The document outlines the differences between the Frege programming language and the Haskell 2010 standard, highlighting areas for improvement in Frege to enhance its compatibility with Haskell. It discusses various language features, their implementation efforts, and importance, proposing solutions or suggestions for each difference. The conclusion emphasizes the significant amount of work required to improve Frege's adherence to the Haskell standard.

1. Differences Haskell /
Frege
Towards making Frege a better
Haskell dialect/subset Ingo Wechsung
IT Consultant, contexo GmbH
Reutlingen, Germany
@iwechsu

2. State and Vision
GHC
Haskell
2010
Frege
GHC
Haskell
2010
Frege

3. Purpose of this Presentation
● To give a comprehensive overview about
really existing differences and what can be
done about them.
● Community to
○ discuss if and how to deal with them
○ create corresponding GitHub issues, if applicable
○ actually work on the issues

4. Preliminary notes
In the following slides, “Standard” refers to the Haskell
2010 Language Report https://haskell.
org/definition/haskell2010.pdf
Suggestions and estimations of importances and efforts
are my subjective opinions (well founded ones, of
course☺).

5. Haskell Compatibility Mode?
There are some Frege features that cannot get
abandoned without making Frege
● less practical for use on the JVM
● less good than it is
When otherwise unresolvable conflicts with
the Standard arise, should we have a “haskell
compatibility mode” (abbrev. HCM)?

6. Variable names
● Frege: allows apostrophes only at the end,
no underscores at start
● Standard: “An identifier consists of a letter followed
by zero or more letters, digits, underscores, and single
quotes.” (2.4, pg. 9)
● Effort: low (simple fix in lexical analyzer)
● Importance: low
● Suggestions: implement

7. Operator constructors (1)
● Frege: operator constructors are not
supported
● Standard: “An operator symbol starting with
a colon is a constructor.” (2.4, pg. 10)
data Complex = Double :+ Double
● Effort: medium (parsing)
● Importance: high
● Suggestion: implement

8. Operator constructors (2)
Note that GHC extension -XTypeOperators in addition
allows infix type constructors: Int :& Int :| Double :&
Double
Implementing this would entail a whole range of changes.
The critical point is that types could only get parsed once
the fixity of the operators is known. Currently, type
parsing is already complete when the parser is done.

9. Octal integer literals
● Frege: Java literal syntax, e.g. 032 == 26
● Standard: octal literals 0o32 (2.5, pg. 11)
● Effort: low, rewrite literal in lexer
● Importance: low
● Suggestion: implement. Interpret 032 as 32
in HCM. Or just get rid of octal literals
entirely.

10. String and Char literals
● Frege: certain escape sequences and gaps
in strings (multi line strings) won’t work
● Standard: 2.6, page 11f
● Effort: medium, bikeshedding
● Importance: low
● Suggestion: Need not be done all at once.
The gaps feature would be worth having.

11. Meaning of String Literals
● Frege: string literals mean (Java) strings
● Standard: “String literals are actually abbreviations
for lists of characters” (2.6, pg. 12)
● Effort: medium
● Importance: high
● Suggestions: overload string literals so that
list functions work, follow standard in HCM.

12. Layout (1)
● Frege: no insertion of {}
● Standard: “If the indentation of the non-brace
lexeme immediately following a where, let, do or of is
less than or equal to the current indentation level,
then … {} is inserted …” (2.7, pg. 12)
● Effort: medium
● Importance: medium
● Suggestion: adapt

13. Layout (2)
● Frege: no “syntactic” insertion of closing
brace except before in
● Standard: “... if an illegal lexeme is encountered at
a point where a close brace would be legal, a close
brace is inserted.” (2.7, pg. 12)
● Effort: high (layout is lexical only)
● Importance: low
● Suggestions: try to cover some cases

14. Overloaded Integer literals
● Frege: numeric literals are not overloaded
● Standard: “An integer literal represents the
application of the function fromInteger to the
appropriate value of type Integer” (3.2, page 17)
● Effort: low, possibly breaks existing code
● Importance: medium
● Suggestions: slightly in favor, but should be
done together with floating point literals

15. Overloaded Floating Point Literals
● Standard: “The floating point literal f is equivalent
to fromRational (n Ratio.% d ), where
fromRational is a method in class Fractional and
Ratio.% constructs a rational from two integers, as
defined in the Ratio library. The integers n and d are
chosen so that n/d = f.” (3.2, pg. 17)
● Effort: high, Fractional and Ratio don’t exist yet
● Importance: high
● Suggestions: first implement needed classes and types.
Overloading itself can be done later, or just in HCM.

