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PostgreSQL Atölyesi
Erkin Çakar
erk.cakar@gmail.com
Hackerspace – 09.2013
2. oturum
2
Ajanda
● Index ve Fillfactor Kavramları
● PostgreSQL komut satırı araçları
● Tablo bölümlemesi (partitioning)
● Statistics Collector
● Bgwriter ve checkpoint kavramları
● VACUUM & autovacuum kavramları
3
Index ve fillfactor kavramları
Bir kitabın içindekiler kısmıdır diyebiliriz.
● Index Çeşitleri
– B-Tree
– Hash
– GIN (Generalized Inverted Indexes)
– GiST (Generalized Search Tree )
4
Index ve fillfactor kavramları
Expression Index
– CREATE INDEX auth_user_email_upper ON auth_user USING btree
(upper(email::text));
Partial Index
– CREATE INDEX articles_flagged_created_at_index ON
articles(created_at) WHERE flagged IS TRUE;
Unique Index
– CREATE UNIQUE INDEX brand_productsamplemeta_code_key ON
brand_productsamplemeta USING btree (code);
Multicolumn Index
– CREATE INDEX auth_user_created_at_is_active_idx ON auth_user
USING btree (created_at,is_active);
5
Index ve fillfactor kavramları
Gereksiz indexlerden kaçınmalıyız! Neden?
– Sorgu planlama süresi artar
– Disk alanı ihtiyacı
– Gereksiz UPDATE ve IO'ya sebep olur
– Bakım gereksinimini arttırır
– Veritabanı geri yükleme hızını yavaşlatır
6
Index ve fillfactor kavramları
Fillfactor
– Page içine yazılan veri oranı
– Sadece INSERT => fillfactor = 100
– UPDATE yoğunluğuna göre fillfactor azaltılmalı
– HOT
7
PostgreSQL Komut Satırı Araçları
● Yardımcı araçlar
– pg_ctl
– initdb
– pg_upgrade
– createdb & dropdb
– createuser & dropuser
– createlang & droplang
● Performans ve Test Araçları
– pgbench
– pg_test_timing
– pg_test_fsync
8
PostgreSQL Komut Satırı Araçları
● Yedekleme Araçları
– pg_dump & pg_dumpall
– pg_basebackup
– pg_restore
● Bakım Araçları
– reindexdb
– vacuumdb
– clusterdb
9
PostgreSQL Komut Satırı Araçları
● Kontrol Araçları
– pg_config
– pg_controldata
– pg_isready
– pg_xlogdump
● Diğer Araçlar
– oid2name
– pg_resetxlog
– pg_receivexlog
– pg_archivecleanup
10
Tablo bölümleme (partitioning)
constraint_exclusion = partition
11
Statistics Collector
Tablo ve indexleri tek tek dolanır.
● default_statistics_target
● track_counts: Tablo ve index erişimlerinin istatistiklerini
toplama
● track_functions: kullanıcı tanımlı fonksiyonları izler
● track_activities: Server tarafından o an çalıştırılan
komutların istatistiklerini tutar
12
Bgwriter ve checkpoint kavramları
● Checkpoint
– "Dirty Page"leri diske yazma işlemini üstlenir.
● checkpoint ne zaman yapılır?
– zamanı geldiğinde
– Sunucu yoğun iş yaptığında (insert/update vb)
– Kullanıcı komutuyla
13
Bgwriter ve checkpoint kavramları
● Background Writer (bgwriter)
– Ihtiyaç duyulduğunda en az kullanılan kirli sayfaları
diske yazar
– pg_stat_bgwriter
14
VACUUM kavramı
● Silinen veya değiştirilen satırların geri kazanımı
● Query planner tarafından kullanılan istatistiklerin
güncellenmesi (ANALYZE)
● Yüksek IO !
● VACUUM FULL ?
15
Autovacuum
autovacuum_max_workers = 3
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2
16
Kaynaklar
● http://postgresql.org

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Hackerspace PostgreSQL Atolyesi 2

  • 2. 2 Ajanda ● Index ve Fillfactor Kavramları ● PostgreSQL komut satırı araçları ● Tablo bölümlemesi (partitioning) ● Statistics Collector ● Bgwriter ve checkpoint kavramları ● VACUUM & autovacuum kavramları
  • 3. 3 Index ve fillfactor kavramları Bir kitabın içindekiler kısmıdır diyebiliriz. ● Index Çeşitleri – B-Tree – Hash – GIN (Generalized Inverted Indexes) – GiST (Generalized Search Tree )
  • 4. 4 Index ve fillfactor kavramları Expression Index – CREATE INDEX auth_user_email_upper ON auth_user USING btree (upper(email::text)); Partial Index – CREATE INDEX articles_flagged_created_at_index ON articles(created_at) WHERE flagged IS TRUE; Unique Index – CREATE UNIQUE INDEX brand_productsamplemeta_code_key ON brand_productsamplemeta USING btree (code); Multicolumn Index – CREATE INDEX auth_user_created_at_is_active_idx ON auth_user USING btree (created_at,is_active);
  • 5. 5 Index ve fillfactor kavramları Gereksiz indexlerden kaçınmalıyız! Neden? – Sorgu planlama süresi artar – Disk alanı ihtiyacı – Gereksiz UPDATE ve IO'ya sebep olur – Bakım gereksinimini arttırır – Veritabanı geri yükleme hızını yavaşlatır
  • 6. 6 Index ve fillfactor kavramları Fillfactor – Page içine yazılan veri oranı – Sadece INSERT => fillfactor = 100 – UPDATE yoğunluğuna göre fillfactor azaltılmalı – HOT
  • 7. 7 PostgreSQL Komut Satırı Araçları ● Yardımcı araçlar – pg_ctl – initdb – pg_upgrade – createdb & dropdb – createuser & dropuser – createlang & droplang ● Performans ve Test Araçları – pgbench – pg_test_timing – pg_test_fsync
  • 8. 8 PostgreSQL Komut Satırı Araçları ● Yedekleme Araçları – pg_dump & pg_dumpall – pg_basebackup – pg_restore ● Bakım Araçları – reindexdb – vacuumdb – clusterdb
  • 9. 9 PostgreSQL Komut Satırı Araçları ● Kontrol Araçları – pg_config – pg_controldata – pg_isready – pg_xlogdump ● Diğer Araçlar – oid2name – pg_resetxlog – pg_receivexlog – pg_archivecleanup
  • 11. 11 Statistics Collector Tablo ve indexleri tek tek dolanır. ● default_statistics_target ● track_counts: Tablo ve index erişimlerinin istatistiklerini toplama ● track_functions: kullanıcı tanımlı fonksiyonları izler ● track_activities: Server tarafından o an çalıştırılan komutların istatistiklerini tutar
  • 12. 12 Bgwriter ve checkpoint kavramları ● Checkpoint – "Dirty Page"leri diske yazma işlemini üstlenir. ● checkpoint ne zaman yapılır? – zamanı geldiğinde – Sunucu yoğun iş yaptığında (insert/update vb) – Kullanıcı komutuyla
  • 13. 13 Bgwriter ve checkpoint kavramları ● Background Writer (bgwriter) – Ihtiyaç duyulduğunda en az kullanılan kirli sayfaları diske yazar – pg_stat_bgwriter
  • 14. 14 VACUUM kavramı ● Silinen veya değiştirilen satırların geri kazanımı ● Query planner tarafından kullanılan istatistiklerin güncellenmesi (ANALYZE) ● Yüksek IO ! ● VACUUM FULL ?
  • 15. 15 Autovacuum autovacuum_max_workers = 3 autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50 autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2