G1 is the group of 2x2 non-singular matrices under matrix multiplica.pdf
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G1 is the group of 2x2 non-singular matrices under matrix multiplication. G2 is the same as G1. f is defined as f(a,b;c,d)=(a,c;b,d). Either prove f is a homomorphism or provide a counterexample Solution Let A=(1,2;3,1), B=(1,4;5,1). Then T(AB) is not equal to T(A)T(B)..
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Give five latest and uncommon research topics in intelligent vehicul.pdf
Give five latest and uncommon research topics in intelligent vehicular networks.
Solution
1. Multimedia Services
2.Routing , Challenges in Security and Navigation Systems
3.Assisted geographic routing in urban environment.
4.Vehicular Wireless Medium Access Control
5.Automotive Electronics and Automatic Control
6.Traffic and Intelligent Transport System in Vehicular Networks
7.Cognitive and Context-aware Intelligence.
Give examples of teams you have been on that are poor or excellent .pdf
Give examples of teams you have been on that are poor or excellent? What did the role of the
leader play?
Solution
Perhaps nowhere is the importance of good leadership as apparent as in a sports team. A good
sports team captain can lead his team to success and recognition; and can help a moderate team
play better; whereas, a weak captain with poor leadership skills can hinder a team.
Give critics on SULLIVAN hospital case study visioning processSo.pdf
Give critics on SULLIVAN hospital case study visioning process
Solution
CEO has initiated changes due to concerns of market share loss and decreasing patient
satisfaction.
CEO and president of the other associated hospital have difference personalities and leadership
styles but appear to work well together.
The work in the hospitals appear highly compartmentalized.
Hospital managers lacks access to operational data.
Does not appear that there are common definitions of critical objectives.
TQM was selected as the cure without much analysis or diagnosis.
Hospital\'s mission is not clear.
Drivers for change include competition, encouragement by government agencies to adopt TQM,
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Unclear when or who engaged the large consulting firm on the work redesign project. Will this
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Give an example of an export and an importSolutionExport A co.pdf
Give an example of an export and an import
Solution
Export: A commodity that is availanle in surplus in a country and is in great demand outside the
country will be considered for exports. By exports foreign currency enters the local market and
the currency value starts to increase. The country can make good money by practising exports.
Example: US exports a lot of material goods like commercial aircrafts, industrial machines,
semiconductors and medical equipments etc.
Import: Import is a commodity that flows into the country as a result of either government direct
purchase or traders purchase from other nations. Imports happen when the home country lacks
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Give an example of two divergent sequences X and Y such that a.) .pdf
Give an example of two divergent sequences X and Y such that:
a.) their sum X + Y converges
b.) their product XY converges.
Solution
a) Make the sum constant, so that will guarantee that the series converges. For instance, xn can
be the sequence (1,-1,1,-1,.....) and yn can be the sequence (-1,1,-1,1,....) so that th sum is the
constant sequence 0.
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Give an example of a non-Abelian group that has exactly four element.pdf
Give an example of a non-Abelian group that has exactly four elements of order 10.
Solution
D10 is isomorphic to the semidirect product Z5?Z2.
Interestingly, the unicode description of ? is \"right normal factor semidirect product\", even
though all the references I have seen that use the symbol use it to refer to the factor on the _left_
being the normal subgroup.
the order of fr in D10 is 2, not 10: (fr)2 = frfr = ffr-1r = e. Indeed, D10 contains no elements of
order 10.
The easiest way to do this is to note that Z10 under addition contains exactly four elements of
order 10 - namely, 1, 3, 7, and 9. Of course, Z10 is abelian, but you know that D20 contains a
normal subgroup isomorphic to Z10, and is not abelian. Thus, in D20, r, r3, r7, and r9 are
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Give an example of a function f:N->Z that is surjective but not injective
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and x * sin x is periodic , so it cannot be injective
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Give an Euler Circuit through the graph by listing the vertices in t.pdf
Give an Euler Circuit through the graph by listing the vertices in the order visted.
Give an Euler Circuit through the graph by listing the vertices in the order visted.
Solution
it goes like this M -- O --J--N --I -- K -- L after l it comes back to M hence euler
circuit , and every vertex has even degree also.
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Solution
1. Multimedia Services
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play better; whereas, a weak captain with poor leadership skills can hinder a team.
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Give critics on SULLIVAN hospital case study visioning process
Solution
CEO has initiated changes due to concerns of market share loss and decreasing patient
satisfaction.
CEO and president of the other associated hospital have difference personalities and leadership
styles but appear to work well together.
The work in the hospitals appear highly compartmentalized.
Hospital managers lacks access to operational data.
Does not appear that there are common definitions of critical objectives.
TQM was selected as the cure without much analysis or diagnosis.
Hospital\'s mission is not clear.
Drivers for change include competition, encouragement by government agencies to adopt TQM,
customer dissatisfaction.
Unclear when or who engaged the large consulting firm on the work redesign project. Will this
work conflict with Donald Fulton\'s effor.
Hospital policies seem restrictive and overly limiting. Prevent taking appropriate actions by the
best person to assess the need..
Give an example of an export and an importSolutionExport A co.pdf
Give an example of an export and an import
Solution
Export: A commodity that is availanle in surplus in a country and is in great demand outside the
country will be considered for exports. By exports foreign currency enters the local market and
the currency value starts to increase. The country can make good money by practising exports.
Example: US exports a lot of material goods like commercial aircrafts, industrial machines,
semiconductors and medical equipments etc.
Import: Import is a commodity that flows into the country as a result of either government direct
purchase or traders purchase from other nations. Imports happen when the home country lacks
the necessary resources either to naturally produce or the artificially manufacture the same.
Example : US imports include computer accessories, telecommunication equipment, apparel etc..
Give an example of two divergent sequences X and Y such that a.) .pdf
Give an example of two divergent sequences X and Y such that:
a.) their sum X + Y converges
b.) their product XY converges.
Solution
a) Make the sum constant, so that will guarantee that the series converges. For instance, xn can
be the sequence (1,-1,1,-1,.....) and yn can be the sequence (-1,1,-1,1,....) so that th sum is the
constant sequence 0.
b) Again, the same example as above will have the product sequence to be constant at -1..
Give an example of a non-Abelian group that has exactly four element.pdf
Give an example of a non-Abelian group that has exactly four elements of order 10.
