Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document discusses the history of GMOs from their creation in 1973 through their widespread use today, particularly in food crops like soybeans and corn. It also outlines some benefits of GMOs such as increased yields and herbicide resistance, as well as concerns about their safety and environmental impacts. The document concludes by noting that while GMOs may help address issues like world hunger, their development and use remains an ongoing topic of debate.

1. UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCES, BANGLORE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, HASSAN
TOPIC :Genetically Modified Organism
PRESENTED TO:
DR. Nagesh .N.
Asst. professor ,
Dept.of Biotechnology,
Agricultural college, Hassan.

2. GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

3. What is a GMO?
What is a GMO?
A genetically modified organism is one
A genetically modified organism is one
whose genetic material has been
whose genetic material has been
altered using genetic engineering.
altered using genetic engineering.
Genetically modified organisms, or
Genetically modified organisms, or
GMOs, are commonly used in foods
GMOs, are commonly used in foods
and medicines. This has led to concern
and medicines. This has led to concern
about the dangers they might cause to
about the dangers they might cause to
the environment and to human health
the environment and to human health

4. How?
By eliminating, modifying or adding copies of specific genes often
from other organisms through modern molecular biology techniques.
Other names: Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Genetic engineering
Gene splicing

5. The two most common
The two most common
types of GMO’s are
types of GMO’s are
 Foods – canola , soya bean , golden rice
Foods – canola , soya bean , golden rice
corn and aspartame
corn and aspartame
 Medicines - Insulin, hormones and
Medicines - Insulin, hormones and
vaccine
vaccine

6. Food GMO’s
Food GMO’s
 Crops are modified so when farmer kill
Crops are modified so when farmer kill
weeds with herbicides the crops can with
weeds with herbicides the crops can with
stand the exposure to the herbicide – killing
stand the exposure to the herbicide – killing
the weeds and not the crop
the weeds and not the crop
 Although it is not as common, some types of
Although it is not as common, some types of
GMOs are modified to increase their
GMOs are modified to increase their
nutrient content. Corn and soybeans are two
nutrient content. Corn and soybeans are two
examples of crops that have higher-nutrient
examples of crops that have higher-nutrient
GMO versions available.
GMO versions available.

7. Medicine GMO’s
Medicine GMO’s
 Genetically modified medicines can be
Genetically modified medicines can be
produced cheaper and easier.
produced cheaper and easier.
 Some GMO's are : insulin, thyroid
Some GMO's are : insulin, thyroid
hormones and the hepatitis B vaccine
hormones and the hepatitis B vaccine
(insulin being the oldest)
(insulin being the oldest)

8. Other Types of GMO’s
Other Types of GMO’s
• Plants and Crops
Plants and Crops
• Microbes
Microbes
• Mammals
Mammals
• Insects
Insects
• Aquatic Life
Aquatic Life

9. GMOs History
GMOs History
 First GMO created in 1973
First GMO created in 1973
 After years of testing and
After years of testing and
research, GMOs were
research, GMOs were
introduced to farmers
introduced to farmers
 In the 1990s, genetically
In the 1990s, genetically
modified foods became
modified foods became
available in stores
available in stores

10. 1978
1978
Genentech
Genentech
 Becomes the first to
Becomes the first to
synthesize insulin, later they
synthesize insulin, later they
create a human growth
create a human growth
hormone which was used to
hormone which was used to
enable dwarf children to grow
enable dwarf children to grow
to a normal size.
to a normal size.
Genentech’s Humulin is the
Genentech’s Humulin is the
first consumer product
first consumer product
developed through modern
developed through modern
bioengineering.
bioengineering.

11. 1982
1982
Monsanto
Monsanto
 Introduced a bovine
Introduced a bovine
growth hormone used
growth hormone used
in cows to increase
in cows to increase
milk production.
milk production.
 They were among the
They were among the
first to genetically
first to genetically
modify a plant cell in
modify a plant cell in
1983.
1983.

12. 1992
1992
 Calgene’s Favr Savr
Calgene’s Favr Savr
tomato is approved for
tomato is approved for
commercial production by the
commercial production by the
US department of agriculture.
US department of agriculture.
This was genetically
This was genetically
engineered to remain firm for
engineered to remain firm for
a longer period of time. The
a longer period of time. The
FDA declares that genetically
FDA declares that genetically
engineered foods are not
engineered foods are not
dangerous and do not require
dangerous and do not require
special regulation (History of
special regulation (History of
genetic engineering, 2012
genetic engineering, 2012).
).

