This document summarizes a study on institutional challenges around slum sanitation in Kampala, Uganda. It finds:
1) Sanitation governance is fragmented among different ministries, with no single entity considering it a core mandate.
2) There is a lack of a clear institutional framework for engaging the private sector or delineating public and private roles in slum sanitation.
3) Interventions by multiple actors involved in slum sanitation are not well-coordinated or harmonized.
This document summarizes 12 context attributes that impact the quality of sanitation in urban slums in India. The attributes were distilled from a study that looked at location selection. Each attribute is described through case studies and locations A through J represent some of these attributes. The attributes focus on issues like the role of women, triggers for collective action, managed sanitation services, accountability and ownership of shared facilities, and changes in community behavior toward sanitation.
This document outlines Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) efforts in Khirala village in India. It describes how CLTS was introduced to address open defecation issues through community engagement workshops. Villagers mapped open defecation areas and pledged to make their village open defecation free. Follow up actions included developing an action plan with champions and a community clean up. The process aimed to empower the community to lead their own sustainable sanitation development.
This document provides information about CAF India's sanitation and hygiene programme. CAF India is a registered Indian public trust that works to promote strategic giving and support philanthropic initiatives. Their sanitation and hygiene programme called RTS aims to provide access to sanitation facilities in schools and households, raise awareness of hygiene practices, and engage stakeholders through advocacy and capacity building. The programme has three pillars - access, awareness, and action. CAF India has experience implementing sanitation projects supported by private, public and UN partners. They are currently managing programmes like Support My School with Coca Cola and NDTV, and Banega Swachh India with NDTV and RB. The document invites partners to
The 2012 Reed Elsevier Environmental Challenge $25,000 second prize was awarded to "Sustainable Sanitation in Urban Slums of Africa" developed by Lindsay Stradley of Sanergy. The project will expand a pilot project in Nairobi to ensure that hygienic sanitation becomes accessible and affordable through a network of small-scale, high-quality sanitation centres close to homes. In Kenya 8.5m people live in slums with 80 per cent of the communities lacking access to adequate sanitation. Sanergy toilets are franchised to local entrepreneurs and stimulate the local economy by turning waste into products-organic fertilizer sold to farms, and electricity sold to the national grid. The prize money will be used to expand the current pilot project in Nairobi.
ICT4D 2015 - GIS-attributed Data Collection and Spatial Analysis for Improved...Janeen Kim Cayetano
1) The document discusses how GIS and spatial analysis were used to help plan sustainable sanitation facilities for over 10,000 households in Palo, Philippines that were affected by Typhoon Haiyan.
2) Data on water table depth, soil type, flooding conditions, land area, and other factors was collected for each household and analyzed spatially to cluster households for shared sanitation options like Anaerobic Baffled Reactors.
3) The analysis identified optimal locations for pilot Anaerobic Baffled Reactors that can serve multiple households in dense, urban areas with limited space and high water tables.
Tackling sanitation challenges in indian villagesAniket Harsh
This document discusses interventions for improving rural sanitation and creating model villages in India. It outlines that inadequate sanitation costs India over 600,000 lives annually and leads to economic losses of over 2 trillion rupees. To address this, it proposes implementing a demand-driven approach focusing on behavior change through community awareness campaigns. It also suggests supplying affordable and low-maintenance sanitation options like bio-toilets. Developing a gendered approach, improving hygiene practices, fostering government champions, and customizing solutions for each community are key cornerstones for effective sanitation provision outlined in the document.
National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme in IndiaRitu Rawat
- India faces major public health problems related to inadequate sanitation and untreated sewage entering water sources. Approximately 80-90% of untreated sewage is discharged directly into rivers and streams.
- Access to improved water supply and sanitation is uneven in India, with urban areas having greater access than rural areas. Many government programs have aimed to expand access, but challenges remain.
- Responsibility for water supply and sanitation is shared across various state and central government ministries and bodies. The national government has implemented several programs since 1954 to improve coverage of water supply and sanitation. However, open defecation and a lack of sewage treatment continue to be widespread issues.
This document summarizes a study on institutional challenges around slum sanitation in Kampala, Uganda. It finds:
1) Sanitation governance is fragmented among different ministries, with no single entity considering it a core mandate.
