The document discusses different genetic therapy techniques, including anti-sense therapy. Anti-sense therapy blocks translation by using therapeutic molecules called oligonucleotides that are about 16-20 nucleotides long. The document provides details on the structure and function of these anti-sense oligonucleotide molecules.
The document discusses key concepts in metabolism including:
- Metabolism extracts energy from fuels like carbohydrates and fats through catabolism and uses this energy to synthesize complex molecules through anabolism.
- Coupled reactions allow thermodynamically unfavorable reactions to proceed by making the overall free energy change negative.
- ATP is the universal energy currency in biological systems, and its hydrolysis drives metabolism by shifting reaction equilibria.
The document discusses different genetic therapy techniques, including anti-sense therapy. Anti-sense therapy blocks translation by using therapeutic molecules called oligonucleotides that are about 16-20 nucleotides long. The document provides details on the structure and function of these anti-sense oligonucleotide molecules.
The document discusses key concepts in metabolism including:
- Metabolism extracts energy from fuels like carbohydrates and fats through catabolism and uses this energy to synthesize complex molecules through anabolism.
- Coupled reactions allow thermodynamically unfavorable reactions to proceed by making the overall free energy change negative.
- ATP is the universal energy currency in biological systems, and its hydrolysis drives metabolism by shifting reaction equilibria.
The document discusses different carbon fixation pathways in plants. C4 plants fix carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells before it is transported to bundle sheath cells, concentrating CO2 around Rubisco and reducing photorespiration. This allows higher photosynthesis rates with lower transpiration. C4 plants evolved in hot, dry climates. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants fix CO2 at night and store it as malate, releasing CO2 for photosynthesis during the day, reducing water loss. CAM metabolism is inducible and some plants like ice plant switch to CAM in response to salt or drought stress.
The document discusses photosynthesis in C3 and C4 plants. It shows that willow and maize plants will both survive under a sealed cover individually, but only the willow survives when the two are combined, due to the maize plant using oxygen during photosynthesis. It then examines the differences in carbon fixation pathways between C3 and C4 plants, including their A-Ci curves and leaf anatomy, showing C4 plants have adaptations that allow them to more efficiently fix carbon in hot, dry environments. The document depicts the pathways that allow C4 plants like maize to concentrate CO2 around rubisco through compartmentalization between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
The rate of photosynthesis is often lower than expected for several reasons: 1) Dark respiration occurs during the day which reduces net photosynthesis, 2) Not all wavelengths of light are absorbed efficiently by leaves, and 3) Factors like photorespiration and suboptimal conditions can limit carbon fixation and respire photosynthates. Leaf anatomy, physiology, and environmental conditions can prevent photosynthesis from reaching its maximum potential.
- The document discusses plant reproduction and alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes in different plant groups like mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
- It describes how mosses have dominant gametophytes that produce sporophytes which bear spores and how ferns and seed plants have dominant sporophytes.
- It also summarizes the ABC model of flower development in which different combinations of transcription factors determine the identity of floral organs.
The document discusses plant growth and how it can be calculated and expressed. It explains that plant growth rate (RGR) depends on factors like species and development stage. RGR can be broken down into components like net assimilation rate (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf mass fraction (LMF). These components, along with daily photosynthesis rate (PS A) and carbon concentration, determine how quickly a plant grows. Variation in growth rates between species is often due to differences in LAR components like SLA. Faster growing plants generally have higher LAR values.
The document discusses different carbon fixation pathways in plants. C4 plants fix carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells before it is transported to bundle sheath cells, concentrating CO2 around Rubisco and reducing photorespiration. This allows higher photosynthesis rates with lower transpiration. C4 plants evolved in hot, dry climates. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants fix CO2 at night and store it as malate, releasing CO2 for photosynthesis during the day, reducing water loss. CAM metabolism is inducible and some plants like ice plant switch to CAM in response to salt or drought stress.
The document discusses photosynthesis in C3 and C4 plants. It shows that willow and maize plants will both survive under a sealed cover individually, but only the willow survives when the two are combined, due to the maize plant using oxygen during photosynthesis. It then examines the differences in carbon fixation pathways between C3 and C4 plants, including their A-Ci curves and leaf anatomy, showing C4 plants have adaptations that allow them to more efficiently fix carbon in hot, dry environments. The document depicts the pathways that allow C4 plants like maize to concentrate CO2 around rubisco through compartmentalization between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
The rate of photosynthesis is often lower than expected for several reasons: 1) Dark respiration occurs during the day which reduces net photosynthesis, 2) Not all wavelengths of light are absorbed efficiently by leaves, and 3) Factors like photorespiration and suboptimal conditions can limit carbon fixation and respire photosynthates. Leaf anatomy, physiology, and environmental conditions can prevent photosynthesis from reaching its maximum potential.
- The document discusses plant reproduction and alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes in different plant groups like mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
- It describes how mosses have dominant gametophytes that produce sporophytes which bear spores and how ferns and seed plants have dominant sporophytes.
- It also summarizes the ABC model of flower development in which different combinations of transcription factors determine the identity of floral organs.
The document discusses plant growth and how it can be calculated and expressed. It explains that plant growth rate (RGR) depends on factors like species and development stage. RGR can be broken down into components like net assimilation rate (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf mass fraction (LMF). These components, along with daily photosynthesis rate (PS A) and carbon concentration, determine how quickly a plant grows. Variation in growth rates between species is often due to differences in LAR components like SLA. Faster growing plants generally have higher LAR values.
2. Cursus GKA, 2009 GK 2009 Deel 1: Gentherapie en kanker Deel 2: HIV, AIDS Adri Thomas, kamer O503, Kruytgebouw, tel 253 3971 [email_address] Ontwikkelingsbiologie
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7. Doodsoorzaken wereldwijd in 2000 (Volkskrant, Febr 2004 en WHO) GK 2009 Doodsoorzaken wereldwijd in miljoenen personen in 2000 Verkeersdoden doodsoorzaak 9 Hart en vaatziekten Hersenaandoeningen Lage luchtweginfecties HIV/AIDS COPD/astma Diarree TBC Kinderziektes Verkeersdoden Longkanker Malaria Laag geboortegewicht Hoge bloeddruk Zelfdoding Suikerziekte Uit de Volkskrant, 2004 Verkeersdoden Kanker (in Europa) Nov 2008
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12. Actief transcriptie complex Tjian, SciAm 272-2, 1995 GK 2009 Co-activators These adapter molecules integrate signals from activators (and repressors) and relay signal to basal machinery Basal activators In response to activator function, they position RNA pol at the promoter Repressors Bind to selected set of genes at silencers, and interfere with activators, inhibiting transcription Activators Bind to enhancers. Determine which genes are activated, determine the efficiency of transcription.