are split across several cores
• Increase Word Length:
Typical processor word lengths are 32bit and 64bit. the bigger the word length, the bigger the
operands and the results
• Increase Bus Width:
The wider the bus, the larger the word that can be transferred along itWhere an address or
instruction is wider than the bus, multiple clock ticks are required for processing.

7. Intel 4004
• The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971
• It was the first commercially available microprocessor by Intel
• Max CPU Clock rate : 740KHz
• Minimum feature size : 10µm
• Instruction set: 4bit BCD
• Transistors 2300
• DataWidth 4
• Address Width: 12 (Multiplexed)

8. Intel 8008
• The Intel 8008 Is An Early Byte-oriented Microprocessor Designed
And Manufactured By Intel And Introduced In April 1972
• Max Clock: 0.2 MHz to 0.8 MHz
• Feature Size : 10μm
• Predecessor: Intel 4004
• Successor: Intel 8080

9. Intel 8080
• THE INTEL 8080 WAS THE SECOND 8-BIT MICROPROCESSOR
DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED BY INTEL AND WAS
RELEASED IN APRIL 1974
• Max Clock: 2 MHz to 3.125 MHz
• Feature Size : 6μm
• Predecessor: Intel 8008
• Successor: Intel 8085

10. Presenter:
Kashif Rizvi

11. Intel 8085
• The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor produced by Intel and introduced
in 1976
• Max CPU Clock rate : 3.5 to 6 MHz
• Minimum feature size : 3µm
• Instruction set: 80
• Transistors: 6500
• Predecessor: Intel 8080
• Successor: Intel 8086

12. Intel 8086
• The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel in early 1978
• Max CPU Clock rate : 5MHz
• Minimum feature size : 3µm
• Instruction set: x86, 16
• Transistors 2300
• Predecessor: Intel 8085
• Successor: Intel 80286

13. Intel 80286
• The Intel 80286 often called Intel 286 is a 16-bit microprocessor that
was introduced on 1 February 1982
• Max CPU Clock rate : 6MHz – 25MHz
• Instruction set: x86, 16
• Data width: 16
• Address width: 24
• Predecessor: Intel 8086
• Successor: Intel 80386

14. Intel 80386
• The Intel 80386 ("eight-oh-three-eighty-six"), also known as i386 or just 386,
is a 32-bit microprocessor introduced in 1985
• Max CPU Clock rate : 12MHz – 40MHz
• Min feature size: 1.5µm – 1µm
• Instruction set: x86, 16
• Predecessor: Intel 80286
• Successor: Intel 80486

15. Intel 80486
• The intel 80486, also known as the 486 or a higher performance
follow-up to the intel 80386 microprocessor.
• The 486 was introduced in 1989 and was the first tightly pipelined
x86 design
• Max CPU Clock rate : 16MHz – 50MHz
• Min feature size: 1µm – 0.6µm
• Instruction set: x86
• Data width: 32
• Address width: 32
• Predecessor: Intel 80386
• Successor: Intel Pentium

16. Intel Pentium
Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86-compatible
microprocessors produced by Intel since 1993
Max CPU Clock rate : 150MHz – 200MHz
Min feature size: 0.35 µm – 0.50 µm
Instruction set: x86
Cores: 1
Predecessor: Intel 80386
Successor: Pentium 2

17. Presenter:
Arbish Tufail

18. Intel Pentium ii
• The Pentium II is Intel's sixth-generation microarchitecture and
x86-compatible microprocessors introduced on May 7, 1997
• Max CPU Clock rate : 223MHz – 450MHz
• Min feature size: 0.35 µm – 0.48 µm
• Instruction set: x86
• Cores: 1
• Predecessor: Pentium
• Successor: Pentium 3

19. Intel Pentium iii
• Pentium III brand refers to desktop and mobile microprocessors based on the sixth-
generation P6 microarchitecture introduced on February 26, 1999.
• Max CPU Clock rate :450 MHz – 1.4 GHz
• Minimum feature size : 0.25 µm - 0.13 µm
• Instruction set: x86
• Cores: 1
• Predecessor: Pentium ii
• Successor: Pentium iv

20. Intel Pentium iv
• Pentium 4 was a line of single-core central processing units (CPUs)
for desktops, laptops and entry-level servers introduced by Intel on
November 20, 2000
• Max Clock: 1.3Ghz to 3.8GHz
• Transistors: 42M – 188M
• Feature Size : 180nm – 165 nm
• Predecessor: Intel Pentium iii
• Successor: Intel Pentium D

21. Intel Pentium D
• The pentium D refers to two series of desktop dual-core 64-bit
x86- bit microprocessors with the netburst microarchitecture,
which is the dual-core variant of pentium 4
• The brand's first processor, codenamed smithfield, was
released by intel on may 25, 2005
• Max Clock: 2.66 GHz to 3.73 GHz
• Feature Size : 90nm - 65nm
• Predecessor: Intel Pentium iv
• Successor: Intel Pentium core

22. Intel Dual Core
• The Pentium Dual-Core brand was used for mainstream x86-architecture microprocessors
from Intel from 2006 to 2009 when it was renamed to Pentium
• Max CPU Clock rate : 1.3 GHz – 2.6 GHz
• Minimum feature size : 65nm – 40nm
• Instruction set: 86, 64
• Cores: 2
• Predecessor: Intel Pentium D
• Successor: Intel Core 2

23. Intel Core 2
• Core 2 is a brand encompassing a range of Intel's consumer 64-bit x86-64 single-, dual-, and
quad-core microprocessors based on the Core microarchitecture
Max CPU Clock rate : 1.6 GHz – 3.3 GHz
Minimum feature size : 65nm – 45nm
Instruction set: 86, 64
Cores: 1, 2, 4(2x2)
Predecessor: Intel Dual Core
Successor: Intel Core i3, i5, i7

24. ThankYou