Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the Gastrointestinal tract. GI cancers do not discriminate between men and women. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell. These cancer can arise anywhere in the GI tract. Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the Gastrointestinal tract. GI cancers do not discriminate between men and women. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell. These cancer can arise anywhere in the GI tract. Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the Gastrointestinal tract. GI cancers do not discriminate between men and women. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell. These cancer can arise anywhere in the GI tract. Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the Gastrointestinal tract. GI cancers do not discriminate between men and women. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell. These cancer can arise anywhere in the GI tract. Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the Gastrointestinal tract. GI cancers do not discriminate between men and women. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell. These cancer can arise anywhere in the GI tract. Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the Gastrointestinal tract. GI cancers do not discriminate between men and women. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell. These cancer can arise anywhere in the GI tract. Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the Gastrointestinal tract. GI cancers do not discriminate between men and women. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. Th

1. .
DR.VIKRANNTH V

2. Introduction
• Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of
the Gastrointestinal tract.
• GI cancers do not discriminate between men and women.
• The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include
obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or
defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated
problems.
• The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well
as the type of cancer cell.
• These cancer can arise anywhere in the GI tract.

3. Anatomy and physiology

4. Definitions ;
• Gastro-Intestinal (GI) cancer is a term for the
group of cancers that affect the digestive
system. This includes cancers of the
oesophagus, gallbladder, liver, pancreas,
stomach and bowel (the bowel includes the
small intestine, large intestine or colon and
rectum).

5. Type of GI Cancer
Esophageal Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Appendic Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Anal Cancer
Bile Duct cancer
Carsinoid Tumor
Rectal Cancer
• Gastro intestinal Stroma
Tumors (GIST)
• Pancreatic
Neuroendocrine tumors
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Liver Cancer
• Smal intestine Cancer
• Gallblader Cancer

6. Type of GI Cancer
Esophageal Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Colorectal Cancer

7. Esophageal Cancer

8. Esophageal Cancer
• Esophageal cancer develops in the
esophagus, a long tube that connects mouth
tostomach.
• more than 18,000 Americans are diagnosed
with esophageal cancer every year.
• Cancer of the esophagus has a much higher
incidence (10 to 100 times higher) in other
parts of the world, including China and
northern Iran (American Cancer Society,
2009).

9. Types of Esophageal Cancer
• 1. Adenocarcinoma
• 2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

10. Causes and Risk Factors
Esophageal Cancer
• Although we don't know exactly what causes
esophageal cancer
Risk factors include:
Smoking Obesity
>> male Age over 70
Achalasia Barrett's esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux
disease
alcohol consumption

11. Symptoms Esophageal Cancer
• Painful or difficult swallowing. Patients often report
feeling like food is stuck in the throat or chest
• Weight loss and loss of appetite
• Pain in the middle of the chest behind
the breastbone ; his can include chest pain, pressure
or a feeling of burning in the throat
• Hoarseness and cough
• Persistent indigestion and heartburn

12. Diagnostic and Treatment
Esophageal Cancer
Diagnostic Treatment
Endoscopic surgery
biopsy and brushings radiation,
CT of the chest and
abdomen
chemotherapy,
Positron emission
tomography (PET)
Combination
Endoscopic ultrasound

13. Gastric Cancer

14. Pathophysiology Stomach Cancer
Most gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas; they
can occur anywhere in the stomach. The tumor
infiltrates the surrounding mucosa, penetrating
the wall of the stomach and adjacent organs and
structures. The liver, pancreas, esophagus,
and duodenum are often already affected at
the time of diagnosis. Metastasis through lymph
to the peritoneal cavity occurs later in the
disease

16. Causes and Risk Factors for
Gastric Cancer
• the exact causes
unknown
Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer
Previous or family history >> male
Smoking cigarettes Helicobacter pylori
infection
Chronic gastritis Old age
A diet high in salted,
smoked, or poorly
preserved foods
A diet low in fruits and
veggies

