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![“A policy of ‘frugality first’ induces
efficiency as a secondary
consequence;
‘efficiency first’ does not induce
frugality--it makes frugality [seem]
less necessary.”
— Herman Daly, 2003](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gulfcoastgreen2012stancox-120523223609-phpapp02/85/Gulf-Coast-Green-2012-Stan-Cox-15-320.jpg)
Uploaded byHayley Pallister
Gulf Coast Green 2012 Stan Cox
This document discusses the impact of air conditioning on society and the environment through 5 sections: 1. Energy and climate - Air conditioning usage has significantly increased energy consumption in the US and India. Average house sizes and temperatures have also increased. 2. Efficiency - While efficiency gains reduce energy usage, they can enable increased consumption by reducing the perceived need for conservation. 3. Culture - Air conditioning has transformed culture by enabling year-round indoor activities and reshaping urban and building design. 4. Productivity - Some argue air conditioning improves productivity by keeping indoor temperatures comfortable, while others say efficiency gains could enable shorter work hours with minimal impact. 5. Comfort and health - Surveys
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- 2. 1. Energy andClimate “It is your human environment that makes climate.” — Mark Twain, Following the Equator, 1897 2
- 3. Chakravarty et al.,PNAS 2009
- 5. Kilowatt-hours 2005 consumed for residential air- Relative to 1993 1993 conditioning, 2005 U.S. 1993 1993 5
- 7. 1950 2007 1100 ft2 2500 ft2 Average new house’s floorspace, U.S. 7
- 8. 200 Energy consumption, billion kWh 150 'Base case' 'High efficiency case' 100 50 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 India Fig. 3, p. 165 Year 8
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- 12. 2. Efficiency Coal savedthrough efficiency “is only saved from one use to be employed in others, and the profits gained soon lead to extended employment in many new forms. The several branches of industry are closely interdependent, and progress of any one leads to the progress of nearly all.” — William Stanley Jevons, 1865
- 13. “The chief sourceof problems is solutions.” —Eric Sevareid, 1970
- 14. increased consumption Kilowatt- increased efficiency hours Relative to 1993 1993 2005 consumed for residential 1993 1993 air- 2005 conditioning, U.S. 14
- 15. “A policy of‘frugality first’ induces efficiency as a secondary consequence; ‘efficiency first’ does not induce frugality--it makes frugality [seem] less necessary.” — Herman Daly, 2003
- 16. United States, electricity Air- conditioning consumption* Biliion kWh 1993 renewable production 16 * buildings only
- 17. Jeff Rubin, CIBCWorld Markets
- 18. Jeff Rubin, CIBCWorld Markets
- 19. 3. Culture “General Electrichas proved a more devastating invader than General Sherman.” — Raymond Arsenault, “The End of the Long, Hot Summer : The Air Conditioner and Southern Culture,” 1984
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- 24. Top ten influenceson the American metropolis, 1950-2000 1. The 1956 Interstate Highway Act and dominance of the automobile 2. FHA mortgage financing and subdivision regulation 3. De-industrialization of central cities 4. Downtown redevelopment and public housing 5. The suburban tract house 6. Racial segregation and job discrimination 7. Enclosed shopping malls 8. Sun Belt–style sprawl 9. Air-conditioning 10. Urban unrest in the 1960s Society for American City and Regional Planning History, 2000
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- 27. 21 24 27 16 42 64 62 80 92 annual cooling days 163
- 28. 19 11 12 16 27 72 60 58 hours per year in 56 traffic delays 50
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- 30. 4. Productivity “Doesn’t theAC-free enviro-dream world sound wonderful? Daily summertime siestas, shorter business hours, even some days completely off! … ” -- Conn Carroll, Heritage Foundation, 2010
- 31. “ … butas with all enviro-leftist schemes, the heavy costs of their low energy utopian dream are being ignored. Slower workdays mean less productivity. Shorter hours and closed offices mean lost profits for employers.” -- Conn Carroll, Heritage Foundation, 2010
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- 35. Temperature Alan Hedge, Cornell
- 36. (A footnote) Productivity Avg. hourly wage
- 37. 5. Comfort &Health “A May 2003 survey by the International Facilities Management Association says that being too cold was the number-one office complaint ... followed by being too hot.” —New York Times, 2005 37
- 38. Thailand: office employees percent comfortable 38
- 39. 95 90 Indoor temperature Indoor temperature 85 80 75 70 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Outdoor temperature de Dear235 Fig. 4, p. and 39 Brager, 2001
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