The document discusses algorithms for computing full disjunctions over multiple relations. Full disjunctions maximally combine tuples from relations while allowing for incompleteness. The paper presents three algorithms: one for tree-structured schemas, one for general schemas, and an improved main algorithm. The algorithms aim to compute full disjunctions with polynomial delay, producing each result incrementally and in time linear in the output size.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
+12349014282
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
+12349014282
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the what'sapp number.
+12349014282
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to sell pi coins in Hungary (simple guide)DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇
+12349014282
The Rise of Generative AI in Finance: Reshaping the Industry with Synthetic DataChampak Jhagmag
In this presentation, we will explore the rise of generative AI in finance and its potential to reshape the industry. We will discuss how generative AI can be used to develop new products, combat fraud, and revolutionize risk management. Finally, we will address some of the ethical considerations and challenges associated with this powerful technology.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
+12349014282
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
+12349014282
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the what'sapp number.
+12349014282
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to sell pi coins in Hungary (simple guide)DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇
+12349014282
The Rise of Generative AI in Finance: Reshaping the Industry with Synthetic DataChampak Jhagmag
In this presentation, we will explore the rise of generative AI in finance and its potential to reshape the industry. We will discuss how generative AI can be used to develop new products, combat fraud, and revolutionize risk management. Finally, we will address some of the ethical considerations and challenges associated with this powerful technology.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
1. Full Disjunctions : Polynomial-Delay Iterators in Action VLDB 2006 Seoul, Korea Sara Cohen Technion Israel Yaron Kanza University of Toronto Canada Benny Kimelfeld Hebrew University Israel Yehoshua Sagiv Hebrew University Israel Itzhak Fadida Technion Israel
2.
3.
4.
5. The Natural Join Operator Climates Accommodations Sites Climates Accommodations Sites Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country temperate UK tropical Bahamas diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Nassau Toronto City Hilton Plaza Hotel Bahamas 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London London City Hyde Park Air Show Site UK Canada Country Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada
6. The Natural Join Misses Information Climates Accommodations Sites Climates Accommodations Sites Bahamas is not in Sites , so the natural join misses it temperate UK tropical Bahamas diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Nassau Toronto City Hilton Plaza Hotel Bahamas 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London London City Hyde Park Air Show Site UK Canada Country Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country
7. The Natural Join Misses Information Climates Accommodations Climates Accommodations Sites Bahamas is not in Sites , so the natural join misses it Mouth Logan is not in a city, hence missed temperate UK tropical Bahamas diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Nassau Toronto City Hilton Plaza Hotel Bahamas 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London London City Hyde Park Air Show Site UK Canada Country Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada Empty space means null value
8. The Natural Join Misses Information Climates Accommodations A looser notion of join is needed — one that enables joining tuples from some of the tables Climates Accommodations Sites Bahamas is not in Sites , so the natural join misses it Mouth Logan is not in a city, hence missed temperate UK tropical Bahamas diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Nassau Toronto City Hilton Plaza Hotel Bahamas 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London London City Hyde Park Air Show Site UK Canada Country Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada
9. The Natural Join Operator Climates Accommodations Sites Climates Accommodations Sites A tuple of the join corresponds to a set of tuples from the source relations Join consistent Connected No Cartesian product Complete One tuple from each relation Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country temperate UK tropical Bahamas diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Nassau Toronto City Hilton Plaza Hotel Bahamas 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London London City Hyde Park Air Show Site UK Canada Country Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada
10. Join-Consistent Sets of Tuples A set T of tuples is join-consistent if every two tuples of T are join-consistent Two tuples t 1 and t 2 are join-consistent if for every common attribute A : 1. t 1 [ A ] and t 2 [ A ] are non-null 2. t 1 [ A ] = t 2 [ A ] Ramada London Canada Stars Hotel City Country Air Show London Canada Site City Country
11.
