2012 - Recent developments at EU level concerning social security coordinationtrESS Network
Recent developments at the EU level concerning social security coordination include:
1) Legislative developments such as miscellaneous amendments to regulations in 2010 and discussions on further amendments.
2) Work of the Administrative Commission including new decisions, recommendations, and guidance on various issues.
3) Case law from the Court of Justice on topics like aggregation of periods and coordination of long-term care benefits.
4) An outlook on the potential revision of coordination regulations, including a review of provisions on unemployment benefits and long-term care.
The document traces the evolution of the internet from its origins as the ARPANET network developed by DARPA in the 1960s-1970s to connect universities and research labs. It then discusses key developments like the creation of NSFNET in the 1980s, the commercialization of the internet in the 1990s led by AOL and other companies, the rise of search engines and social media sites from the 2000s onward, and the transition to mobile internet access. The internet has transformed from a US military network to a globally ubiquitous platform for digital communication, information sharing, e-commerce, and social networking.
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2012 - Recent developments at EU level concerning social security coordinationtrESS Network
Recent developments at the EU level concerning social security coordination include:
1) Legislative developments such as miscellaneous amendments to regulations in 2010 and discussions on further amendments.
2) Work of the Administrative Commission including new decisions, recommendations, and guidance on various issues.
3) Case law from the Court of Justice on topics like aggregation of periods and coordination of long-term care benefits.
4) An outlook on the potential revision of coordination regulations, including a review of provisions on unemployment benefits and long-term care.
The document traces the evolution of the internet from its origins as the ARPANET network developed by DARPA in the 1960s-1970s to connect universities and research labs. It then discusses key developments like the creation of NSFNET in the 1980s, the commercialization of the internet in the 1990s led by AOL and other companies, the rise of search engines and social media sites from the 2000s onward, and the transition to mobile internet access. The internet has transformed from a US military network to a globally ubiquitous platform for digital communication, information sharing, e-commerce, and social networking.
This document provides installation, operation, and maintenance instructions for Sun-Sub Solar Water Pumping Systems. It includes specifications for system components, an installation procedure, commissioning instructions, operation details, troubleshooting guidance, and maintenance recommendations. The document also covers the system warranty.
This document provides specifications for motors, motor controllers, and pumps used in solar water pumping systems. It lists technical details such as motor sizes, power ratings, speeds, voltages, weights, materials, and temperature ranges. Mounting and electrical connection standards are also specified.
If the world's population was represented by a village of 100 people:
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Strikes in Europe (version 2.1., January 2015)Irmgard Pas
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- Safety features include integrated DC disconnect, smart ventilation for cooling, conformal coating, and ability to replace individual power stages.
- It is compatible with all
Nikki Ogbomoh proposes organizing a paranormal event at Hell's Church in Canton by March. She has no previous experience but will work with facilitators George Cronin and Audrey Visnyai, who have experience with paranormal investigations. Nikki estimates the cost to be under $250 and will demonstrate her work through pictures, videos, and recordings from practice sessions and the event itself.
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The document discusses Agility, a global logistics company. It states that Agility's commercial business, Global Integrated Logistics (GIL), is headquartered in Switzerland and provides supply chain solutions. It also notes that Agility has other businesses including providing logistics services to governments and managing commercial real estate. The document provides contact information for Agility's various logistics solutions and specialty services around the world.
The document summarizes the key points of an agreement signed on September 24, 2013 establishing the European Works Council (EWC) for Sapa. It outlines the composition of 30 regular representatives and 12 interim extra representatives from countries with Sapa operations. It also describes the roles and responsibilities of the EWC, including representing employees, receiving information from management on transnational issues, and being consulted in exceptional circumstances affecting multiple countries like restructuring. The agreement is valid for three years and aims to facilitate cooperation between management and employee representatives across Sapa's European entities.
The preliminary referencing procedure enables national courts to refer questions to the Court of Justice on the interpretation or validity of EU law in cases before them. This promotes uniform application of EU law. There are two types of preliminary reference procedures - the discretionary procedure where national courts may refer questions, and the mandatory procedure where courts of last instance must refer questions. National courts play a key role in applying preliminary rulings from the Court of Justice to their specific cases. The Court of Justice also aims to interpret EU law consistently using contextual and purposive techniques.
