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1. Genesis of Global Financial CRISES 1 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

2. 1. Origins of the financial crisis. 2. The US current account deficits What about the economists who argue that they are sustainable? 3. Global climate change negotiations. A proposed new architecture. 2 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

4. National Saving very low,

5. current account deficit big,

6. leverage high,

7. mortgages imprudent…arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

8. US real interest rate < 0, 2003-04 4 Source: Benn Steil, CFR, March 2009 Real interest rates <0 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

9. 5 Source: “The EMBI in the Global Village,” Javier GomezMay 18, 2008 juanpablofernandez.wordpress.com/2008/05/ In 2003-07, market-perceived volatility, as measured by options (VIX), plummeted. So did spreads on US junk & emerging market bonds. In 2008, it all reversed. arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

10. 6 Six root causes of financial crisis 1. UScorporate governance falls short E.g., rating agencies; executive compensation … options; golden parachutes… 2. US households save too little,borrow too much. 3. Politicians slant excessively toward homeownership Tax-deductible mortgage interest, cap.gains; Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac; Allowing teasers, NINJA loans, liar loans… MSN Money & Forbes arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

11. 7 Six root causes of financial crisis,cont. 4. Starting 2001, the federal budgetwas set on a reckless path, reminiscent of 1981-1990 5. Monetary policy was too loose, during 2003-05, accommodating fiscal expansion,reminiscent of the Vietnam era. 6. Financial market participants during this period grossly underpriced risk. arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

12. 8 Federal budget deficits Underestimated riskin financial mkts Failures of corporate governance Households saving too little, borrowing too much Monetary policy easy 2004-05 Excessive leverage in financial institutions Housing bubble Low national saving Stock market bubble Stock market crash Housing crash China’s growth Financial crisis 2007-08 Lower long-term econ.growth Eventual loss of US hegemony Origins of the financial/economic crisis Homeownershipbias Predatory lending Excessive complexity MBSs Foreigndebt CDSs CDOs Gulf insta-bility Oil price spike 2007-08 Recession 2008-09 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

13. The US current account deficits Some economists argue they are sustainable 9 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

14. And as the 1990s progressed, the US experienced the longest economic expansion of its history; America was declared to have a New Economy. Currency crises hit Korea, and Southeast Asian countries in 1997-98. And Asians were told to emulate the US model, especially its financial system: corporate governance, accounting standards, consumer finance, innovative products, securities markets, rating agencies, and Anglo-American style banking (market-oriented & arms-length) 10 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

15. But as soon as the 2000s started,the 1990s assumptions were proven wrong Bursting of the US dot-com bubble (2000). Failure of US electoral institutions (Nov.2000). Failures of Sept.11(2001) & US response (Iraq, Guantanamo) Failure of US corporate governance in scandals of Enron, etc. (2001). Decade of flat median income and rising debt. 11 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

16. Financial crisis (2007-2009) Bursting of US housing bubble (2006) inevitably led to sub-prime mortgage crisis (2007). Less predictably, failures of US financial system led to disappearance of liquidity (2008) and the 2nd recession of the decade, the worst since the 1930s. The rest of the world followed. 12 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

17. Who got pieces of it right, beforehand? Krugman: If a Depression can happen in Japan, it can happen in any modern economy. Rajan: Failures of corporate governance. BIS (Borio & White): Too-easy credit, via asset prices, leads to crises -- with no inflation in between. Shiller: US housing price bubble. Gramlich: Homeowners are taking mortgages that they can’t repay. Rogoff: “This Time Is Not Different.” Roubini: The recession will be severe. 13 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

18. The US has lost its claim as an exclusive model for others to emulate The desirable principles haven’t changed, only the claim that the US uniquely embodies them Open democracy, rule of law Competition in goods markets Corporate governance focused on long-term shareholder value, not executives’ options prices nor empire-building. Government intervention to address market failure E.g., tax pollution (don’t subsidize fossil fuels). Supervise banks, under rules (don’t take them over). 14 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

19. The US is in a hole Adroit monetary & fiscal management has succeeded in limiting the length & severity of the recession. The turning point was probably early summer, 2009 => we have avoided the mistakes of the Depression, or Japan’s lost decades. But the long-term fiscal outlook – already bad – has gotten worse. 15 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

21. By 2014 (at ≈ 120%), it could be triple.arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

22. The US financial positionhas deteriorated internationally The twin deficits China is now our largest creditor The dollar appears in long-term decline. 17 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