12. Natural Join (w/o Cartesian Product) Each tuple of the result corresponds to a set T of tuples from the source relations T is join consistent 1. T is connected No Cartesian product 2. T is complete One tuple from each relation 3. JCC
13. Full Disjunction (Galindo-Legaria 1994) T is join consistent 1. Each tuple of the result corresponds to a set T of tuples from the source relations T is connected No Cartesian product 2. T is complete One tuple from each relation 3. T is maximal Not properly contained in any JCC set 3. JCC
14. An Example of a Full Disjunction Climates Accommodations Sites FD ( R ) R temperate UK diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Toronto City Plaza Hotel 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London City Air Show Site Canada Country Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country
15. An Example of a Full Disjunction Climates Accommodations Sites FD ( R ) R temperate UK diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Toronto City Plaza Hotel 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London City Air Show Site Canada Country Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country 4 Plaza Toronto diverse Canada
16. An Example of a Full Disjunction Climates Accommodations Sites FD ( R ) R temperate UK diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Toronto City Plaza Hotel 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London City Air Show Site Canada Country Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country 4 Plaza Toronto diverse Canada Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada
17. An Example of a Full Disjunction Climates Accommodations Sites FD ( R ) R temperate UK diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Toronto City Plaza Hotel 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London City Air Show Site Canada Country Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country 4 Plaza Toronto diverse Canada Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada Mouth Logan diverse Canada
18. An Example of a Full Disjunction Climates Accommodations Sites FD ( R ) R temperate UK diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Toronto City Plaza Hotel 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London City Air Show Site Canada Country Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country 4 Plaza Toronto diverse Canada Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada Mouth Logan diverse Canada Buckingham London temperate UK
19. An Example of a Full Disjunction Climates Accommodations Sites FD ( R ) R temperate UK diverse Canada Climate Country 3 Ramada London Canada Toronto City Plaza Hotel 4 Canada Stars Country Buckingham London UK Mouth Logan Canada London City Air Show Site Canada Country Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country 4 Plaza Toronto diverse Canada Air Show 3 Ramada London diverse Canada Mouth Logan diverse Canada Buckingham London temperate UK
20. Padding Joined Tuple Sets with Nulls Mouth Logan Canada Site City Country diverse Canada Climate Country Mouth Logan diverse Canada Stars Hotel Climate City Site Country
21. The Outerjoin Operator The outerjoin of two relations R 1 and R 2 R 1 R 2 The natural join R 1 R 2 and, in addition, all dangling tuples padded with nulls
22. Example of an Outerjoin Climates Accommodations temperate UK tropical Bahamas diverse Canada Climate Country 4 Atala Paris France Nassau Toronto City Hilton Plaza Hotel Bahamas 4 Canada Stars Country temperate UK Hilton Nassau tropical Bahamas diverse Climate Paris Toronto City Atala Plaza Hotel 4 France 4 Canada Stars Country Climates Accommodations
23. Combining Relations using Outerjoins The outerjoin operator is not associative For more than two relations, the result depends on the order in which the outerjoin is applied In general, outerjoins cannot maximally combine relations (no matter what order is used) Outerjoin is not suitable for combining more than two relations !
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25. Efficiency of Evaluation The full-disjunction operator (as well as other operators like the Cartesian product or the natural join ) can generate an exponential (in the input size) number of tuples Polynomial running time is not a suitable yardstick The usual notion: Polynomial time in the combined size of the input and the output
26. History of Algorithms for Full Disjunctions n : N : F : number of relations number of tuples in the DB number of tuples in the FD This paper: linear dependence on F F is typically very large Can be exponential in the size of the database Source Time Databases RU96 O ( n + F 2 ) -acyclic KS03 O ( n 5 N 2 F 2 ) general CS05 O ( n 3 N F 2 ) “ incremental polynomial” general
27. Polynomial Delay One way to obtain an evaluation with a running time linear in the output is to devise an algorithm that acts as an iterator with an efficient next () operator, that is, An enumeration algorithm that runs with polynomial delay An enumeration algorithm runs with polynomial delay if the time between every two successive answers is polynomial in the size of the input time
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30. Main Contributions 1. First algorithm for computing full disjunctions with polynomial delay 2. First algorithm for computing full disjunctions in time linear in the output 3. A general optimization technique for computing full disjunctions Division into biconnected components Substantial improvement over the state-of-art is proved theoretically and experimentally
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32. Our Algorithms Algorithm NLOJ Tree Schemes Algorithm PDelayFD General Schemes Division into Biconnected Components Optimization Algorithm BiComNLOJ Main Algorithm − General Schemes Combine
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34. Tree Schemes Scheme graphs w/o cycles In the scheme graph , the relation schemes are the nodes and there is an edge between every two schemes with one or more common attributes R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 R 6 R 7
35. Left-Deep Sequence of Outerjoins R : a set of relations with a tree scheme R 1 ,…, R n : a connected-prefix order of R 1. Compute a connected-prefix order of R 2. Apply outerjoins in a left-deep order FD ( R ) = (…(( R 1 R 2 ) R 3 ) …) R n Proposition: Algorithm NLOJ ( N ested L oop O uter J oin)
36. Connected-Prefix Order of Relations R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 R 6 R 7 R 1 R 3 R 2 R 7 R 4 R 5 R 6 A connected-prefix order of relations: Each prefix forms a (connected) subtree
37. Achieving Polynomial Delay 1. Compute a connected-prefix order of R 2. Apply outerjoins in a left-deep order R 1 … Problem: exp. delay Solution: use iterators Algorithm NLOJ ( N ested L oop O uter J oin) R 2 R 3 R n -1 R n Already exponential size !