Solution
D10 is isomorphic to the semidirect product Z5?Z2.
Interestingly, the unicode description of ? is \"right normal factor semidirect product\", even
though all the references I have seen that use the symbol use it to refer to the factor on the _left_
being the normal subgroup.
the order of fr in D10 is 2, not 10: (fr)2 = frfr = ffr-1r = e. Indeed, D10 contains no elements of
order 10.
The easiest way to do this is to note that Z10 under addition contains exactly four elements of
order 10 - namely, 1, 3, 7, and 9. Of course, Z10 is abelian, but you know that D20 contains a
normal subgroup isomorphic to Z10, and is not abelian. Thus, in D20, r, r3, r7, and r9 are
elements of order 10, and it is easy to verify that D20 has no other elements of order 10. So that
would be the simplest example..
Give an example of a function fN-Z that is surjective but not inje.pdf
Give an example of a function f:N->Z that is surjective but not injective
Solution
let f(x) = floor(x * sinx)
since sin x can be negative , it will cover both the positive and negative integers
and x * sin x is periodic , so it cannot be injective
hence f(x) is surjective but not injective.
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Give an Euler Circuit through the graph by listing the vertices in the order visted.
Give an Euler Circuit through the graph by listing the vertices in the order visted.
Solution
it goes like this M -- O --J--N --I -- K -- L after l it comes back to M hence euler
circuit , and every vertex has even degree also.
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here are the ongoing projects
1) . Wireless Sensor Networks Technology for Smart Buildings. ( pre court energy efficieny
center stanford university) .
2) .intilligent buliding management & A Sense Diary System for Intelligent Buildings( university
of manchester)
3) . Bringing the Semantic Sensor Web to Smart Buildings( Knowledge and Data Engineering
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4) .Intelligent and Energy Efficient Buildings (virginia)
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Give 4 reasons why third world countries have misconceptions about the IMF
Solution
Give 4 reasons while Indonesia and Australia have to work together even with the latest spat
between the two
Answer: Following are the reasons behind the cooperation of Indonesia and Australia depsite the
latest spat:
Give 4 reasons why third world countries have misconceptions about the IMF
Answer: Following are the reasons for third word countries misconceptions about the IMF:.
Georgia works as a florist.She has 93 roses to arrange in vases.Each.pdf
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many roses will Georgia have left
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93 roses, 6 roses/vase. 93/6 = 15.5 .5 vases means 1/2 vases. 1/2 vases means she
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General thoughts on Civil Engineering.I Have a discussion Board on.pdf
General thoughts on Civil Engineering.
I Have a discussion Board on:
Solution
By the first look of the report card I was surprised to see that a developed economy like that of
america has such a bad condition with its infrastructure. Trillions of investment are to be done in
the infrastructure sector to get back in track and salvage the pride of the nation.
The civil engineers have to enlighten the US citizens and law makers about the dire need for
addressing the issues with infrastructure. ASCE has given a D+ in the latest report card and cited
insufficient water ways, roads and urgent maintenance requirement for existing bridges and
dams. The media is the best way to for civil engineers to put forward these issues to the general
public. All the requirements and and consequences are to be showcased with clarity so that the
public and law makers can understand its importance.
The public can be educated about the importance of infra structure and the problems and
disasters they may face if proper investments are not done within time..
George performed a hypothesis test. Luis checked GeorgeSolution .pdf
George performed a hypothesis test. Luis checked George
Solution
I\'m sorry, but I grew up with PEMDAS! Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
Parentheses, Exponents, Multipication AND Division, Addition AND Subtraction (They are
interchangeable) If you take this into account; 6/2(1+2) Parentheses: 1+2 = 3 Exponents:
Obvious there are none. Multipication AND Division: 6 DIVIDED by 2 = 3 Now all you are left
with is 3(3). 3 TIMES 3 is 9!.
George Forbes operates a law office under the name George Forbes, La.pdf
George Forbes operates a law office under the name George Forbes, Law Offices. On June 30,
2002, the balance sheet showed Cash $3,000, Accounts Receivable $1,200, Supplies $600,
Office Equipment $5,900, Accounts Payable $3,400, and George Forbes, Capital, $7,300.
During July the following transactions occurred:
1. Collected $1,000 of account receivable.
2. Paid $2,800 cash on accounts payable.
3. Earned fees of $7,500, of which $3,500 is collected in cash and the balance is due in August.
4. Purchased additional office equipment for $1,500, paying $500 in cash and the balance on
account.
5. Paid salaries $1,600, rent for July $800, and advertising expenses, $250.
6. Withdrew $750 in cash for personal use.
7. Received $3,000 from the Bank of Montreal money borrowed on a note payable.
8. Incurred utility expenses for month on account, $275.
Instructions:
a) Beginning with June 30 balances, prepare a tabular analysis of the July transactions. The
column headings should be as follows: Cash + Accounts Receivable + Supplies + Office
Equipment = Accounts Payable + George Forbes, Capital.
(b) Prepare an income statement for July, a statement of owner\'s equity for July and a balance
sheet at July 31
Solution
Tabular analysis of the July transactions
S.No.
Cash
+
Accounts Receivable
+
Supplies
+
Office Equipment
=
Accounts Payable
+
George Forbes, Capital
Balance
$ 3,000
+
$ 1,200
+
$ 600
+
$ 5,900
=
$ 3,400
+
$ 7,300
1
$ 1,000
+
$ (1,000)
+
+
=
+
2
$ (2,800)
+
+
+
=
$ (2,800)
+
3
$ 3,500
+
$ 4,000
+
+
=
+
$ 7,500
4
$ (500)
+
+
+
$ 1,500
=
$ 1,000
+
5
$ (2,650)
+
+
+
=
+
$ (2,650)
6
$ (750)
+
+
+
=
+
$ (750)
7
$ 3,000
+
+
+
=
$ 3,000
+
8
$ (275)
$ (275)
Ending Balance
$ 3,525
+
$ 4,200
+
$ 600
+
$ 7,400
=
$ 4,600
+
$ 11,125
Income Statement:
Fees revenue
$ 7,500
Less: Salaries Expenses
$ (1,600)
Less: Rent Expenses
$ (800)
Less: advertising expenses
$ (250)
Less: utility expenses
$ (275)
Net income
$ 4,575
Statement of owner\'s equity
Beginning balance
$ 7,300
Net income
$ 4,575
Less: Withdrawals
$ (750)
Ending balance
$ 11,125
Balance sheet at July 31
Assets:
Cash
$ 3,525
Accounts Receivable
$ 4,200
Supplies
$ 600
Office Equipment
$ 7,400
Total Assets
$ 15,725
Liabilities
Accounts Payable
$ 4,600
Owner\'s equity
$ 11,125
Total Liabilities and Equity
$ 15,725
Tabular analysis of the July transactions
S.No.