23. Exorbitant Privilege of $ Among those who argue that the US current account deficit is sustainable are some who believe that the US will continue to enjoy the unique privilege of being able to borrow virtually unlimited amounts in its own currency. 18 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

24. When does the “privilege” become “exorbitant?” if it accrues solely because of size & history, without the US having done anything to earn the benefit by virtuous policies such as budget discipline, price stability & a stable exchange rate. Since 1973, the US has racked up $10 trillion in debt and the $ has experienced a 30% loss in value compared to other major currencies. It seems unlikely that macroeconomic policy discipline is what has earned the US its privilege ! 19 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

25. The “Bretton Woods II” hypothesis Dooley, Folkerts-Landau, & Garber (2003) : today’s system is a new Bretton Woods, with Asia playing the role that Europe played in the 1960s—buying up $ to prevent their own currencies from appreciating. More provocatively: China is piling up dollars not because of myopic mercantilism, but as part of an export-led development strategy that is rational given China’s need to import workable systems of finance & corporate governance. 20 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

27. but we are closer to 1971 than to 1944 or 1958.

28. Why did the BW system collapse in 1971?The Triffin dilemma could have taken decades to work itself out. But the Johnson & Nixon administrations accelerated the processby fiscal & monetary expansion (driven by the Vietnam War & Arthur Burns, respectively). These policies produced: declining external balances, $ devaluation, & the end of Bretton Woods. 21 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

29. There is no reason to expect better today: Capital mobilityis much higher now than in the 1960s. The US can no longer necessarily rely on support of foreign central banks: neither on economic grounds(they are not now, as they were then, organized into a cooperative framework where each agrees explicitly to hold $ if the others do), nor on political grounds(China & OPEC are not the staunch allies the US had in the 1960s). 3) A possible rival currency to the $ exists. 22 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

30. Central banks’ reserve holdingsFrankel & Chinn (2007)estimated effects of country size, market depth, ability to hold value, and network effects Simulation suggests € could overtake $ by 2022. 23 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

32. Chinese warnings in 2009 may have marked a turning point:

33. Premier Wen worried US T bills will lose value.On Nov. 10 he urged the US to keep its deficit at an “appropriate size” to ensure the “basic stability” of the $.

34. PBoC Gov. Zhou in March proposed replacing $ as international currency, with the SDR.arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

35. The global monetary systemmay move from dollar-based to multiple international reserve currencies The € could challenge the $. The SDR is again part of the system. Gold in2009 made a comeback as an international reserve too. Someday the RMB will join the roster with ¥ & ₤. = a multiple international reserve asset system. 25 SDR arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

36. Lessons from the global financial crisis of 2008-09 For emerging markets Decoupling? What characteristics suited countries to weather the storm of 2008-09 better than others? For the field of macroeconomics: phylloxera analogy. For global governance: the G20. 26 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

37. Decoupling? Initial hopes of decoupling succumbed at the height of the crisis: Financial contagion Asian exports were especially hard-hit. 27 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

38. Asian exports plummeted 28 via RGE Monitor 2009 Global Outlook arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

39. But, in the end, there was a measure of decoupling after all. Asia has come roaring back. Asia now constitutes an independent “growth pole” in the world. 29 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

40. Which bystanders got hit the worst by the global liquidity crisis of 2008? Most emerging markets had followed the lessons of the 1990s crises: small or no current account deficits more flexible exchange rates more reserves less short-term & $-denominated loans Those that didn’t are those that got into worse trouble: Central & Eastern Europe. 30 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

41. The Early Warning Indicators literature, updated Reserves Economists wondered if emerging market reserves had gotten too high by 2007 – Jeanne (2007), Summers (2006), Rodrik (2006) But high reserves appear to have paid off in 2008. Aizenman (2009) and Obstfeld, Shambaugh & Taylor (2009, 2010) Low short-term foreign debt Sachs, Tornell & Velasco (1996), Frankel-Rose (1996), Guidotti Rule, Bussiere, Frankel & Matthieu (2010) Other leading signals Equity prices: Kaminsky, Lizondo & Reinhart (1998); Rose & Spiegel (2009) See also Wei & Tong (2010) 31 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

42. “Where should mainstream macro go,inlightofthe2007-09 globalfinancialcrisis?” Some models that had been thriving in an emerging markets context may now help answer this question. Some were applications of models originally designed for advanced-country financial markets, but never fully incorporated into the mainstream macro core. A possible explanation why they had been transplanted to emerging markets: assumptions of imperfections in financial markets were considered more acceptable there, than in the context of advanced economies. 32 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