13. Today
Today
Soybeans
Soybeans
 93% of soybeans
93% of soybeans
planted in the U.S.
planted in the U.S.
are genetically
are genetically
modified. Soybeans
modified. Soybeans
are used in products
are used in products
such as animal feed,
such as animal feed,
prepackaged meals
prepackaged meals
and the oil is used in
and the oil is used in
many industrial
many industrial
applications.
applications.
Corn
Corn
86% of corn planted in the U.S
86% of corn planted in the U.S
falls under the category of a
falls under the category of a
GMO. Maize is the most widely
GMO. Maize is the most widely
grown grain crop in the
grown grain crop in the
Americas, it is used to make
Americas, it is used to make
sugar substitutes such as high
sugar substitutes such as high
fructose corn syrup, a large
fructose corn syrup, a large
quantity of processed foods
quantity of processed foods
contain corn and is also used to
contain corn and is also used to
make ethanol, a biofuel that is
make ethanol, a biofuel that is
mixed with gasoline to decrease
mixed with gasoline to decrease
the amount of pollutants emitted
the amount of pollutants emitted
by motor vehicles.
by motor vehicles.

14. Tomorrow
Tomorrow
Still in Development
Still in Development
 Various products
Various products
including vaccines,
including vaccines,
vitamin enrichments,
vitamin enrichments,
hormones that result in
hormones that result in
faster maturation and
faster maturation and
disease resistance.
disease resistance.
 Only time can tell if the
Only time can tell if the
risks involved in using
risks involved in using
GMOs will outweigh the
GMOs will outweigh the
benefits.
benefits.

15. Golden rice
Golden rice
Advantage:
It contains Vitamin-A,
so children in developing
countries won’t become blind
Disadvantage:
Poor countries become
depentent on rich countries
which have the technics for
engineering
Examples of the potential benefits and
risks of GM

16. Sweet corn
Sweet corn
Advantages:
- No longer use of insecticides
- The farmer don’t need to deal
with toxic
Disadvantages:
- Insects can become resistant
to the poison
- Endangered butterflies are in
bigger threat

17. Long- lasting tomatoes
Long- lasting tomatoes
Advantages:
- GM tomatoes can remain fresh
longer
- GM tomatoes can tolerate a
lengthier transport time
Disadvantage:
- Tomatoes are resistant to
antibiotics

18. What are people’s concerns
What are people’s concerns
 Is this food safe?
Is this food safe?
 Should food be labeled?
Should food be labeled?
 Are there adverse environmental
Are there adverse environmental
effects?
effects?
 Patenting of seeds
Patenting of seeds
 Discrimination against the poor
Discrimination against the poor
 Who benefits?
Who benefits?
All of these concerns
apply to food and
agriculture in general

19. Genetic Modification of Conventional
Genetic Modification of Conventional
Crops
Crops
 61% of corn
61% of corn
 83% of cotton
83% of cotton
 80% of canola
80% of canola
 89% of soybeans
89% of soybeans
 Other crops: rice, tomatoes, potatoes,
Other crops: rice, tomatoes, potatoes,
Hawaiian papaya , chicory , crook neck
Hawaiian papaya , chicory , crook neck
squash
squash

20.  Reduce use of pesticide and other Toxic chemicals
 Desired characteristics of food are achieved and in
a shorter time
 Improves nutritional value.
 Many people rely on GM food for medicines.
 Gene technology is the best solution to the problem
of world hunger.
Advantages

21. Environmental Hazards from Pesticides
• Substantial health impacts
on workers
• Pollution of natural
ecosystems/ waterways
• Loss of insect biodiversity
in agroecosystems
• Creation of secondary
pests
• Creation of insect races
resistant to pesticides

22. Genetics is always better
than chemicals:
GM Cotton with a
Bacillus thurengiensis
Cry gene is resistant
to Cotton Bollworm. Cry
encodes an insecticidal
protein

23. 1.
1. All GM foods have been
All GM foods have been
extensively tested and they
extensively tested and they
are as safe as other foods
are as safe as other foods
in the market place.
in the market place.
2.
2. GM crops can be made
GM crops can be made
into convenience and
into convenience and
“junk” food just like organic
“junk” food just like organic
crops and other crops!
crops and other crops!
3.
3. Nutrition depends on the
Nutrition depends on the
food, not the method of
food, not the method of
crop breeding
crop breeding

24. GMO: with a limiting factor

25. B. Disadvantages
 Unacceptable to some groups to copy genes.
 Interfiere in food chain
 Genetically engineered animals may suffer
more health problems
 Allergic reactions
 “Genetic Pollution”

26. Agriculture has narrowed the gene pool and
Agriculture has narrowed the gene pool and
caused a loss of biodiversity
caused a loss of biodiversity
Wild Progenitors and Relatives
Land Races
Elite Lines

27. Agriculture is the main cause of
Agriculture is the main cause of
environmental change and degradation
environmental change and degradation

28. Presented
by,
Manoj B.S

29. Thanks
Thanks
for your kind attention
for your kind attention