Mercuri International is closing its Spain unit and offering employees 0 euro in compensation despite most having over 20 years of service. The Labor Ministry ruled the parent company in Sweden is responsible for obligations to employees. While negotiations are ongoing, employees may appeal if the outcome is not favorable. Additional legal risks exist if clients' international projects in Spain are disrupted by unsatisfactory resolution for Spanish employees.
Arbitrability of Corporate Law Disputes - A German Perspective. Dr. Nils Schm...Russian Arbitration Day
This document discusses the arbitrability of corporate law disputes from a German perspective. It outlines two leading cases from the German Supreme Court that established the arbitrability of certain corporate disputes. It also describes the DIS-Supplementary Rules for Corporate Law Disputes, which provide procedures for arbitrating disputes that require an "erga omnes" or binding decision, and discusses the rules' application in practice.
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This document discusses the arbitrability of corporate law disputes from a German perspective. It outlines two leading cases from the German Supreme Court that established the arbitrability of certain corporate disputes. It also describes the DIS-Supplementary Rules for Corporate Law Disputes, which provide procedures for arbitrating disputes that require an "erga omnes" or binding decision, and discusses the rules' application in practice.
The document summarizes the future Unified Patent Court and Unitary Patent System in Europe. It outlines the goals of lowering costs and improving efficiency of patent litigation across Europe. It describes the key features of the new system, including the structure of the Unified Patent Court with local, regional, and central divisions. It also discusses controversial issues like bifurcation, language rules, transitional arrangements and potential delays from legal challenges from Spain and Italy. The document aims to help patent stakeholders understand the new system and consider impacts on their patent strategy.
The document discusses the future of patent litigation in Europe under the proposed Unified Patent Court (UPC) system. It outlines that there will be three options for patents - traditional European patents, European patents with unitary effect covering 24 EU states, and national patents. Litigation will occur either at the new Unified Patent Court which will have jurisdiction over unitary patents, or national courts which will handle traditional European patents and national patents. The document provides details on the structure of the UPC, options for patentees and opposing parties, language rules, and timeline for implementation of the new system.
This document provides an overview of administrative tribunals in Malaysia. It defines administrative tribunals as bodies created by statute outside the court system to resolve specific disputes. It describes the key characteristics and reasons for their growth, including reducing court caseloads and allowing for specialized expertise. Examples given include the Tribunal for Consumer Claims, Tribunal for Homebuyer Claims, and Industrial Court. The document also discusses challenges to tribunal awards and the recommendations of the 1957 Franks Committee on improving the tribunal system in areas like impartiality, procedures, and appeals.
If the world's population was represented by a village of 100 people:
57 would be Asian, 21 European, 14 American, and 8 African. 52 would be women and 48 men. 30 would be Caucasian and 70 non-Caucasian. 30 would be Christian and 70 non-Christian. 6 people would possess 59% of the wealth from the USA. 80 would live in poverty, 70 would be illiterate, and 50 would suffer from hunger or malnutrition.
Strikes in Europe (version 2.1., January 2015)Irmgard Pas
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Gestão de Carreira na Era Revolução 4.0 30 de agosto 2016Sirley Carvalho
Não é nada fácil falar de “Gestão de Carreira” em um mundo onde as transformações são cada vez mais dinâmicas e diante das diversas mudanças verificadas nas relações de trabalho e perspectivas futuras frente ao universo digital. Estamos falando da Revolução 4.0, que é um conceito de indústria proposta recentemente e que engloba as principais inovações tecnológicas dos campos da automação e controle da tecnologia, que, segundo pesquisas e especialistas em todo o mundo, revolucionará o mundo das relações do trabalho,carreira e vida.
The document summarizes the features and specifications of the Fronius IG Plus grid-connected photovoltaic inverter. Key points include:
- It is the next generation inverter from Fronius that builds on previous models with enhancements like maximum power harvesting, an integrated string combiner, improved efficiency, and reliability.
- Models range from 2-12 kW in a single inverter. It has high efficiencies of up to 96.2%, three efficiency peaks, and divides work between multiple power stages for longer lifespan.
- Safety features include integrated DC disconnect, smart ventilation for cooling, conformal coating, and ability to replace individual power stages.