2) There is a lack of a clear institutional framework for engaging the private sector or delineating public and private roles in slum sanitation.
3) Interventions by multiple actors involved in slum sanitation are not well-coordinated or harmonized.
This document summarizes 12 context attributes that impact the quality of sanitation in urban slums in India. The attributes were distilled from a study that looked at location selection. Each attribute is described through case studies and locations A through J represent some of these attributes. The attributes focus on issues like the role of women, triggers for collective action, managed sanitation services, accountability and ownership of shared facilities, and changes in community behavior toward sanitation.
This document outlines Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) efforts in Khirala village in India. It describes how CLTS was introduced to address open defecation issues through community engagement workshops. Villagers mapped open defecation areas and pledged to make their village open defecation free. Follow up actions included developing an action plan with champions and a community clean up. The process aimed to empower the community to lead their own sustainable sanitation development.
This document provides information about CAF India's sanitation and hygiene programme. CAF India is a registered Indian public trust that works to promote strategic giving and support philanthropic initiatives. Their sanitation and hygiene programme called RTS aims to provide access to sanitation facilities in schools and households, raise awareness of hygiene practices, and engage stakeholders through advocacy and capacity building. The programme has three pillars - access, awareness, and action. CAF India has experience implementing sanitation projects supported by private, public and UN partners. They are currently managing programmes like Support My School with Coca Cola and NDTV, and Banega Swachh India with NDTV and RB. The document invites partners to
The 2012 Reed Elsevier Environmental Challenge $25,000 second prize was awarded to "Sustainable Sanitation in Urban Slums of Africa" developed by Lindsay Stradley of Sanergy. The project will expand a pilot project in Nairobi to ensure that hygienic sanitation becomes accessible and affordable through a network of small-scale, high-quality sanitation centres close to homes. In Kenya 8.5m people live in slums with 80 per cent of the communities lacking access to adequate sanitation. Sanergy toilets are franchised to local entrepreneurs and stimulate the local economy by turning waste into products-organic fertilizer sold to farms, and electricity sold to the national grid. The prize money will be used to expand the current pilot project in Nairobi.
ICT4D 2015 - GIS-attributed Data Collection and Spatial Analysis for Improved...Janeen Kim Cayetano
1) The document discusses how GIS and spatial analysis were used to help plan sustainable sanitation facilities for over 10,000 households in Palo, Philippines that were affected by Typhoon Haiyan.
2) Data on water table depth, soil type, flooding conditions, land area, and other factors was collected for each household and analyzed spatially to cluster households for shared sanitation options like Anaerobic Baffled Reactors.
3) The analysis identified optimal locations for pilot Anaerobic Baffled Reactors that can serve multiple households in dense, urban areas with limited space and high water tables.
Tackling sanitation challenges in indian villagesAniket Harsh
This document discusses interventions for improving rural sanitation and creating model villages in India. It outlines that inadequate sanitation costs India over 600,000 lives annually and leads to economic losses of over 2 trillion rupees. To address this, it proposes implementing a demand-driven approach focusing on behavior change through community awareness campaigns. It also suggests supplying affordable and low-maintenance sanitation options like bio-toilets. Developing a gendered approach, improving hygiene practices, fostering government champions, and customizing solutions for each community are key cornerstones for effective sanitation provision outlined in the document.
National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme in IndiaRitu Rawat
- India faces major public health problems related to inadequate sanitation and untreated sewage entering water sources. Approximately 80-90% of untreated sewage is discharged directly into rivers and streams.
- Access to improved water supply and sanitation is uneven in India, with urban areas having greater access than rural areas. Many government programs have aimed to expand access, but challenges remain.
- Responsibility for water supply and sanitation is shared across various state and central government ministries and bodies. The national government has implemented several programs since 1954 to improve coverage of water supply and sanitation. However, open defecation and a lack of sewage treatment continue to be widespread issues.
This document provides insights from user experience research on sanitation in urban India. It includes profiles of different locations studied, with one being Janta Chawl, a community of 200 households in Mumbai comprising long-time residents and newer migrants. The document outlines various core and peripheral concerns related to defecation and sanitation. It discusses attitudes, behaviors, challenges and aspirations of users through examples from the locations studied.