19. Symptoms of Stomach Cancer
Symptoms in early stages Symptoms in advanced stages
Indigestion and stomach
discomfort
Trouble swallowing
A bloated feeling after eating Vomiting
Mild nausea Blood in the stool
Loss of appetite Weight loss for no known
reason
Heartburn Stomach pain
Jaundice
Ascites (buildup of fluid in the
abdomen)

28. Diagnostic and Treatment
Stomach Cancer
Diagnostic Treatment
Advanced stage may be
palpable as a mass,
Ascites and hepatomegaly
surgery
barium x-ray
Chemotherapeutic,
Commonly used single-
agent
CT of the chest abdomen
and Pelvis
radiation
Endoscopic ultrasound

29. Cancer of the Pancreas

30. Cancer of the Pancreas
• Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that affects
the pancreas, an organ that lies behind the
stomach and in front of the spine.
• The second most prevalent cancer of the
gastrointestinal area.
• In 2008, globally there were 280,000 new
cases of pancreatic cancer reported and
265,000 deaths.

31. Pancreatic Cancer Causes and Risk
Factors
• we cannot pinpoint what the
causes
Risk Factors
Smoker 2 to 3 times
more developed than
non smoker
Race. African-American
are diagnosed more
frequently
Age >> 50 y/o Having Diabetes.
Chronic Pancreatitis. Family History.
Obesity

32. Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the
eyes)
• Light-colored stools
• Dark urine
• Pain in the upper or middle abdomen and back
• Weight loss for no known reason
• Loss of appetite
• Feeling very tired

33. Type of Pancreatic Cancer
• Exocrine Cancer
– Ampullary cancer
– Adenosquamous carcinoma
– Squamous cell carcinoma
– Signet ring carcinoma
– Pancreatoblastoma
• Endocrine Cancer/neuroendocrine tumors.
– Gastrinoma
– Insulinoma
– Glucagonoma

34. Diagnostic and Treatment
Pancreatic Cancer
Diagnostic Treatment
GI x-ray surgery
Spiral (helical) CT
80-90% accurate
radiation,
ERCP chemotherapy,
MRI Combination
Endoscopic ultrasound
Biopsy

35. Colorectal Cancer

36. Colorectal Cancer
• Colorectal cancer is the development
of cancer in the colon or rectum.
• Globally more than 1 million people get
colorectal cancer every year

38. Pathophysiology
• Cancer of the colon and rectum is predominantly
(95%) adenocarcinoma (ie, arising from the
epithelial lining of the intestine) .
• It may start as a benign polyp but may become
malignant, invade and destroy normal tissues,
and extend into surrounding structures.
• Cancer cells may migrate away from the primary
tumor and spread to other parts of the body
(most often to the liver, peritoneum, and lungs)

39. Causes and Risk Factors for
Colorectal Cancer
• the exact causes
unknown
Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer
Previous or family history >> male
Smoking cigarettes Genital cancer or
breast cancer
lack of physical exercis Old age
History of gastrectomy.
colon cancer. adenomatous
polyps, inflammatory bowel
disease
Diet high intake of
fat, alcohol or red meat and
low-fiber diet

43. Symptoms Colorectal Cancer
• The symptoms are greatly determined by the
location of the tumor, the stage of the disease.
• The most common presenting symptom is ;
– worsening constipation.
– blood in the stool, decrease in stool caliber
(thickness),
– loss of appetite, loss of weight.
– Nausea or vomiting .
– rectal bleeding.
– Anemia/
– weight loss.
– change in bowel habit

48. Diagnostic and Treatment
Colorectal Cancer
Diagnostic Treatment
sigmoidoscopy surgery
barium enema radiation
Colonoscopy with biopsy
or cytology smears.
chemotherapy
Carcinoembryonic antigen
(CEA) studies
Palliative care
Endoscopic ultrasound

55. Management
• Maintaining Optimal Nutrition
• Providing Emotional Support
• Relieving Pain
• Preparing the Patient for Surgery and
Postoperative Care
• Maintaining Optimal Nutrition
• Providing Wound Care
• Monitoring and Managing
Complications
• Removing and Applying the
Colostomy Appliance 31