Cash
+
Accounts Receivable
+
Supplies
+
Office Equipment
=
Accounts Payable
+
George Forbes, Capital
Balance
$ 3,000
+
$ 1,200
+
$ 600
+
$ 5,900
=
$ 3,400
+
$ 7,300
1
$ 1,000
+
$ (1,000)
+
+
=
+
2
$ (2,800)
+
+
+
=
$ (2,800)
+
3
$ 3,500
+
$ 4,000
+
+
=
+
$ 7,500
4
$ (500)
+
+
+
$ 1,500
=
$ 1,000
+
5
$ (2,650)
+
+
+
=
+
$ (2,650)
6
$ (750)
+
+
+
=
+
$ (750)
7
$ 3,000
+
+
+
=
$ 3,000
+
8
$ (275)
$ (275)
Ending Balance
$ 3,525
+
$ 4,200
+
$ 600
+
$ 7,400
=
$ 4,600
+
$ 11,125
Income Statement:
Fees revenue
$ 7,500
Less: Salaries Expenses
$ (1,600)
Less: Rent Expenses
$ (800)
Less: advertising expenses
$ (250)
Less: utility expenses
$ (275)
Net income
$ .
General Journal Entry Worksheet Options to Choose from the Income St.pdf
General Journal Entry Worksheet Options to Choose from the Income Statement and Balance
Sheet:
-No Journal Entry Required
-Accounts Payable
-Accounts Receivable
-Accumulated Depreciation
-Advertising Expense
-Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
-Bad Debt Expense
-Buildings
-Cash
-Contributed Capital
-Cost of Goods Sold
-Delivery Expense
-Depreciation Expense
-Dividends (Declared)
-Dividends Payable
-Equipment
-Income Tax Expense
-Income Tax Payable
-Insurance Expense
-Interest Expense
-Interest Payable
-Interest Receivable
-Interest Revenue
-Inventory
-Land
-Legal Expense
-Notes Payable (long-term)
-Notes Payable (short-term)
-Notes Receivable
-Office Expenses
-Operating Expenses
-Other Current Assets
-Other Current Liabilities
-Other Expenses
-Other Noncurrent Assets
-Other Noncurrent Liabilities
-Other Revenue
-Prepaid Insurance
-Prepaid Rent
-Purchases
-Rent Expense
-Rent Payable
-Rent Revenue
-Repairs and Maintenance Expense
Solution.
Gary and Lakesha were married on December 31 last year. They are now.pdf
Gary and Lakesha were married on December 31 last year. They are now preparing their taxes
for the April 15 deadline and are unsure of their filing status. (You may select more than one
answer. Single click the box with the question mark to produce a check mark for a correct
answers and double click the box with the question mark to select their filling status.
Solution
Please give the complete details of the question to answer..
Galaxy A is moving away from us with a speed of 0.70c relative to th.pdf
Galaxy A is moving away from us with a speed of 0.70c relative to the earth. Galaxy B is
moving away from us in the opposite direction with a relative speed of 0.50c. Assume that the
earth and the galaxies are moving at constant velocities, so they are inertial reference frames.
How fast is galaxy A moving according to an observer in galaxy B?
_______ C
Solution
v=v1-v2=0.7c-(-0.5c)=1.2c.
G. With recent growth in the number of U.S. households wired for cab.pdf
G. With recent growth in the number of U.S. households wired for cable television, major
advertisers are now beginning to show an increased interest in cable advertising. Since its
inception, cable television has offered advertisers relatively inexpensive rates and selective target
audiences. For purposes of comparison, A.J. Bush and J.H. Leigh conducted a content analysis of
television commercials on three major networks, ABC, CBS and NBC, and three of the more
popular well established cable networks, CNN, ESPN and TBS. Once of the variables measured
was the number of advertisements shown during prime time (7:00-10:00) and late night (10:00-
12:00A.A.M.) viewing segments on two weekday evenings during November 2003. The results
are summarized in the table below.
Prime-Time
Late-Night
Totals
MAJOR NETWORKS
ABC
CBS
NBC
94
90
86
69
84
94
163
174
180
CABLE NETWORKS
TBS
CNN
ESPN
66
95
87
47
60
45
113
155
132
TOTALS
518
399
917
Suppose an advertisement is selected at random from advertisements shown on the two weekday
evenings during November 2003. What is the probability that the advertisement selected:
Prime-Time
Late-Night
Totals
MAJOR NETWORKS
ABC
CBS
NBC
94
90
86
69
84
94
163
174
180
CABLE NETWORKS
TBS
CNN
ESPN
66
95
87
47
60
45
113
155
132
TOTALS
518
399
917
Solution
Now this one is... [P(ABC and Late-Night) + P(CBS and Prime-Time)] / Total =
(69 + 90) / 917 = .1734 or 17.34%.
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Chapter 14 Introduction to Corpora.pdf
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Chapter 14 Introduction to Corporate Financing
1) Companies use what to forms to raise funds? Provide examples of each.
2) On average which do companies use more debt (loans) or equity (sell common stock)?.
3) What is another source of funding besides debt or equity?.
4) What are example of companies that had high debt ratios and fell into financial distress?
5) What is common stock? Define the associated accounts (Treasury stock, Issued shares, etc).
6) Charles Products has one stock issue in which it sold 10,000 shares to the public at $20 per
share. Fill in the following table Common shares ($1 par value per share) _____________
Additional paid-in capital ___________ Retained earnings _____________ Net common equity
$450,000.
7). What are stockholders entitled to, have control over and have approval on?
8) Describe the voting procedures. Include information on \"super majority\" and proxy voting.
9) What are the different classes of stock? How many classes do most companies have?
10). what is preferred stock? What is its characteristics?
11) Debt comes in many forms. Name and describe some of them.
12). Define prime rate.
13). what is a protective covenant?
14) Why is bundling and selling loans important?.