This document provides a typology of 7 different types of slums:
1. Slums in the path of development that are threatened by urban projects
2. Slums in the heart of cities that are coveted for real estate development
3. Slums along railway tracks in unused urban land
4. Slums in residential centers that house construction workers
5. Slums on the fringes of cities in inaccessible locations
6. Slums near suburban industrial areas that house immigrant workers
7. Old city slums in neglected older parts of cities lacking infrastructure
This document characterizes different types of sanitation facilities along a spectrum. At one end are private facilities managed by individuals or landlords for exclusive use. Moving along the spectrum are semi-private facilities managed by landlords but shared among tenants, community facilities managed by NGOs, contractors, or governments for use by a neighborhood, and public facilities owned by governments for broader use. Finally, some locations have no facilities and open defecation is common. The document provides examples of different types of sanitation profiles observed across urban areas in India.
The document outlines a research project conducted by Quicksand Design Studio to study sanitation behaviors and attitudes in low-income urban India. The goals are to understand user experiences, identify triggers for sanitation practices, and present findings accessibly. Research will involve community profiling, observing facilities and behaviors, and workshops to understand aspirations. Four field visits over 5 months in Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Bangalore are planned, with synthesis periods in between to analyze findings. The study aims to provide insights to improve sanitation interventions.
Zamrudhpur is a vertical slum township located near a posh residential area of Delhi. It consists of multi-storied structures where 6-10 people live crammed together in tiny single rooms with difficult conditions. Many residents are migrants who have lived there for 10-20 years or more, working as day laborers for neighbors. Sanitation is poor, with only one toilet for every 30 households and public toilets used mainly by men. The community has a heterogeneous population from various cultures and some local efforts are underway to improve sanitation issues.
Appa Jappa Garden is a small slum community located in Bangalore comprised mainly of migrants from Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The community lives independently in their own 4 lane section and has little interaction with surrounding communities. Most residents work in nearby auto repair shops or garment factories. The community is self-contained with its own grocery store, places of worship, food vendors and shared public toilet facility paid for by residents.
This document summarizes information about the GP Block settlement in Pitampura, Delhi. It has approximately 10,000-15,000 residents living densely in homes constructed on small 10m plots. The streets are narrow with open sewage running through them. There are three public toilet facilities in poor condition around the periphery of the settlement, but most residents do not have toilets in their homes and must use the public ones. Sanitation is a major issue as the toilets are unsanitary and sewage system is broken.
Swatantra Nagar is a slum in Bangalore, India consisting of about 600 households. Most homes are now permanent structures but were allotted as temporary housing in 1976. The community relies on stone quarrying for work but many must travel long distances daily to find jobs. Sanitation is a major issue, as about half the homes lack toilets, forcing open defecation. A public toilet was begun but remains incomplete, worsening conditions especially for women who face safety issues when relieving themselves far from home before dawn or after dusk. A sense of community is shown through residents coming together to build a school for their children.
This document summarizes the sanitation situation in the Timber Layout slum located opposite the Satellite Bus Stand in Mysore, India. The slum is divided into two parts - one with permanent 'pucca' houses built under a government scheme, and one 'JJ' settlement of temporary structures. Most residents have lived there for over 15 years. The sanitation situation is quite good as no one defecates in the open, and residents either use private latrines in permanent houses or pay a small fee to use a community toilet or the bus stand toilet. Bathing in public toilets can be expensive, so most in temporary housing have improvised bathing areas. The document seeks to investigate how residents can afford
This slum called Khodiyar Nagar in Ahmedabad, Gujarat has around 2,000 households. Parts of the slum have been displaced due to infrastructure projects like a Bus Rapid Transit system and an upcoming riverfront project. While 108 households received private toilets and street improvements from a nonprofit, the remaining area lacks drainage and sanitation facilities, forcing open defecation along the dividing wall of the Sabarmati River. The slum provides a case study location due to its proximity to urban development projects and mixed access to sanitation options like pay-per-use toilets and open defecation.
The area of Mirzapur in Ahmedabad has a majority Muslim population with some Hindus. It has poor sanitation conditions despite houses having drainage. There are two community toilet blocks, but children defecate outside them due to the caretaker not allowing access or charging a fee. Sweepers are paid to clean the feces, but lack safety gear. The location provides insights into how community interactions and non-homogenous populations affect sanitation, and working with local organizations could enable pilot experiments.