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39. Using Iterators for Outerjoins R 1 … Iterator 1 Iterator n Iterator 2 Iterator n -1 R 2 R 3 R n -1 R n
40. Outerjoins are not Always Applicable It is not always possible to formulate a full disjunction as a left-deep sequence of outerjoins Rajaraman and Ullman [PODS 96] : Some full disjunctions cannot be formulated as expressions of outerjoins (i.e., with arbitrary placement of parentheses)
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43. Shifting a Maximal JCC Tuple Set T t -shifting T : t t t t -shift of T 1. Add t to T 2. Extract max. JCC subset containing t 3. Extend to a maximal JCC set T
44. Algorithm PDelayFD Validate that the t -shift is not already in Q or C 1. Generate a max. JCC set T 0 2. Insert T 0 into Q Repeat until Q is empty : 1. Move some T from Q to C 2. Print the join of T , padded with nulls 3. Insert into Q a t -shift of T for all tuples t in the database Output : … PDelayFD ( R ) computes FD ( R ) with polynomial delay C Q Theorem:
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47. Biconnected Components R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 7 R 5 R 6 R 8 Biconnected component : A maximal subset B of relations, s.t. the scheme graph has two (or more) disjoint paths between every two relations of B R 1 R 2 R 4 R 7 R 8 R 9 R 5 R 6 R 3
48. Left-Deep Sequence of Outerjoins R : a set of relations Theorem: Optimized Algorithm: 1. Compute the biconnected components of R 2. Compute the full disjunction of each component 3. Apply outerjoins in a suitable order There exists an (efficiently computable) order B 1 ,…, B k of the biconnected components of R , s.t . FD ( R ) = (…(( FD ( B 1 ) FD ( B 2 )) …) FD ( B k )
49. BiComNLOJ : a Naïve Attempt 1. Divide R into biconnected components -> B 1 ,… B k in a suitable order 2. Compute FD ( B 1 ) ,…, FD ( B k ) − using PDelayFD 3. U sing NLOJ , compute (…(( FD ( B 1 ) FD ( B 2 )) …) FD ( B k ) Each FD ( B i ) can be exponential in the input Non-polynomial delay! Solution: Iterator Iterator Iterator
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54. State-of-Art vs. Main Algorithm Number of Tuples in each Relation Average Delay (msec) IncrementalFD (state of art, CS05) BiComNJOJ our main algorithm BiComNLOJ is a substantial improvement over the state-of-art Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3
55. Division into Biconnected Components Number of Tuples in each Relation Average Delay (msec) Division reduces delays (amount depends on the scheme) PDelayFD (no division to b.c.c.) BiComNJOJ our main algorithm Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3
56. Behavior of Delay IncrementalFD (state of art, CS05) BiComNJOJ our main algorithm Tuple Number Delay (msec) Measure the delay before each generated tuple While IncrementalFD has a slowdown , the delay of BiComNLOJ remains almost constant
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58. Summary Full Disjunction : An associative extension of the outerjoin operator to an arbitrary number of relations 3 Algorithms for computing FD: NLOJ N ested- L oop O uter j oin Tree-Structured Schemes PDelayFD P olynomial- Delay F ull D isjunction General Schemes BiComNLOJ Combine first 2, deploy div. into bi connected com ponents General Schemes