16. Lambda abstractions
● Frege: only single pattern allowed
● Standard: “Lambda abstractions are written p1
. . .
pn
-> e, where the pi
are patterns.” (3.3, pg. 18)
● Effort: high
● Importance: medium
● Suggestion: would break existing programs
that have smth. like: x:xs -> x

17. Field Labels as Selectors
● Frege: field labels (selectors) not top level
● Standard: “Selectors are top level bindings ...”
(3.15.1, pg. 26)
● Effort: depending on solution
● Importance: low
● Suggestion: implement in HCM only

18. Construction using Field Labels
● Frege: all field labels must be mentioned
● Standard: Fields not mentioned are initialized to ⊥.
(3.15.2, pg. 26)
● Effort: low
● Importance: low
● Suggestions: HCM only

19. Updates Using Field Labels
● Frege: slightly different syntax
● Standard: “aexp<qcon>
{ fbind1
, . . . , fbind n
}”
(3.15.3, pg. 27)
● Effort: low
● Importance: medium
● Suggestions: implement, retire Frege dot-
syntax

20. Pattern syntax
● Frege: uses expression syntax
● Standard: defines extra syntax for patterns
(3.17.1, page 28), makes @ and ~ reserved
symbols
● Effort: surprisingly high, breaks Frege code
● Importance: high
● Suggestion: ???

21. Negative Patterns
● Frege: not supported
● Standard: allows them with numeric literals
(3.17.1, page 28)
● Effort: medium
● Importance: medium
● Suggestions: implement

22. Irrefutable pattern
● Frege: not supported
● Standard: ~apat (3.17.1, page 28)
● Effort, Importance, Suggestions: see
“Pattern syntax”

23. Context in Data Declaration
● Frege: not allowed
● Standard: data [context =>] simpletype [= constrs]
(4.2.1, page 40)
● Effort: medium
● Importance: very low
● Suggestion: don’t implement, as it is
considered bad practice anyway

24. “deriving” clause in data defs
● Frege: has separate derive definition
● Standard: optional deriving clause on data
declarations (4.2.1, page 40)
● Effort: medium
● Importance: high, though GHC now also has
separate deriving declaration
● Suggestion: implement

25. Datatype renamings
● Frege: can be achieved with data
● Standard: uses newtype for renaming, data
has slightly different semantics. (4.2.3,
page 43)
● Effort: low/medium
● Importance: high/low
● Suggestion: support syntax, ignore corner
data case except in HCM

26. Context in Class/Instance
Declarations
● Frege: class name first
● Standard: context first (4.3.1, 4.3.2, pages
44ff)
● Effort: small
● Importance: high
● Suggestion: this stupid error on my side
should long have been fixed. Requires
adaption of most existing code, though.

27. Numeric Type Defaulting
Frege: not done
Standard: specifies default declaration
Effort: medium
Importance: ?
Suggestion: In a first step, just the syntax
could be implemented.

28. Fixity Declarations
● Frege: top level only
● Standard: has them as nested declarations, they can
appear in class declarations and let/where (4.4.2,
page 50)
● Effort: medium
● Importance: low
● Suggestions: follow standard

29. Mutually Recursive Modules
● Frege modules form a directed acyclic
graph
● Standard: “allowed to be mutually recursive” (5,
page 62)
● Effort: quite high
● Importance: low?
● Suggestions: don’t touch for now.