Bora ka Roza is a small, homogenous settlement of about fifty houses located next to an active railroad line in Ahmedabad, India. Many of the residents work as rickshaw drivers or in nearby mills and workshops, and most homes have individual toilets. There is also a public toilet for the community with four seats but no water, so residents must bring their own. Some people bathe openly in front of their homes. The unique location next to the railroad and small size, along with the community's management of limited sanitation facilities without outside support, make it an interesting case study.
Ramapir No Tekro is one of the largest slums in Ahmedabad, India, with a population of 150,000. Many homes have pucca (permanent) constructions with private bathrooms and toilets. There is significant NGO intervention, including a community center that provides school and nursery facilities. The main industries in the area are rag picking. While many homes have private toilets, children were seen defecating openly and some homes on the edge of fields still lack toilets.
This document summarizes the sanitation situation in Sakalchand Mukhini Chaali, a slum in Ahmedabad, India with around 500 households. The slum has a mix of private toilets, a pay-for-use toilet run by an NGO, and a free corporation-run toilet. The NGO-run toilet was well-maintained, while the corporation toilet was in disrepair with feces littered inside. Local residents have complained frequently about the poor conditions of the corporation toilet but the government has not addressed issues. The contrast between the well-run NGO toilet and poorly-maintained government toilet, as well as engaged local advocacy groups, make this site unique for studying san
This settlement located near Bora ka Roza railway slum in Ahmedabad has been home to a homogenous community for over 50 years, though the land is owned by Central Railway. A small community group called 'Jan milan' works to improve water and living facilities. There is one free community toilet in poor condition, with a narrow alley containing men's and women's toilets and signs of open defecation outside.
Parvati is a hillside slum in Pune with a migrant population primarily from Bijapur in Karnataka. It contains roughly 750 pucca or permanent houses stretching over 4 kilometers, making it one of the largest slums in Pune. There are two community toilet buildings, one at the bottom of the hill shared by men and women, and one at the top of the hill for women and children only. Each family pays Rs. 20 per month for access to the toilets.
Ram Tekdi, Hadapsar - Pune is a heterogeneous community of 300-400 homes composed mainly of Maharashtrians and Muslims. Many residents work as laborers, drivers, or policemen. While the homes are mostly solid structures, the government aims to relocate residents to new apartments and redevelop the land. Locals resist moving from their community despite better housing being offered. There is a very dirty community toilet that families pay to use, and children were seen defecating openly. Reasons this location was chosen include having the dirtiest community toilet seen, the unique government relocation efforts, and the absence of children's toilets.
The document summarizes information about the Babrekar Nagar community in Kandivali, Mumbai. It describes the community as heterogeneous with a mixed population including locals and migrants from various religious and economic backgrounds. Most homes are permanent pucca structures that house many migrant tenants who work as laborers. The community has a pay-and-use toilet built by SPARC and maintained by a local committee. However, the toilet faces issues like lack of lighting, unequal treatment of residents, structural changes from the original plans, vandalism, and lack of cleanliness.
This document provides insights from user experience research on sanitation in urban India. It includes profiles of different locations studied, with one being Janta Chawl, a community of 200 households in Mumbai comprising long-time residents and newer migrants. The document outlines various core and peripheral concerns related to defecation and sanitation. It discusses attitudes, behaviors, challenges and aspirations of users through examples from the locations studied.
This document provides a typology of 7 different types of slums:
1. Slums in the path of development that are threatened by urban projects
2. Slums in the heart of cities that are coveted for real estate development
3. Slums along railway tracks in unused urban land
4. Slums in residential centers that house construction workers
5. Slums on the fringes of cities in inaccessible locations
6. Slums near suburban industrial areas that house immigrant workers
7. Old city slums in neglected older parts of cities lacking infrastructure
This document characterizes different types of sanitation facilities along a spectrum. At one end are private facilities managed by individuals or landlords for exclusive use. Moving along the spectrum are semi-private facilities managed by landlords but shared among tenants, community facilities managed by NGOs, contractors, or governments for use by a neighborhood, and public facilities owned by governments for broader use. Finally, some locations have no facilities and open defecation is common. The document provides examples of different types of sanitation profiles observed across urban areas in India.
