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HEALTH PSYCHOLOgy presentation psychology
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- 2. Group Members 1. Ihsanullah(2252) 2.Mazhar rehman(2263) 3. Armanullah 4. M.Alyan 5. Haji Nissa 6. shahnila 7. Humaira
- 3. Objectives 1. Identify determinantsof peoples' health related behavior 2. Develop understanding about the role of locus of control and attribution styles in serving as protective measures for psychological health
- 4. Health and behavior(Def) •Heathis the state of complete physical, mental social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and affirmaty(WHO). •Behaviors are the the way people act and express feelings and attitudes towards others.
- 5. Health behaviors (Def) •Healthbehaviors are health-related practices, such as diet and exercise, that can improve or damage the health of individuals or community members. Health behaviors are determined by the choices available in the places where people live, learn, work and play.
- 6. Health related behavior •Health-relatedbehavior refers to the actions and decisions individuals make that affect their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. These behaviors can be both positive and negative. 1. Positive behaviors 2. Negative behaviors
- 7. Positive health behaviors •Balanceddiet •Adequate exercise •Adequate sleep •Stress management •Preventive heathcare measures •Heathy social relations
- 8. Negative health behaviors •Smoking •Excessivealcohol consumption •Poor diet •Physical inactivity •Neglecting mental health •Involved in unhealthy practices such as poor hygiene and consuming unhealthy foods such as junk foods.
- 9. Determinants of heathbehaviours •Health-related behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including personal beliefs, social and environmental conditions, cultural influences, and access to healthcare. Health promotion efforts often focus on encouraging positive behaviors and reducing risky behaviors to improve overall well-being
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- 11. cont... •Individual factors •Social anddcultural influences. •Environmental determinants •Biologic and genetic factors. •Psychological and behavioral factors •Community and societal factors.
- 12. Individual determinants •Knowledge andawareness •Attitudes and beliefs •Self efficacy •Motivation: Intrinsic (internal drive) and extrinsic (external rewards or pressures) motivation play significant roles in health behavior choices. •Cognitive and emotional factors
- 13. Sociocultural and environmental determinants •Social support • Culture norms and values • Peer Influence: Social circles and peer pressure can either encourage or discourage certain health behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, or engaging in physical activity. • Social networks • physical environments, access to healthcare services
- 14. Cont... • Policies andRegulations: Government policies, such as smoking bans, health education campaigns, taxes on unhealthy foods, or regulations around food labeling, can influence individuals' health behaviors. • Economic Factors: Financial resources and economic stability affect the ability to make healthy choices, such as purchasing nutritious food, accessing healthcare, or engaging in fitness activities.
- 15. Biologic, Genetic factorsand psychological determiants • Genetic predisposition of certain diseases (obesity, heart problems , diabetes etc) • Age and gender • Chronic Conditions and Health Status: (e.g.taking medication, modifying diet). • Behavioral Patterns: Past behaviors, habits, and lifestyle choices influence current decisions. • Health belief model
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- 17. Community and societal determinants •Community Engagement: Community-based initiatives that promote wellness (e.g., local exercise programs, health fairs, mental health awareness) can foster a collective commitment to health and well-being. • Social Determinants of Health: Broader societal factors, including education, employment, social status, and living conditions, shape individuals' opportunities to adopt healthy behaviors.
- 19. Locus of control •Theterm ‘Locus of control’ refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior. A person can either have an internal or external locus of control (Rotter, 1954). •The concept was created by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and it quickly became a central concept in the field of personality psychology.
- 20. cont... • An internallocus of control refers to the belief that individuals have control over their own actions and outcomes, while an external locus of control refers to the belief that external factors or luck dictate one’s fate.
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- 22. How it servesin psychological health? • Locus of control is an important term to know in almost every branch of the psychology community. This is mainly because it can be applied in many aspects of daily life; whether the locus is external or internal, it will – by definition – affect your mind, body, and even actions. • The term locus of control is not to be confused with attributional style. Locus of control refers to an idea connected with anticipations about the future, while attributional style is a concept that is instead concerned with finding explanations for past outcomes.
- 23. Psychological health andlocus of control • Internal Locus of Control: • People with a strong internal locus of control generally exhibit better psychological health. They often feel empowered to manage stress, take responsibility for their actions, and engage actively in problem-solving. • External Locus of Control: • Those with a primarily external locus of control may feel helpless or powerless, believing that events are out of their hands. • This perception is linked to feelings of anxiety, depression, and lower motivation, as individuals may see little point in trying to improve their situations.
- 24. Implications for MentalHealth • Therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), often help individuals shift toward a more internal locus of control, as this is generally associated with positive psychological health outcomes. By recognizing areas where they do have control, people can gain confidence, self- efficacy, and a more constructive mindset in dealing with challenges.