30. Optional Module Header
● Frege: module header is mandatory
● Standard: “An abbreviated form of module,
consisting only of the module body, is permitted.”
(5.1, page 62)
● Importance: low
● Effort: low
● Suggestion: implement

31. Modules - Export Lists
● tell what can be imported by other modules
● in Frege, we have private/public/protected
● Effort: medium .. very high
● Importance: medium
● Suggestions: do this in multiple steps
a. parse them, but ignore them (everything public)
b. default to “private” when present
c. retire private/public/protected

32. Import Declarations
● Frege
○ doesn’t allow qualified names as module aliases
○ instead, all module names are mapped to
namespace names
○ doesn’t have the (..) syntax for “all sub-items”
○ doesn’t have qualified
● Standard: 5.3, pages 64ff.
● Suggestion: handle diffs in HCM

33. Comparison Haskell/Frege Imports
import A.B -- all
import A.B() -- none
import A.B(T(C))
import A.B(T(..))
import A.B(T)
import A.B(T())
import qualified A
import qualified A()
import a.B -- all
import a.B() -- none
import a.B(T(C))
import a.B(T)
import a.B(T())
import a.B(T())
import A()
-- makes no sense

34. Qualified Names and Module Names
● Frege uses module names only for imports.
Thereafter, only the namespace name can
be used for qualification.
● Standard: modid.name (5.5.1, page 67)
● Importance: low
● Effort: impossible
● Suggestion: leave as is

35. Standard Type Boolean
● Frege uses primitive JVM type:
data Bool = pure native boolean
Keyword literals true and false are provided.
● Standard: “The boolean type Bool is an
enumeration.”
data Bool = False | True
● Importance: high
● Suggestion: cheat in the compiler

36. Characters
● Frege Char are UTF-16 values
● Standard: “The character type Char is an
enumeration whose values represent Unicode
characters” (6.1.2, page 73)
● Importance: low (?)
● Effort: hack JVM
● Suggestions: hope for JVM evolution

37. Strings
● Frege uses native java.lang.String type
● Standard: “A string is a list of characters” (6.1.2,
page 73)
● Importance: medium (beginners!)
● Effort: medium
● Suggestion: overload string literals

38. IOERR
● Frege doesn’t have it
● Standard: “IOError is an abstract type representing
errors raised by I/O operations.” (6.1.7, page 75)
● Importance: low
● Effort: probably low
● Suggestions: can we get away with
type IOERR = IOException

39. class Read, read
● not implemented
● Standard: “The Read ... [class is] used to convert
values ... from strings.” (6.3.3, page 78)
● Importance: medium
● Effort: medium
● Suggestions: Implement at least for basic
types.

40. Numbers
● Frege doesn’t have all the type classes, no
rationals and complex numbers at this time.
● Standard: prescribes a complex web of
numeric type classes (6.4, page 81ff)
● Importance: medium
● Effort: high
● Suggestion: needs care. Or a
mathematically sound alternative.

41. IO Exception Handling
● Frege uses Java Exceptions
● Standard: IO Exception Handling (7.3, page
90)
● Importance: none
● Effort: N/A
● Suggestion: don’t change

42. Foreign Function Interface
● Frege has its own Native Interface
● Standard: (8, page 91ff)
● Importance: none
● Effort: small
● Suggestion: Haskell sources using standard
FFI (i.e. calls into C) are not portable
support the foreign import/export syntax
though?

43. Haskell 2010 Libraries
● missing, should be done:
○ Data.Array, Data.Complex, Data.Int, Data.Ix, Data.
Ratio, Data.Word, Numeric, System.Environment,
System.Exit
● present (may be incomplete) :
○ Data.Bits, Data.Char, Data.List, Data.Maybe
● not done:
○ Foreign, Foreign.*, System.IO, System.IO.Error
● obsolete: Control.Monad

44. Conclusion
● we have a long way to go
● much work to be done
● much can be done to enhance “Haskellnes”

45. Background, Pointers & Links
● Haskell 2010 Language Report
● GHC Language System
● Frege Wiki
○ https://github.com/Frege/frege/wiki/GHC-
Language-Options-vs.-Frege
○ https://github.com/Frege/frege/wiki/Differences-
between-Frege-and-Haskell

46. I need
a
break!