15) Name and describe two types of convertible securities.
Solution
1) Company can raise funds by issuing the Debt (loans) or issuing the shares or equity on the
financial markets. For e.g. Company X issues $10 million value, 10% coupon, 10 year maturity
Long term Bonds to raise the capital in the bond markets and issue new shares of value $10
million in the capital markets to raise funds in the amount desired of $ 20 million.
2) On an average the companies uses more equity as compared to the bonds because there is no
obligation to pay in equity as is required in the bonds.
3) Preferred share can also be used to raise funds. They provide regular dividends with lower
required return than equity.
4)American Airlines,Eastmen Kodak.
5) A common stock is a security that represents ownership in the organisation which is issuing
this common stock. Treasury stock is common stock repurchased by the issuer and is intended
for retirement or resale to the public. Outstanding shares are the stock being purchased by the
investors and held by them. Issued shares are the stock being issued by the firm and its equal to
the sum of outstanding shares and Treasury stock.
6) Common shares: $10,000
Additional paid-in capital: $190,000
Retained earnings: $450,000-$200,000=$250,000
7) Stockholders are entitled to Dividends in addition they have voting power on major issues in
the firm, have approval in the appointments of the Board of Directors, has right to sue for
wrongful acts..
g) What processes are used to dry woodSolutionWood drying (al.pdf
g) What processes are used to dry wood?
Solution
Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or wood seasoning) is reduction in the moisture content of
wood before its use.
1.Natural Seasoning--seasoning is carried out by allowing it to dry in natural air.The basic
principle is to stack the timber so that plenty of air can circulate around each piece. The timber is
stacked with wide spaces between each piece horizontally, and with strips of wood between each
layer ensuring that there is a vertical separation too.
2.Artificial seasoning--
i) BOILING--Timber is immersed in water and water is then boiled.
ii)CHEMICAL SEASONING--Timber is immersed in a solution of suitable salt,taken out and
seasoned in ordinary way
iii)ELECTRICAL SEASONING--High frequency alternating currents are used to dry timber.
Iv)KILN SEASONING--wood is dried in airtight chamber or oven
v)WATER SEASONING--wood is immersed in running stream of water for 2 to 4 weeks so that
sap is washed away by water..
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Chapter 15 How Corporations Raise .pdf
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Chapter 15 How Corporations Raise Venture Capital and
Issue Securities Homework
1) Define venture capital
2) Why do venture capital investors structure deals so that the venture capital managers have a
strong incentive to work hard?
3) Infant companies try to raise capital to get them through to where?
4) How is most venture capital is provided?
5) Who are angel investors?
6) How are venture capital firms involved with the companies they fund?
7) How are most venture capital firms organized and what is the life of this business?
8) What are venture capitalists looking for?
9) What is an IPO (Initial Public Offering)?
10) Compare primary offerings to secondary offerings
11) What is the first task in arranging a public issue?
12) What is the role of the underwrite in the issue?
13) Define the spread involved in arranging a public issue.
14) What is the role of the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)?
15) Describe the \"blue sky\" laws.
16) What is the prospectus?
17) Who arranges the \"road show\" and what occurs at the show?
18) Describe the how the issue goes from the issuing company to the actual investors in the
market.
19). what are some of the alternative ways to issue stock?
20) What is shelf registration and what are some advantages?.
21)What is private placement and what are advantages of private placement?
Solution
1) Define venture capital 1) Venture capital is investment for seed early-stage, emerging and
emerging growth companies. Venture capital funds invest in companies in exchange for equity in
the companies they invest in, which usually have a new technology or business model in high
technology industries, such as biotechnology and IT. Venture capital is invested for high rate of
return with high risk of investment. 2) Why do venture capital investors structure deals so that
the venture capital managers have a strong incentive to work hard? 3) Infant companies try to
raise capital to get them through to where? 3) Infant companies try to raise capital through
angel investors and super angels 4) How is most venture capital is provided? 4) Within the
venture capital industry, the general partners and other investment professionals of the venture
capital firm are often referred to as \"venture capitalists\". Venture capitalists provide the venture
capital, 5) Who are angel investors? 5) Angel investors are high net worth individuals who
will invest between $25,000 and $500,000 in your company in exchange for an ownership
interest. That can be done through an equity investment or something called “convertible debt,”
which is a short-term loan that is turned into equity if and when the company raises further
venture capital in a Series A offering of shares through an institutional firm like a venture capital
fund. 6) How are venture capital firms involved with the companies they fund? 6) Once you
have raised your seed round of funding and perhaps gotten to the point where you have your
product a.
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. Chapter 17 Payout Policy. 1) Wh.pdf
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. Chapter 17 Payout Policy
. 1) What are the two ways corporations pay out cash to shareholders?
2) What companies are more likely to pay dividends?
3) What companies are not likely to pay dividends? Give examples.
4) Name and describe the 4 dividend dates.
5) What do states prohibit in regards to dividends?
6) Companies are not allowed to pay dividends past what point?
7) Describe stock dividends and stock splits.
8) What is stock repurchases?
9) Name and describe the 4 methods of stock repurchases.
10) What is green mail?
11) What are some manager’s dividend policies? Describe \"smoothing dividends\".
12) Describe good and bad news regarding stock dividends.
13) What does Modiligliani and Miller\'s argument state?.
Solution
1(I) Dividends: This is the most common way to payout cash to shareholders. Dividend is paid
annually & the decision to payout dividends totally depends upon the management of the
company.
(II) Repurchase of Shares: This is another way to payout cash. The repurchase can be done in
multiple ways. The most common way is to buy the shares back from the open market on the
prevailing prices. The other way is accelerated buy-back.
2) Companies with no better projects & future investment plans are more likely to payout
dividends as the company doesn’t have any future projects, which can earn higher return than the
market return & hence, they prefer to payout most of the profit through dividend.
3) Companies with a promising future projects, which have potential to generate higher returns,
are very less likely to pay dividends as it’s always better to invest in a project with higher returns
as it will stimulate growth & increase the value of the company.
4)(I) Declaration Date: The date, when dividends are announced by the board of directors.
(II) Date of Record: The date, on which the company will determine its shareholders, or
\"holders of record,\" and the company will use this date to establish to whom it will send
financial reports, proxy statements and other information.