- 25. Attribution styles theory(Fritz Heider) •Attribution theory is concerned with how ordinary people explain the causes of behavior and events. For example, is someone angry because they are bad-tempered or because something bad happened? • A formal definition is provided by Fiske and Taylor "“Attribution theory deals with how the social perceiver uses information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment”.
- 26. cont... • Heider (1958)believed that people are naive psychologists trying to make sense of the social world. People tend to see cause-and- effect relationships, even where there is none! • There were two main ideas that he put forward that became influential: 1. Dispositional (internal cause) 2. Situational (external cause) attributions.
- 27. cont... • Situational attributionis when we explain someone's behavior based on external factors, such as the environment or circumstances they are in. • Dispositional attribution is when we explain someone's behavior based on internal factors, like their personality, traits, or attitudes.
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- 30. Other theories relatedto attribution styles 1.Jones & Davis Correspondent Inference theory: Jones and Davis (1965) thought that people pay particular attention to intentional behavior (as opposed to accidental or unthinking behavior)." 2.Kelley’s (1967) covariation model is the best-known attribution theory. He developed a logical model for judging whether a particular action should be attributed to some characteristic (dispositional) of the person or the environment (situational).
- 31. Kelley's Covariation Model •Kelley's Covariation Model is a theory that explains how we attribute causes to a person’s behavior by analyzing three types of information: 1. consensus 2. distinctiveness 3. consistency
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- 33. Jones & DavisCorrespondent Inference theory • Jones and Davis's Correspondent Inference Theory explains how we make dispositional attributions by observing intentional behavior. According to the theory, we infer that a person's behavior corresponds to their personality if the behavior appears: 1. freely chosen(The person acted by choice.) 2. Socially undesirable(The action goes against norms). 3. unique in outcome (The behavior leads to specific outcomes that reveal something about the person’s intentions or traits).
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- 35. Effect on psychologicalhealth • Attributional style, or how people interpret events in their lives, can have a significant impact on mental health. Here are some ways that attributions can affect psychological health: 1. learned helplessness 2. Self serving biases 3. Actor observer biases
- 36. cont... • learned helplessness"When people attribute negative outcomes to internal, stable, and global factors, they may feel a lack of control over their situation. This can lead to learned helplessness, which can cause symptoms like depression, anxiety, and stress. " • self serving biases is "This bias can lead to people believing they are responsible for success but not failure. While it can lead to higher self-esteem, it can also prevent people from working to overcome obstacles."
- 37. cont... • Actor-observer biases"This attribution error can make it difficult to accurately judge situations, which can lead to conflict with others and make it hard to evaluate and change one's own behavior."
- 40. MCQS 1..Locus of controlrefers to: a. The amount of effort someone puts into a task b. A person's belief about who or what controls outcomes in their life c. How confident someone feels about their skills d. A measure of personality traits e. outcome
- 41. MCQS 2...People with aninternal locus of control believe that outcomes are controlled by: a. Fate b. External circumstances c. Their own actions and decisions d. Luck e. Bad health
- 42. MCQS 3...Locus of controltheory was forwarded by a. gestalt b. henry freud c. Jhon and davis d. Kelly e. Julian B rotter
- 43. MCQS 4...An example ofan external locus of control is: a. “I failed the test because I didn’t study enough.” b. “I succeeded because I worked hard.” c. “I got sick because I’m unlucky.” d. “I did well because I practiced a lot.” e. "I am depressed"
- 44. MCQS 5...Which type oflocus of control is generally linked to better coping strategies? a. Internal b. External c. Luck-based d. Situational e. dispositional
- 45. MCQS 6...Health psychology primarilyfocuses on: a. Mental illnesses b. The influence of biological, psychological, and social factors on health c. Only physical diseases d. Medical treatments e. make others unwell
- 46. MCQS 7...According to healthpsychology, high stress levels over time can: a. Improve immune function b. Decrease the risk of illness c. Weaken the immune system d. Have no impact on physical health e. decrease social wellbeing
- 47. MCQS 8...Attribution theory isprimarily concerned with how people interpret: a. Rewards and punishments b. Causes of events and behavior c. Emotions and feelings d. Social interactions e. social distress
- 48. MCQS 9...Who presented thetheory of Correspondance: a. Henry b. Robert brown c. Robster d. Julian rotter e. Jones and Davis
- 49. MCQS 10...Attributing success toluck is an example of which type of attribution? a. Internal b. External c. Unstable d. Both B and C e. stable
- 50. ANSWER KEYS • 1(B) • 2 (C) • 3 (e) • 4 (c) • 5 (a) • 6 (b) • 7( c) • 8( b) • 9 (e) • 10( d)