The document outlines a research project conducted by Quicksand Design Studio to study sanitation behaviors and attitudes in low-income urban India. The goals are to understand user experiences, identify triggers for sanitation practices, and present findings accessibly. Research will involve community profiling, observing facilities and behaviors, and workshops to understand aspirations. Four field visits over 5 months in Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Bangalore are planned, with synthesis periods in between to analyze findings. The study aims to provide insights to improve sanitation interventions.
Zamrudhpur is a vertical slum township located near a posh residential area of Delhi. It consists of multi-storied structures where 6-10 people live crammed together in tiny single rooms with difficult conditions. Many residents are migrants who have lived there for 10-20 years or more, working as day laborers for neighbors. Sanitation is poor, with only one toilet for every 30 households and public toilets used mainly by men. The community has a heterogeneous population from various cultures and some local efforts are underway to improve sanitation issues.
Appa Jappa Garden is a small slum community located in Bangalore comprised mainly of migrants from Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The community lives independently in their own 4 lane section and has little interaction with surrounding communities. Most residents work in nearby auto repair shops or garment factories. The community is self-contained with its own grocery store, places of worship, food vendors and shared public toilet facility paid for by residents.
This document summarizes information about the GP Block settlement in Pitampura, Delhi. It has approximately 10,000-15,000 residents living densely in homes constructed on small 10m plots. The streets are narrow with open sewage running through them. There are three public toilet facilities in poor condition around the periphery of the settlement, but most residents do not have toilets in their homes and must use the public ones. Sanitation is a major issue as the toilets are unsanitary and sewage system is broken.
Swatantra Nagar is a slum in Bangalore, India consisting of about 600 households. Most homes are now permanent structures but were allotted as temporary housing in 1976. The community relies on stone quarrying for work but many must travel long distances daily to find jobs. Sanitation is a major issue, as about half the homes lack toilets, forcing open defecation. A public toilet was begun but remains incomplete, worsening conditions especially for women who face safety issues when relieving themselves far from home before dawn or after dusk. A sense of community is shown through residents coming together to build a school for their children.
This document summarizes the sanitation situation in the Timber Layout slum located opposite the Satellite Bus Stand in Mysore, India. The slum is divided into two parts - one with permanent 'pucca' houses built under a government scheme, and one 'JJ' settlement of temporary structures. Most residents have lived there for over 15 years. The sanitation situation is quite good as no one defecates in the open, and residents either use private latrines in permanent houses or pay a small fee to use a community toilet or the bus stand toilet. Bathing in public toilets can be expensive, so most in temporary housing have improvised bathing areas. The document seeks to investigate how residents can afford
This slum called Khodiyar Nagar in Ahmedabad, Gujarat has around 2,000 households. Parts of the slum have been displaced due to infrastructure projects like a Bus Rapid Transit system and an upcoming riverfront project. While 108 households received private toilets and street improvements from a nonprofit, the remaining area lacks drainage and sanitation facilities, forcing open defecation along the dividing wall of the Sabarmati River. The slum provides a case study location due to its proximity to urban development projects and mixed access to sanitation options like pay-per-use toilets and open defecation.
The area of Mirzapur in Ahmedabad has a majority Muslim population with some Hindus. It has poor sanitation conditions despite houses having drainage. There are two community toilet blocks, but children defecate outside them due to the caretaker not allowing access or charging a fee. Sweepers are paid to clean the feces, but lack safety gear. The location provides insights into how community interactions and non-homogenous populations affect sanitation, and working with local organizations could enable pilot experiments.
Bora ka Roza is a small, homogenous settlement of about fifty houses located next to an active railroad line in Ahmedabad, India. Many of the residents work as rickshaw drivers or in nearby mills and workshops, and most homes have individual toilets. There is also a public toilet for the community with four seats but no water, so residents must bring their own. Some people bathe openly in front of their homes. The unique location next to the railroad and small size, along with the community's management of limited sanitation facilities without outside support, make it an interesting case study.