- It is compatible with all
Nikki Ogbomoh proposes organizing a paranormal event at Hell's Church in Canton by March. She has no previous experience but will work with facilitators George Cronin and Audrey Visnyai, who have experience with paranormal investigations. Nikki estimates the cost to be under $250 and will demonstrate her work through pictures, videos, and recordings from practice sessions and the event itself.
Journ100 - Philippine Press before Martial LawChinky Loy
This document discusses Philippine journalism before martial law from 1965-1972. It describes how the press at the time was anti-Vietnam and anti-socialist. It was influenced by Western news agencies and demonstrated sensationalism of crime stories. As the 1969 elections approached, President Marcos clashed more with newspapers critical of him like the Manila Times and Manila Chronicle. Student publications also engaged in more activist and protest journalism. The declaration of martial law in 1972 brought increased control over the press.
The document discusses Agility, a global logistics company. It states that Agility's commercial business, Global Integrated Logistics (GIL), is headquartered in Switzerland and provides supply chain solutions. It also notes that Agility has other businesses including providing logistics services to governments and managing commercial real estate. The document provides contact information for Agility's various logistics solutions and specialty services around the world.
The document summarizes the key points of an agreement signed on September 24, 2013 establishing the European Works Council (EWC) for Sapa. It outlines the composition of 30 regular representatives and 12 interim extra representatives from countries with Sapa operations. It also describes the roles and responsibilities of the EWC, including representing employees, receiving information from management on transnational issues, and being consulted in exceptional circumstances affecting multiple countries like restructuring. The agreement is valid for three years and aims to facilitate cooperation between management and employee representatives across Sapa's European entities.
The preliminary referencing procedure enables national courts to refer questions to the Court of Justice on the interpretation or validity of EU law in cases before them. This promotes uniform application of EU law. There are two types of preliminary reference procedures - the discretionary procedure where national courts may refer questions, and the mandatory procedure where courts of last instance must refer questions. National courts play a key role in applying preliminary rulings from the Court of Justice to their specific cases. The Court of Justice also aims to interpret EU law consistently using contextual and purposive techniques.
Mercuri International is closing its Spain unit and offering employees 0 euro in compensation despite most having over 20 years of service. The Labor Ministry ruled the parent company in Sweden is responsible for obligations to employees. While negotiations are ongoing, employees may appeal if the outcome is not favorable. Additional legal risks exist if clients' international projects in Spain are disrupted by unsatisfactory resolution for Spanish employees.
Arbitrability of Corporate Law Disputes - A German Perspective. Dr. Nils Schm...Russian Arbitration Day
This document discusses the arbitrability of corporate law disputes from a German perspective. It outlines two leading cases from the German Supreme Court that established the arbitrability of certain corporate disputes. It also describes the DIS-Supplementary Rules for Corporate Law Disputes, which provide procedures for arbitrating disputes that require an "erga omnes" or binding decision, and discusses the rules' application in practice.
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The document summarizes the future Unified Patent Court and Unitary Patent System in Europe. It outlines the goals of lowering costs and improving efficiency of patent litigation across Europe. It describes the key features of the new system, including the structure of the Unified Patent Court with local, regional, and central divisions. It also discusses controversial issues like bifurcation, language rules, transitional arrangements and potential delays from legal challenges from Spain and Italy. The document aims to help patent stakeholders understand the new system and consider impacts on their patent strategy.
The document discusses the future of patent litigation in Europe under the proposed Unified Patent Court (UPC) system. It outlines that there will be three options for patents - traditional European patents, European patents with unitary effect covering 24 EU states, and national patents. Litigation will occur either at the new Unified Patent Court which will have jurisdiction over unitary patents, or national courts which will handle traditional European patents and national patents. The document provides details on the structure of the UPC, options for patentees and opposing parties, language rules, and timeline for implementation of the new system.
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I am an accomplished and driven administrative management professional with a proven track record of supporting senior executives and managing administrative teams. I am skilled in strategic planning, project management, and organizational development, and have extensive experience in improving processes, enhancing productivity, and implementing solutions to support business objectives and growth.
Parabolic antenna alignment system with Real-Time Angle Position FeedbackStevenPatrick17
Introduction
Parabolic antennas are a crucial component in many communication systems, including satellite communications, radio telescopes, and television broadcasting. Ensuring these antennas are properly aligned is vital for optimal performance and signal strength. A parabolic antenna alignment system, equipped with real-time angle position feedback and fault tracking, is designed to address this need. This document delves into the components, design, and implementation of such a system, highlighting its significance and applications.