(III) Ex-dividend Date: After the company sets the date of record, the ex-dividend date is set by
either the stock exchange or the National Association of Securities Dealers. If an investor
purchases a stock on or after its ex-dividend date, he or she will not receive the declared cash
dividend; instead, the seller of the stock will be entitled to that dividend. Investors who purchase
the stock before the ex-dividend date will receive the dividend.
(IV) Payment Date: The date, on which the declared dividend will be paid.
5) Legal-Capital: States prohibit corporations to pay cash dividends from its “Legal Capital”. It
refers to the sum of assets contributed to a company by shareholders when they are issued shares.
Capital Surplus Account: Corporation are prohibited from paying dividends using the funds from
the capital surplus account.
Retained Earnings: States also prohibit corporations from paying dividends using their ret.
Galileo dropped weights from the leaning tower of Pisa and concluded.pdf
Galileo dropped weights from the leaning tower of Pisa and concluded that objects of different
weight still travel (when dropped) at the same speed. Did he use inductive or deductive reasoning
for this experiment?
Solution
Inductive...
(Induction is the process of discovering underlying law, rules, and principles from observation.
This would be like writing a rule book from watching the game. )
He first dropped the weights and after that made the conclusion.....
as there densities must be equal.
Fully discussexplain the followingExternal environmental sources.pdf
Fully discuss/explain the following:
External environmental sources
-Rate of market growth
-Number and type of competitors
-Nature and degree of political/legal constraints
Organization\'s characteristics
-Size
-Age
-Culture
Manager\'s characteristics
-Interpersonal skills
-Tolerance for ambiguity
-Commitment to the firm and its desired strategic outcomes
A. The 3 major categories of factors and 3 sub-categories of factors under each of the 3 major
categories affecting managerial discretion in terms of making decisions and taking actions.
B. From a strategic perspective, why is it important to understand those factors? Be specific.
Solution
Managerial Decision improtantly deals with the decisions manking and appropriately taking
acting actions in the organization to achieve the the targets and goals of the organization.
-It helps the managers to go long way,enables them to take appropriate decisions to handle
situations that gives the qualities of a leader.
-It helps the managers to manintain the balance and take the right decisions which do not lead to
any litigation and also use the resources to the maximum extent
-This managerial discrimination is usually used by the top level mangers like CEO of the
organizations.
-Managerial discremination is the key in goal attainment in the firm level.
FACTORS AFFFECTING THE MANAGERIAL DISCRIMINATION:
-There will be some factors like managerial and evecutive discrimination which affects the firms
while taking the actions on behalf of the the employess if the firms.
-Technological progress has been given a greater visibility to execitive and mangerial practices
as new information technologies have been developed for more clear vision actions to this
unprecedent levels.
-Incerase in the comouter sysytems along with the usage of internet has given the empowermnet
to public to take diciplinary actions against the top level of managers of the firm.
-The best example is when rhe terror attacks occurred in the United States of America which
created the a havoc in the whole world,they have now created a environment where the security
concers have become the most important for the goverment for the sake of the security of the
country,
-Managers has to closley monitor the activities to secure the nation and to keep every individual
safe and also their work place.
-Discretionary decisions are very much important to enable each unit to tailor the broad changes
and make them work collectively.
1..Oraganizational Charecterstics are:
-Size,culture and age of the organization.
-Availability of the resources to carry our their functions in the firm.
-Interaction between the employees to complete the task assinged and attainment of gaols.
2.External Charecterisitcs:
-Industry structure
-Market growth rate
-Type of competitors on the market
-Political and legal issues regarding the firm
- How to upgrade and differentiate their Product from other competitors products.
-Because of all these,Managerail discretion is importa.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
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Give 5 research project topics on SMART BUILDINGS TECHNOLOGY using s.pdf
Give 5 research project topics on SMART BUILDINGS TECHNOLOGY using sensors.
Solution
here are the ongoing projects
1) . Wireless Sensor Networks Technology for Smart Buildings. ( pre court energy efficieny
center stanford university) .
2) .intilligent buliding management & A Sense Diary System for Intelligent Buildings( university
of manchester)
3) . Bringing the Semantic Sensor Web to Smart Buildings( Knowledge and Data Engineering
Group, Trinity College Dublin)
4) .Intelligent and Energy Efficient Buildings (virginia)
5). electricity and water fixtures in house system ( virginia).
Give 4 reasons while Indonesia and Australia have to work together e.pdf
Give 4 reasons while Indonesia and Australia have to work together even with the latest spat
between the two
Give 4 reasons why third world countries have misconceptions about the IMF
Solution
Give 4 reasons while Indonesia and Australia have to work together even with the latest spat
between the two
Answer: Following are the reasons behind the cooperation of Indonesia and Australia depsite the
latest spat:
Give 4 reasons why third world countries have misconceptions about the IMF
Answer: Following are the reasons for third word countries misconceptions about the IMF:.
Georgia works as a florist.She has 93 roses to arrange in vases.Each.pdf
Georgia works as a florist.She has 93 roses to arrange in vases.Each vase holds 6 roses.How
many roses will Georgia have left
Solution
93 roses, 6 roses/vase. 93/6 = 15.5 .5 vases means 1/2 vases. 1/2 vases means she
only has enough to fill half, which means she will have 3 left over roses..
General thoughts on Civil Engineering.I Have a discussion Board on.pdf
General thoughts on Civil Engineering.
I Have a discussion Board on:
Solution
By the first look of the report card I was surprised to see that a developed economy like that of
america has such a bad condition with its infrastructure. Trillions of investment are to be done in
the infrastructure sector to get back in track and salvage the pride of the nation.
The civil engineers have to enlighten the US citizens and law makers about the dire need for
addressing the issues with infrastructure. ASCE has given a D+ in the latest report card and cited
insufficient water ways, roads and urgent maintenance requirement for existing bridges and
dams. The media is the best way to for civil engineers to put forward these issues to the general
public. All the requirements and and consequences are to be showcased with clarity so that the
public and law makers can understand its importance.
The public can be educated about the importance of infra structure and the problems and
disasters they may face if proper investments are not done within time..
George performed a hypothesis test. Luis checked GeorgeSolution .pdf
George performed a hypothesis test. Luis checked George
Solution
I\'m sorry, but I grew up with PEMDAS! Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
Parentheses, Exponents, Multipication AND Division, Addition AND Subtraction (They are
interchangeable) If you take this into account; 6/2(1+2) Parentheses: 1+2 = 3 Exponents:
Obvious there are none. Multipication AND Division: 6 DIVIDED by 2 = 3 Now all you are left
with is 3(3). 3 TIMES 3 is 9!.
