This research proposal examines religion, social hierarchy, and change in Tokugawa-era Japan. It will analyze how Buddhism and Confucianism shaped society and attitudes. It will also compare the social class structure before and after Tokugawa rule, when the samurai class rose to the top above merchants and peasants. The proposal will explore how merchant classes utilized Buddhism to counter social status claims, and how the Tokugawa government supported Buddhism to control citizens through rituals and membership. It will further discuss peasant riots, persecution of Christians, and new systems of village control implemented during this period of socioeconomic change.