Importance of Parabolic Antenna Alignment
The alignment of a parabolic antenna directly affects its performance. Even minor misalignments can lead to significant signal loss, which can degrade the quality of the received signal or cause communication failures. Proper alignment ensures that the antenna's focal point is accurately directed toward the signal source, maximizing the antenna's gain and efficiency. This precision is especially crucial in applications like satellite communications, where the antenna must track geostationary satellites with high accuracy.
Components of a Parabolic Antenna Alignment System
A parabolic antenna alignment system typically includes the following components:
Parabolic Dish: The primary reflector that collects and focuses incoming signals.
Feedhorn and Low Noise Block (LNB): Positioned at the dish's focal point to receive signals.
Stepper or Servo Motors: Adjust the azimuth (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) angles of the antenna.
Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi): Processes sensor data and controls the motors.
Potentiometers: Provide feedback on the antenna's current angle positions.
Fault Detection Sensors: Monitor for potential faults such as cable discontinuities or LNB failures.
Control Software: Runs on the microcontroller, handling real-time processing and decision-making.
Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Real-time feedback on the antenna's angle position is essential for maintaining precise alignment. This feedback is typically provided by potentiometers or rotary encoders, which continuously monitor the azimuth and elevation angles. The microcontroller reads this data and adjusts the motors accordingly to keep the antenna aligned with the signal source.
Fault Tracking in Antenna Alignment Systems
Fault tracking is vital for the reliability and performance of the antenna system. Common faults include cable discontinuities, LNB malfunctions, and motor failures. Sensors integrated into the system can detect these faults and either notify the user or initiate corrective actions automatically.
Design and Implementation
1. Parabolic Dish and Feedhorn
The parabolic dish is designed to reflect incoming signals to a focal point where the feedhorn and LNB are located. The dish's size and shape depend on the specific application and frequency range.
2. Motors and Position Control
Stepper motors or servo motors are used to control the azimuth and elevation of
Joyce M Sullivan, Founder & CEO of SocMediaFin, Inc. shares her "Five Questions - The Story of You", "Reflections - What Matters to You?" and "The Three Circle Exercise" to guide those evaluating what their next move may be in their careers.
2. 2
The Back Ground
• The case was about a shutdown of a Finnish computer
factory and R&D activities in Espoo, Finland
• This happened in 2000
• As a result of this about 450 blue and white collar
workers lost their jobs
• The main question was that had the mother company
made the (decisive) decision about closing the factory
before the co-operation negotiations (Act on Co-
operation within Undertakings) in Finland and if that
would result in duty to pay workers indemnifications
according to the law
3. 3
What happened
• Fujitsu and Siemens merged in 1999
• After this the Finnish factory was deemed too small and
when there was free capacity in Germany Siemens
Factory, it was decided to focus all actions in there and
shut the Espoo factory down
• The German personnel was told as early as in the
summer 1999 that the factory in Germany would
remain the same and nobody would be laid
off/dismissed there and that the cut-backs needed
would be made elsewhere
4. 4
What happened
• The executive board of the mother company made a
decision to suggest the shut down of the Finnish factory
on the 7th December 1999 and in reality this meant that
the operations were to be moved to Germany
• The board of directors of the mother company decided
to back this decision up in a meeting held on the 14th
December 1999
• After this the formal decisions of the shut-down were
made both in the mother and in the daughter company
• The co-operation negotiations were held during 20th
December 1999 and 31st January 2000
5. 5
Legal aspects
• The employer stated that the real and binding decision
of the shut-down can only be made by the daughter
company´s board of directors, because that is the “real
employer” according to the Finnish law/the Directive
• The 11 trade unions, representing the case, stated that
the real decision had been made by the mother
company before the co-operation negotiations and that
was the decision that mattered the most
• The daughter company stated, on the other hand, that
they cannot have a responsibility to negotiate about a
decision that has not been done by them, but another
company, albeit the mother company
6. 6
Legal aspects
• The case was lost in the District Court (the first
instance) as well as in the Court of Appeal
• The Court of Appeal based its verdict on the employer´s
view even thought the trade unions stated that the
crucial decision had already been made by the mother
company because it had the power of decision over the
daughter company
• After this the case was referred to the Finnish Supreme
Court that decided to ask the European Court of Justice
for a preliminary ruling about the content and the
interpretation of the Collective Redundancies Directive
(98/59/EC)
7. 7
The Collecitve Redundancies
Directive (the main points)
• 2 art. 1: Where an employer is contemplating collective
redundancies, he shall begin consultations with the
workers„ representatives in good time with a view to
reaching an agreement
• 2 art. 2: These consultations shall, at least, cover ways
and means of avoiding collective redundancies or
reducing the number of workers affected, and of
mitigating the consequences by recourse to
accompanying social measures aimed, inter alia, at aid
for redeploying or retraining workers made
redundant.