43. Financial crises: Not just for emerging markets anymore.An analogy In the latter part of the 19th century most of the vineyards of France were destroyed by Phylloxera. Eventually a desperate last resort was tried: grafting susceptible European vines onto resistant American root stock. Purist French vintners initially disdained what the considered compromising the refined tastes of their grape varieties. But it saved the European vineyards, and did not impair the quality of the wine. The New World had come to the rescue of the Old. 33 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

44. Implications of the 2008 financial crisis for macroeconomics? In 2007-08, the global financial system was grievously infected by “toxic assets” originating in the United States. Many ask what fundamental rethinking is necessary to save orthodox macroeconomic theory. Some answers may lie with models that have been applied to the realities of emerging markets. Purists may be reluctant to seek help from this direction. But they should not fear that the hardy root stock of emerging market models is incompatible with fine taste. 34 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

45. What are some of these models? Asymmetric information Credit rationing (Stiglitz…) Need for collateral (Kiyotaki & Moore, Caballero…) The credit channel (Bernanke & Gertler… ) Balance sheet effects (Calvo…) Bank runs & multiple equilibria (Diamond & Dybvyg; Velasco…) Speculative attacks (Krugman; Obstfeld; Morris & Shin…) Moral hazard & incentive incompatibility (Dooley; McKinnon & Pill…) 35 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

46. Also newly relevant are some almost-forgotten and less-formalized notions of cycles: the credit cycle of von Hayek, the bubbles & panics of Kindleberger, the Minsky moment, and Irving Fisher’s debt deflation. 36 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

47. The G-20 G-20 meetings in 2009: London in April Pittsburg in October 37 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

48. How successful were the measures supported by US & Korea at the G-20 meetings (2009)? Coordinated fiscal stimulus to fight the recession as in the locomotive plan of G7’s Bonn Summit of 1978: no formal agreement, but it seemed to happen anyway. Unexpected revival of the SDR and tripling IMF resources The usual agreement for a standstill/rollback in trade barriers. Some backsliding followed, & little progress in Doha Round; on the US side: tariffs on Chinese tires, inability to ratify FTAs. But, so far, not a bad trade record, for a severe recession. 38 SDR arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

49. Whatever the causes of the great recession, the policy response avoided 1930s mistakes: No Smoot-Hawley tariffs No failed London Economic Summit Aggressive monetary expansion rather than contraction. Fiscal expansion too. 39 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

50. The true significance of the G-20 in 2009 The G-20 accounts for 85% of world GDP. A turning point: The more inclusive group has suddenly become central to global governance, eclipsing the G-7, and thereby at last giving major developing/emerging countries some representation, after decades of fruitless talk about raising emerging-market representation in IMF. 40 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

51. Four items on G-20 agenda for 2010 Possible financial regulatory reform Some steps underway in Basle, Financial Stability Forum The Europeans would like more, but are unlikely to get it. Personally, I might favor a small global tax on financial transactions. Macroeconomic exit strategies Global imbalances between developing countries and industrialized US and China should both admit responsibility US: the budget deficit is too big. Needs to be fixed. China: RMB is too low. Needs to be unfixed. Post-Copenhagen progress toward new agreement on climate change to take effect 2012. 41 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

52. Two principles of multilateral institutions 1. It is inevitable that more power go to large-GDP countries than small. This is why IMF works better than UN . The problem is that China, India, Korea, Brazil, etc.,are larger than Canada, Netherlands… Hence the G-20. The outcome must leave small countries better off, of course, or they will not go along. 42 2. Conversation is not possible with more than 20 in the room. arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

54. with small steering groups (US-EU, the Quad & G-7)

55. and few demands placed on developing countries.

56. Failed when developing countries had become big enough to matter,

57. but were not given enough role:

58. Doha Roundarifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

59. Conversation is not possible with more than 20 people in the room. Delegates just read their talking points. The latest evidence: The Climate Change CoP in Copenhagen The UNFCCC proved an ineffectual vehicle Incompetent management of logistics Small countries repeatedly blocked progress Obama was able to make more progress at the end with a small group of big emitters. Korea is in a good position to build on this progress As the 1st non-Annex I country to take on binding emission targets. To be honest, the G-20 is too big. My recommendation: an informal steering group within G-20. 44 arifanees.com - Information-Inspiration-Perspiration

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