George Forbes operates a law office under the name George Forbes, La.pdf
George Forbes operates a law office under the name George Forbes, Law Offices. On June 30,
2002, the balance sheet showed Cash $3,000, Accounts Receivable $1,200, Supplies $600,
Office Equipment $5,900, Accounts Payable $3,400, and George Forbes, Capital, $7,300.
During July the following transactions occurred:
1. Collected $1,000 of account receivable.
2. Paid $2,800 cash on accounts payable.
3. Earned fees of $7,500, of which $3,500 is collected in cash and the balance is due in August.
4. Purchased additional office equipment for $1,500, paying $500 in cash and the balance on
account.
5. Paid salaries $1,600, rent for July $800, and advertising expenses, $250.
6. Withdrew $750 in cash for personal use.
7. Received $3,000 from the Bank of Montreal money borrowed on a note payable.
8. Incurred utility expenses for month on account, $275.
Instructions:
a) Beginning with June 30 balances, prepare a tabular analysis of the July transactions. The
column headings should be as follows: Cash + Accounts Receivable + Supplies + Office
Equipment = Accounts Payable + George Forbes, Capital.
(b) Prepare an income statement for July, a statement of owner\'s equity for July and a balance
sheet at July 31
Solution
Tabular analysis of the July transactions
S.No.
Cash
+
Accounts Receivable
+
Supplies
+
Office Equipment
=
Accounts Payable
+
George Forbes, Capital
Balance
$ 3,000
+
$ 1,200
+
$ 600
+
$ 5,900
=
$ 3,400
+
$ 7,300
1
$ 1,000
+
$ (1,000)
+
+
=
+
2
$ (2,800)
+
+
+
=
$ (2,800)
+
3
$ 3,500
+
$ 4,000
+
+
=
+
$ 7,500
4
$ (500)
+
+
+
$ 1,500
=
$ 1,000
+
5
$ (2,650)
+
+
+
=
+
$ (2,650)
6
$ (750)
+
+
+
=
+
$ (750)
7
$ 3,000
+
+
+
=
$ 3,000
+
8
$ (275)
$ (275)
Ending Balance
$ 3,525
+
$ 4,200
+
$ 600
+
$ 7,400
=
$ 4,600
+
$ 11,125
Income Statement:
Fees revenue
$ 7,500
Less: Salaries Expenses
$ (1,600)
Less: Rent Expenses
$ (800)
Less: advertising expenses
$ (250)
Less: utility expenses
$ (275)
Net income
$ 4,575
Statement of owner\'s equity
Beginning balance
$ 7,300
Net income
$ 4,575
Less: Withdrawals
$ (750)
Ending balance
$ 11,125
Balance sheet at July 31
Assets:
Cash
$ 3,525
Accounts Receivable
$ 4,200
Supplies
$ 600
Office Equipment
$ 7,400
Total Assets
$ 15,725
Liabilities
Accounts Payable
$ 4,600
Owner\'s equity
$ 11,125
Total Liabilities and Equity
$ 15,725
Tabular analysis of the July transactions
S.No.
Cash
+
Accounts Receivable
+
Supplies
+
Office Equipment
=
Accounts Payable
+
George Forbes, Capital
Balance
$ 3,000
+
$ 1,200
+
$ 600
+
$ 5,900
=
$ 3,400
+
$ 7,300
1
$ 1,000
+
$ (1,000)
+
+
=
+
2
$ (2,800)
+
+
+
=
$ (2,800)
+
3
$ 3,500
+
$ 4,000
+
+
=
+
$ 7,500
4
$ (500)
+
+
+
$ 1,500
=
$ 1,000
+
5
$ (2,650)
+
+
+
=
+
$ (2,650)
6
$ (750)
+
+
+
=
+
$ (750)
7
$ 3,000
+
+
+
=
$ 3,000
+
8
$ (275)
$ (275)
Ending Balance
$ 3,525
+
$ 4,200
+
$ 600
+
$ 7,400
=
$ 4,600
+
$ 11,125
Income Statement:
Fees revenue
$ 7,500
Less: Salaries Expenses
$ (1,600)
Less: Rent Expenses
$ (800)
Less: advertising expenses
$ (250)
Less: utility expenses
$ (275)
Net income
$ .
General Journal Entry Worksheet Options to Choose from the Income St.pdf
General Journal Entry Worksheet Options to Choose from the Income Statement and Balance
Sheet:
-No Journal Entry Required
-Accounts Payable
-Accounts Receivable
-Accumulated Depreciation
-Advertising Expense
-Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
-Bad Debt Expense
-Buildings
-Cash
-Contributed Capital
-Cost of Goods Sold
-Delivery Expense
-Depreciation Expense
-Dividends (Declared)
-Dividends Payable
-Equipment
-Income Tax Expense
-Income Tax Payable
-Insurance Expense
-Interest Expense
-Interest Payable
-Interest Receivable
-Interest Revenue
-Inventory
-Land
-Legal Expense
-Notes Payable (long-term)
-Notes Payable (short-term)
-Notes Receivable
-Office Expenses
-Operating Expenses
-Other Current Assets
-Other Current Liabilities
-Other Expenses
-Other Noncurrent Assets
-Other Noncurrent Liabilities
-Other Revenue
-Prepaid Insurance
-Prepaid Rent
-Purchases
-Rent Expense
-Rent Payable
-Rent Revenue
-Repairs and Maintenance Expense
Solution.
Gary and Lakesha were married on December 31 last year. They are now.pdf
Gary and Lakesha were married on December 31 last year. They are now preparing their taxes
for the April 15 deadline and are unsure of their filing status. (You may select more than one
answer. Single click the box with the question mark to produce a check mark for a correct
answers and double click the box with the question mark to select their filling status.
Solution
Please give the complete details of the question to answer..
Galaxy A is moving away from us with a speed of 0.70c relative to th.pdf
Galaxy A is moving away from us with a speed of 0.70c relative to the earth. Galaxy B is
moving away from us in the opposite direction with a relative speed of 0.50c. Assume that the
earth and the galaxies are moving at constant velocities, so they are inertial reference frames.