8. 8
The Collecitve Redundancies
Directive (the main points)
• 2 art. 3: To enable workers' representatives to make
constructive proposals, the employers shall in good
time during the course of the consultations supply
them with all relevant information and in any event
notify them in writing (of several thing)
• 2 art. 4: The obligations laid down in paragraphs 1, 2
and 3 shall apply irrespective of whether the decision
regarding collective redundancies is being taken
by the employer or by an undertaking controlling
the employer
9. 9
The preliminary ruling of the Court
of Justice
• The Directive must be interpreted and implemented so
that even the daughter company must finish the co-
operation negotiations before it possibly makes
employees redundant according to a decision made by
the mother company
• The essence of the preliminary ruling was that according
to the Directive the co-operation negotiations must be
finished in the actual employer company (=daughter
company) well before the crucial decision is made by
the mother company so that all the obligations set out
in 2 art. 2 can be effectively fulfilled
10. 10
The Supreme Court
• The Finnish Supreme Court ruled that in principle the
obligation to negotiate falls only for the real/direct
employer of the people being made redundant/laid off
and cannot be broadened to apply also to an ”outsider
company” (the mother company)
• But taking legal certainty and the purpose of the
Directive into account the decision made by the mother
company that is crucially effecting the daughter
company must be considered equal to a decision made
directly by the daughter company
11. 11
The Supreme Court
• So all in all the Supreme Court ruled that the co-
operation negotiations had been kept too late and they
were void in the eye of the Finnish law
• The maximum indemnification could have been a sum
equaling 20 months´ salary, but in this case the court
ruled 6 months´ salary per person adequate (taking
into account the fact that some pains were taken e.g. to
relocate people and so on)
• But with the interests the final sums equaled salaries for
11 months per person and the company had to pay
about 2,4 ME altogether with the legal fees included
12. 12
The Supreme Court
• People not belonging to trade unions got nothing,
because they did not appeal further to the Supreme
Court after the loss in the Court of Appeal (223 of the
plaintiffs belonged to the 11 trade unions representing
this case and won the case)
13. 13
About the EWC
• A written question was made to the Commission by
Esko Seppänen on the 24th February 2000 and its
subject was the revision of the EWC Directive:
“The German mother (parent) company of Fujitsu
Siemens Computers has closed its company in Finland
for reasons which are clearly not economic, in order to
preserve jobs in Germany. In this connection the
company was clearly in breach of its consultation and
information obligations under the EWC directive, and of
its obligation to discuss its decision with the managers
and decision-makers responsible (COM(1998) 612
fin.(1). Is it within the Commission's power to monitor
compliance with this directive and does it have plans to
amend the directive to make it more binding?”
14. 14
About the EWC
• Answer given by Mrs Diamantopoulou on behalf of the
Commission on the 3rd April 2000:
“The Commission does not have any information at its
disposal which enables it to conclude that the employee
information and consultation obligations under Council
Directive 94/45/EC have not been respected in the case
referred to by the Honourable Member.
“In any event, as this Directive has been properly
incorporated into German law, it is first and foremost
the task of the national authorities to assess any
infringements of the rules in force which may be
brought to their attention by those who feel they have
been wronged.”
15. 15
About the EWC
”The Commission is currently looking at how this
Directive has been implemented. Within the next few
weeks it will adopt a report to the European Parliament
and Council on this subject.”
”The Commission has on several occasions emphasized
the need for the proposal for a Council Directive
establishing a general framework for informing and
consulting employees to be adopted by Parliament and
the Council without delay. Clearly, the provisions
contained in the proposal are not yet in force.”
• For some reason this question was not dealt with in the
national courts after this