Ramapir No Tekro is one of the largest slums in Ahmedabad, India, with a population of 150,000. Many homes have pucca (permanent) constructions with private bathrooms and toilets. There is significant NGO intervention, including a community center that provides school and nursery facilities. The main industries in the area are rag picking. While many homes have private toilets, children were seen defecating openly and some homes on the edge of fields still lack toilets.
This document summarizes the sanitation situation in Sakalchand Mukhini Chaali, a slum in Ahmedabad, India with around 500 households. The slum has a mix of private toilets, a pay-for-use toilet run by an NGO, and a free corporation-run toilet. The NGO-run toilet was well-maintained, while the corporation toilet was in disrepair with feces littered inside. Local residents have complained frequently about the poor conditions of the corporation toilet but the government has not addressed issues. The contrast between the well-run NGO toilet and poorly-maintained government toilet, as well as engaged local advocacy groups, make this site unique for studying san
This settlement located near Bora ka Roza railway slum in Ahmedabad has been home to a homogenous community for over 50 years, though the land is owned by Central Railway. A small community group called 'Jan milan' works to improve water and living facilities. There is one free community toilet in poor condition, with a narrow alley containing men's and women's toilets and signs of open defecation outside.
Parvati is a hillside slum in Pune with a migrant population primarily from Bijapur in Karnataka. It contains roughly 750 pucca or permanent houses stretching over 4 kilometers, making it one of the largest slums in Pune. There are two community toilet buildings, one at the bottom of the hill shared by men and women, and one at the top of the hill for women and children only. Each family pays Rs. 20 per month for access to the toilets.
Ram Tekdi, Hadapsar - Pune is a heterogeneous community of 300-400 homes composed mainly of Maharashtrians and Muslims. Many residents work as laborers, drivers, or policemen. While the homes are mostly solid structures, the government aims to relocate residents to new apartments and redevelop the land. Locals resist moving from their community despite better housing being offered. There is a very dirty community toilet that families pay to use, and children were seen defecating openly. Reasons this location was chosen include having the dirtiest community toilet seen, the unique government relocation efforts, and the absence of children's toilets.
The document summarizes information about the Babrekar Nagar community in Kandivali, Mumbai. It describes the community as heterogeneous with a mixed population including locals and migrants from various religious and economic backgrounds. Most homes are permanent pucca structures that house many migrant tenants who work as laborers. The community has a pay-and-use toilet built by SPARC and maintained by a local committee. However, the toilet faces issues like lack of lighting, unequal treatment of residents, structural changes from the original plans, vandalism, and lack of cleanliness.
1. Happy Colony Slum, Karvenagar, Pune
Community Composition: Heterogenous. Different communities live in different clusters in the same
area. For eg Gosavi Basti is inhabited by the newer maharashtrian migrants whereas the Chouhan basti
has the older inhabitants from UP/ Rajasthan.
General Description: Is a large slum in the Karvenagar area in Pune. It is flanked by tall residential
building complexes. Most of the women in the basti work as maids in the homes nearby.
Since there is a varied communal group of inhabitants in the area, there is a significant demarcation of
facilities and discrimination when it comes to using them.
Sanitation Situation: There are SPARC-built monthly pass toilets, an old Pune Municipal Corporation
(PMC) toilet, and a huge farmyard next to the PMC toilet where most people still practice open
defecation.
Top Reasons to Choose This Location/Unique Aspects:
1. Examples of pay-and-use, PMC free to use toilets and open defecation in the same area.
2. The community has very restrained dynamics amongst its various clusters.
(For example, the residents from Chouhan Basti don’t go to the nearby Gosavi Basti community toilet
even though it is just 4 blocks away, as they don’t like the members of that community. Also, the Gosavi
residents claim that the Chouhan Basti residents don’t keep the toilet clean and pick up fights easily and
hence they don’t encourage them to use it).
3. One of the residents said that the community members were asked if they want a better community
toilet block (like the one in Gosavi Basti), but most of them refused as they wanted a free-to-use system
and weren’t willing to pay monthly charges, and hence continued using the defunct PMC toilet.
4. One of the only pay-and-use toilet blocks where we saw the caretaker and his entire family living above
the toilet block. The caretaker is also free to take up other odd jobs to keep his finances running and isn't
tied to the toilet facility.