2. Predisposition for criminal behavior
Cesar Lombroso, was an early pioneer of Hirshi’s self-
control theory. Lombroso was correct that there are
physical attributes of a criminal type. Hirshi’s self-control
theory further supports Lombroso’s work. Hirshi’s theory of
low self-control (phenotype) connection to criminality is
actually a biosocial theory (Lily, et. al, 2011, p. 362).
There is no one specific gene or even a set of gene’s for
criminal behavior but endophenotypes (heritable genetic
traits and/or combinations thereof) that contribute to
individual criminal tendencies (DeLisi, et. al, 2011).
3. Natural Selection
• Genetic mutation has allowed certain branches of species
to survive by passing genetic mutations on from one
generation to the next also known as Mendelian
(inherited) internal disorders.
• However, endophenotypes are the genetic makeup of an
individual that may create genetic liability that can set the
groundwork for “psychiatric and antisocial phenotypes”
presenting as outward symptoms frequently associated
with criminal behavior (DeLisi, et. al, 2011).
4. Risk Factors
• Hirshi’s theory was based on low level’s of self-control
due to bad or ineffective parenting. Self-control is an
executive level of the brain and “…causes are more
genetic than social”. Therefore, Hirishi’s self control theory
is more aligned as a biosocial theory than strictly a social
one (DeLisi, et. al, 2011).
• Often associated risk factors for criminal behavior and
low self control are:
Low IQ ADHD Conduct Disorder
5. Genotype----Endophenotype----Phenotype Model
Low self control
Physical Risk- Simple Temper
Impulsivity Self- tasks/
activity taking/sensation centered/narcissistic
seeking tenacity
DRD4
NOS1 GABRA2 DRD2
5HTTLPR MAOA
AR DRD4 NOS1 COMT
DAT1 AR
NOS1 DRD2 TPH
ANKK1 DAT1 COMT
(DeLisi, et. al, 2011)
6. Environment
• Environmental toxins brings out or cultivates biological
traits into behavioral liabilities.
• Exposure to chemical toxins can
turn genes on or off.
• Links have been made between
toxins such as lead, mercury and
antisocial and aggressive behavior.
(Ellis, 2005).
7. Gene Mapping
• Should genome research be used to determine criminal
traits; and if so, should it be used for selective reduction of
pregnancies?
• Or should it be used to understand a person as a whole in
treatment and rehabilitation? Or in preventative
programs?
• How should gene mapping be used to in relation to social
factors and in the study of criminology?
8. References
DeLisi, M., Wright, J., Beaver, K., & Vaughn, M. G. (2011). Teaching Biosocial
Criminology I: Understanding Endophenotypes Using Gottfredson and
Hirschi’s Self‐Control Construct. Journal Of Criminal Justice
Education, 22(3), 360-376. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.519713
Ellis, Lee. (2005). Theory explaining the biological correlates of criminality.
European Journal of Criminology, 2(3), 287−314.
Lily, J.R., Ball, R.A, Cullen F.T. (2011). Criminological theory: Context and
consequences (5th ed.) Los Angeles, CA : Sage Publications, Inc.