How fast is galaxy A moving according to an observer in galaxy B?
_______ C
Solution
v=v1-v2=0.7c-(-0.5c)=1.2c.
G. With recent growth in the number of U.S. households wired for cab.pdf
G. With recent growth in the number of U.S. households wired for cable television, major
advertisers are now beginning to show an increased interest in cable advertising. Since its
inception, cable television has offered advertisers relatively inexpensive rates and selective target
audiences. For purposes of comparison, A.J. Bush and J.H. Leigh conducted a content analysis of
television commercials on three major networks, ABC, CBS and NBC, and three of the more
popular well established cable networks, CNN, ESPN and TBS. Once of the variables measured
was the number of advertisements shown during prime time (7:00-10:00) and late night (10:00-
12:00A.A.M.) viewing segments on two weekday evenings during November 2003. The results
are summarized in the table below.
Prime-Time
Late-Night
Totals
MAJOR NETWORKS
ABC
CBS
NBC
94
90
86
69
84
94
163
174
180
CABLE NETWORKS
TBS
CNN
ESPN
66
95
87
47
60
45
113
155
132
TOTALS
518
399
917
Suppose an advertisement is selected at random from advertisements shown on the two weekday
evenings during November 2003. What is the probability that the advertisement selected:
Prime-Time
Late-Night
Totals
MAJOR NETWORKS
ABC
CBS
NBC
94
90
86
69
84
94
163
174
180
CABLE NETWORKS
TBS
CNN
ESPN
66
95
87
47
60
45
113
155
132
TOTALS
518
399
917
Solution
Now this one is... [P(ABC and Late-Night) + P(CBS and Prime-Time)] / Total =
(69 + 90) / 917 = .1734 or 17.34%.
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Chapter 14 Introduction to Corpora.pdf
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Chapter 14 Introduction to Corporate Financing
1) Companies use what to forms to raise funds? Provide examples of each.
2) On average which do companies use more debt (loans) or equity (sell common stock)?.
3) What is another source of funding besides debt or equity?.
4) What are example of companies that had high debt ratios and fell into financial distress?
5) What is common stock? Define the associated accounts (Treasury stock, Issued shares, etc).
6) Charles Products has one stock issue in which it sold 10,000 shares to the public at $20 per
share. Fill in the following table Common shares ($1 par value per share) _____________
Additional paid-in capital ___________ Retained earnings _____________ Net common equity
$450,000.
7). What are stockholders entitled to, have control over and have approval on?
8) Describe the voting procedures. Include information on \"super majority\" and proxy voting.
9) What are the different classes of stock? How many classes do most companies have?
10). what is preferred stock? What is its characteristics?
11) Debt comes in many forms. Name and describe some of them.
12). Define prime rate.
13). what is a protective covenant?
14) Why is bundling and selling loans important?.
15) Name and describe two types of convertible securities.
Solution
1) Company can raise funds by issuing the Debt (loans) or issuing the shares or equity on the
financial markets. For e.g. Company X issues $10 million value, 10% coupon, 10 year maturity
Long term Bonds to raise the capital in the bond markets and issue new shares of value $10
million in the capital markets to raise funds in the amount desired of $ 20 million.
2) On an average the companies uses more equity as compared to the bonds because there is no
obligation to pay in equity as is required in the bonds.
3) Preferred share can also be used to raise funds. They provide regular dividends with lower
required return than equity.
4)American Airlines,Eastmen Kodak.
5) A common stock is a security that represents ownership in the organisation which is issuing
this common stock. Treasury stock is common stock repurchased by the issuer and is intended
for retirement or resale to the public. Outstanding shares are the stock being purchased by the
investors and held by them. Issued shares are the stock being issued by the firm and its equal to
the sum of outstanding shares and Treasury stock.
6) Common shares: $10,000
Additional paid-in capital: $190,000
Retained earnings: $450,000-$200,000=$250,000
7) Stockholders are entitled to Dividends in addition they have voting power on major issues in
the firm, have approval in the appointments of the Board of Directors, has right to sue for
wrongful acts..
g) What processes are used to dry woodSolutionWood drying (al.pdf
g) What processes are used to dry wood?
Solution
Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or wood seasoning) is reduction in the moisture content of
wood before its use.
1.Natural Seasoning--seasoning is carried out by allowing it to dry in natural air.The basic
principle is to stack the timber so that plenty of air can circulate around each piece. The timber is
stacked with wide spaces between each piece horizontally, and with strips of wood between each
layer ensuring that there is a vertical separation too.
2.Artificial seasoning--
i) BOILING--Timber is immersed in water and water is then boiled.
ii)CHEMICAL SEASONING--Timber is immersed in a solution of suitable salt,taken out and
seasoned in ordinary way
iii)ELECTRICAL SEASONING--High frequency alternating currents are used to dry timber.
Iv)KILN SEASONING--wood is dried in airtight chamber or oven
v)WATER SEASONING--wood is immersed in running stream of water for 2 to 4 weeks so that
sap is washed away by water..
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Chapter 15 How Corporations Raise .pdf
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Chapter 15 How Corporations Raise Venture Capital and
Issue Securities Homework
1) Define venture capital
2) Why do venture capital investors structure deals so that the venture capital managers have a
strong incentive to work hard?
3) Infant companies try to raise capital to get them through to where?
4) How is most venture capital is provided?
5) Who are angel investors?
6) How are venture capital firms involved with the companies they fund?
7) How are most venture capital firms organized and what is the life of this business?
8) What are venture capitalists looking for?
9) What is an IPO (Initial Public Offering)?
10) Compare primary offerings to secondary offerings
11) What is the first task in arranging a public issue?
12) What is the role of the underwrite in the issue?
13) Define the spread involved in arranging a public issue.
14) What is the role of the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)?
15) Describe the \"blue sky\" laws.
16) What is the prospectus?
17) Who arranges the \"road show\" and what occurs at the show?
18) Describe the how the issue goes from the issuing company to the actual investors in the
market.
19). what are some of the alternative ways to issue stock?
20) What is shelf registration and what are some advantages?.
21)What is private placement and what are advantages of private placement?
