1. Perspective is affected by the angle at which an object is viewed and its distance from the eye. As an object moves further away, the angle becomes narrower and the object appears smaller. 2. A drawing can use vanishing points and the horizon line to establish distances and maintain correct perspective as lines recede into the distance. 3. The height of the horizon line in a drawing should match the viewer's eye level to create a realistic sense of scale and space.

1. Seerngthingsir-rperspective
Theeffer-tof nersnectivecomesfromwhatourvisionmakesof whatthe eve
sees.Betweenthe eyeandthe out[inesof an objectwe candrawthe sides
of an angle,the angteat whichwe seethe object.Wecanobservethatif the
objectmovesfurtheraway,thisangLebecomesnarrower,andto the eye,the
nhier-tseemqtn he smatLer.Thisis the effectknownas nersnectivp
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Thevanishingpoint
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49

3. Thehorizon
The multiplication of parallel lines*generates a
whole series of vanishing points, aligned to each
other. This alignment is called the horizon. Thrs
line does not appear of course, but it is recom-
mended to place it in a realistic drawing as well
asin an imaginary one, becauseit is the principal
referencepoint for fixing perspective.
50

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Movingthevanishingpointon
the horizon
'W'hen
we move, the vanishing point of the lines
in one direction seemsto move too.-We can expe-
rience this in a room by looking at the vanishing
point of the tiling. This shows that the vanishing
point is notjust an effect oflines, but alsoan e{fect
of our vision and our position in a space.
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5. Theheightofthehorizon
Our position in a spaceaffectsboth the vanishing
point and the horizon. In the drawings on thrs
page,look at the view from above and below.They
show clearly that the horizon, at the height of the
vanishing point, the convergence of the edges of
the shelves,is at eye level.And if we stand higher,
or sit lower, we can see that the horizon follows
our movement.
Theheightofthehorizoninthedrawing
Once the height of the horizon has been esta-
blished in a space,it must be shown in the drawing.
That then depends on the framing you want. If
you want to show what is above the horizon, you
will place it towards the bottom of the window
(seep.73).
52

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Theheightofthehorizon,peopteand
thesca[e
The horizon being at eye level of the observer
(about 1.5 metres if he,/sheis standing) it follows
that if other people, positioned in the same way,
are shown in the drawing, their eyeswill be at the
sane level, aligned with the horizon. At the same
time, this perception can tell us instinctively about
the heieht of the room.
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7. Thevlewfronnthefront
Thisistheviewfacingyou,themainpart,usuat[ythewatIfromthebottom,
showninetevationandthesidesin perspective.ThewaL[isnotdistortedby
perspective- thesidesstayparatle[,theproportionsarekeptandwecan
choosewhichscaleto use.
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errnral lLMs
This view presents all the advantages of perspec-
tive, and in an architectural drawing of the interior
it allows us to show the floor, the side walls and all
the elements seen here - furniture and the arran-
gement of detaiis - in a much more realistic way
than a projection.
Moreover, if we take a photo, keeping che axis
of the object horizontal and perpendicular to the
wall, we get a frontal view.
'We
have the impression of being in the space
shown, while with the projection view we were
outside.In principle there is no longer the problem
of walls in front hiding things, walls which have to
be deleted or made transDarenr.
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54

8. Theprinciplesofa frontaIview
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