Solution
1) Define venture capital 1) Venture capital is investment for seed early-stage, emerging and
emerging growth companies. Venture capital funds invest in companies in exchange for equity in
the companies they invest in, which usually have a new technology or business model in high
technology industries, such as biotechnology and IT. Venture capital is invested for high rate of
return with high risk of investment. 2) Why do venture capital investors structure deals so that
the venture capital managers have a strong incentive to work hard? 3) Infant companies try to
raise capital to get them through to where? 3) Infant companies try to raise capital through
angel investors and super angels 4) How is most venture capital is provided? 4) Within the
venture capital industry, the general partners and other investment professionals of the venture
capital firm are often referred to as \"venture capitalists\". Venture capitalists provide the venture
capital, 5) Who are angel investors? 5) Angel investors are high net worth individuals who
will invest between $25,000 and $500,000 in your company in exchange for an ownership
interest. That can be done through an equity investment or something called “convertible debt,”
which is a short-term loan that is turned into equity if and when the company raises further
venture capital in a Series A offering of shares through an institutional firm like a venture capital
fund. 6) How are venture capital firms involved with the companies they fund? 6) Once you
have raised your seed round of funding and perhaps gotten to the point where you have your
product a.
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. Chapter 17 Payout Policy. 1) Wh.pdf
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. Chapter 17 Payout Policy
. 1) What are the two ways corporations pay out cash to shareholders?
2) What companies are more likely to pay dividends?
3) What companies are not likely to pay dividends? Give examples.
4) Name and describe the 4 dividend dates.
5) What do states prohibit in regards to dividends?
6) Companies are not allowed to pay dividends past what point?
7) Describe stock dividends and stock splits.
8) What is stock repurchases?
9) Name and describe the 4 methods of stock repurchases.
10) What is green mail?
11) What are some manager’s dividend policies? Describe \"smoothing dividends\".
12) Describe good and bad news regarding stock dividends.
13) What does Modiligliani and Miller\'s argument state?.
Solution
1(I) Dividends: This is the most common way to payout cash to shareholders. Dividend is paid
annually & the decision to payout dividends totally depends upon the management of the
company.
(II) Repurchase of Shares: This is another way to payout cash. The repurchase can be done in
multiple ways. The most common way is to buy the shares back from the open market on the
prevailing prices. The other way is accelerated buy-back.
2) Companies with no better projects & future investment plans are more likely to payout
dividends as the company doesn’t have any future projects, which can earn higher return than the
market return & hence, they prefer to payout most of the profit through dividend.
3) Companies with a promising future projects, which have potential to generate higher returns,
are very less likely to pay dividends as it’s always better to invest in a project with higher returns
as it will stimulate growth & increase the value of the company.
4)(I) Declaration Date: The date, when dividends are announced by the board of directors.
(II) Date of Record: The date, on which the company will determine its shareholders, or
\"holders of record,\" and the company will use this date to establish to whom it will send
financial reports, proxy statements and other information.
(III) Ex-dividend Date: After the company sets the date of record, the ex-dividend date is set by
either the stock exchange or the National Association of Securities Dealers. If an investor
purchases a stock on or after its ex-dividend date, he or she will not receive the declared cash
dividend; instead, the seller of the stock will be entitled to that dividend. Investors who purchase
the stock before the ex-dividend date will receive the dividend.
(IV) Payment Date: The date, on which the declared dividend will be paid.
5) Legal-Capital: States prohibit corporations to pay cash dividends from its “Legal Capital”. It
refers to the sum of assets contributed to a company by shareholders when they are issued shares.
Capital Surplus Account: Corporation are prohibited from paying dividends using the funds from
the capital surplus account.
Retained Earnings: States also prohibit corporations from paying dividends using their ret.
Galileo dropped weights from the leaning tower of Pisa and concluded.pdf
Galileo dropped weights from the leaning tower of Pisa and concluded that objects of different
weight still travel (when dropped) at the same speed. Did he use inductive or deductive reasoning
for this experiment?
Solution
Inductive...
(Induction is the process of discovering underlying law, rules, and principles from observation.
This would be like writing a rule book from watching the game. )
He first dropped the weights and after that made the conclusion.....
as there densities must be equal.
Fully discussexplain the followingExternal environmental sources.pdf
Fully discuss/explain the following:
External environmental sources
-Rate of market growth
-Number and type of competitors
-Nature and degree of political/legal constraints
Organization\'s characteristics
-Size
-Age
-Culture
Manager\'s characteristics
-Interpersonal skills
-Tolerance for ambiguity
-Commitment to the firm and its desired strategic outcomes
A. The 3 major categories of factors and 3 sub-categories of factors under each of the 3 major
categories affecting managerial discretion in terms of making decisions and taking actions.
B. From a strategic perspective, why is it important to understand those factors? Be specific.
Solution
Managerial Decision improtantly deals with the decisions manking and appropriately taking
acting actions in the organization to achieve the the targets and goals of the organization.
-It helps the managers to go long way,enables them to take appropriate decisions to handle
situations that gives the qualities of a leader.
-It helps the managers to manintain the balance and take the right decisions which do not lead to
any litigation and also use the resources to the maximum extent
-This managerial discrimination is usually used by the top level mangers like CEO of the
organizations.
-Managerial discremination is the key in goal attainment in the firm level.
FACTORS AFFFECTING THE MANAGERIAL DISCRIMINATION:
-There will be some factors like managerial and evecutive discrimination which affects the firms
while taking the actions on behalf of the the employess if the firms.
-Technological progress has been given a greater visibility to execitive and mangerial practices
as new information technologies have been developed for more clear vision actions to this
unprecedent levels.
-Incerase in the comouter sysytems along with the usage of internet has given the empowermnet
to public to take diciplinary actions against the top level of managers of the firm.
-The best example is when rhe terror attacks occurred in the United States of America which
created the a havoc in the whole world,they have now created a environment where the security
concers have become the most important for the goverment for the sake of the security of the
country,
-Managers has to closley monitor the activities to secure the nation and to keep every individual
safe and also their work place.
-Discretionary decisions are very much important to enable each unit to tailor the broad changes
and make them work collectively.
1..Oraganizational Charecterstics are:
-Size,culture and age of the organization.
-Availability of the resources to carry our their functions in the firm.
-Interaction between the employees to complete the task assinged and attainment of gaols.
2.External Charecterisitcs:
-Industry structure
-Market growth rate
-Type of competitors on the market
-Political and legal issues regarding the firm
- How to upgrade and differentiate their Product from other competitors products.
-Because of all these,Managerail discretion is importa.
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