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R E F E R E N C E PA G E S


        ALGEBRA              G   G       G       G    G    G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G                 G E O M E T RY            G   G       G   G       G   G   G   G       G       G       G   G       G




ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS                                                                              GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
                                 a  c  ad ϩ bc                                                     Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:
a͑b ϩ c͒ ෇ ab ϩ ac                 ϩ ෇
                                 b  d     bd
                                                                                                   Triangle                       Circle                               Sector of Circle
                                 a                                                                      1                                                                   1
                                                                                                   A ෇ 2 bh                       A ෇ ␲r 2                             A ෇ 2 r 2␪
aϩc  a  c                        b   a  d    ad
    ෇ ϩ                            ෇ ϫ ෇                                                             ෇ 1 ab sin ␪                 C ෇ 2␲ r                             s ෇ r ␪ ͑␪ in radians͒
 b   b  b                        c   b  c    bc                                                         2

                                 d
                                                                                                             a                                                                     r
                                                                                                                     h                                                                                 s
EXPONENTS AND RADICALS
                                                                                                         ¨                                             r
                                 x   m
                                                                                                                 b                                                             ¨
x m x n ෇ x mϩn                      ෇ x mϪn                                                                                                                                           r
                                 xn
                                        1
͑x m͒n ෇ x m n                   xϪn ෇ n
                                       x

͑xy͒n ෇ x n y n                  ͩͪ  x
                                     y
                                             n
                                                 ෇
                                                      xn
                                                      yn
                                                                                                   Sphere
                                                                                                   V ෇ 4 ␲r 3
                                                                                                       3
                                                                                                                                  Cylinder
                                                                                                                                  V ෇ ␲ r 2h
                                                                                                                                                                       Cone
                                                                                                                                                                       V ෇ 1 ␲ r 2h
                                                                                                                                                                           3

                                                                                                   A ෇ 4␲ r 2
x 1͞n ෇ sx
        n
                                 x m͞n ෇ sx m ෇ (sx ) m
                                         n       n




sxy ෇ sx sy
n     n  n
                                 ͱ
                                 n       x
                                         y
                                             sx
                                             n

                                           ෇ n
                                             sy
                                                                                                                 r
                                                                                                                                               r

                                                                                                                                                                                                           h
                                                                                                                                                           h
FACTORING SPECIAL POLYNOMIALS                                                                                                                                                                  r

x 2 Ϫ y 2 ෇ ͑x ϩ y͒͑x Ϫ y͒
x 3 ϩ y 3 ෇ ͑x ϩ y͒͑x 2 Ϫ xy ϩ y 2͒
x 3 Ϫ y 3 ෇ ͑x Ϫ y͒͑x 2 ϩ xy ϩ y 2͒
                                                                                                   DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT FORMULAS
BINOMIAL THEOREM                                                                                   Distance between P1͑x1, y1͒ and P2͑x 2, y2͒:
͑x ϩ y͒2 ෇ x 2 ϩ 2xy ϩ y 2               ͑x Ϫ y͒2 ෇ x 2 Ϫ 2xy ϩ y 2
                                                                                                                             d ෇ s͑x 2 Ϫ x1͒2 ϩ ͑ y2 Ϫ y1͒2
͑x ϩ y͒3 ෇ x 3 ϩ 3x 2 y ϩ 3xy 2 ϩ y 3


                                                                                                                         ͩ                         ͪ
͑x Ϫ y͒3 ෇ x 3 Ϫ 3x 2 y ϩ 3xy 2 Ϫ y 3
                                                                                                                             x1 ϩ x 2 y1 ϩ y2
                               n͑n Ϫ 1͒ nϪ2 2                                                      Midpoint of P1 P2 :               ,
͑x ϩ y͒n ෇ x n ϩ nx nϪ1y ϩ             x y                                                                                      2        2
                                   2

                  ϩ иии ϩ   ͩͪ n nϪk k
                               k
                                 x y ϩ и и и ϩ nxy nϪ1 ϩ y n
                                                                                                   LINES
where
      n
      k
       ͩͪ
        ෇
          n͑n Ϫ 1͒ и и и ͑n Ϫ k ϩ 1͒
              1 ؒ 2 ؒ 3 ؒ иии ؒ k
                                                                                                   Slope of line through P1͑x1, y1͒ and P2͑x 2, y2͒:

                                                                                                                                           y2 Ϫ y1
QUADRATIC FORMULA                                                                                                                    m෇
                                                                                                                                           x 2 Ϫ x1
                                     Ϫb Ϯ sb 2 Ϫ 4ac
If ax 2 ϩ bx ϩ c ෇ 0, then x ෇                       .                                             Point-slope equation of line through P1͑x1, y1͒ with slope m:
                                          2a

INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUE                                                                                                  y Ϫ y1 ෇ m͑x Ϫ x1͒
If a Ͻ b and b Ͻ c, then a Ͻ c.
                                                                                                   Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:
If a Ͻ b, then a ϩ c Ͻ b ϩ c.
If a Ͻ b and c Ͼ 0, then ca Ͻ cb.                                                                                                    y ෇ mx ϩ b
If a Ͻ b and c Ͻ 0, then ca Ͼ cb.
If a Ͼ 0, then                                                                                     CIRCLES

             ԽxԽ ෇ a   means     x෇a                 or    x ෇ Ϫa                                  Equation of the circle with center ͑h, k͒ and radius r:

             ԽxԽ Ͻ a   means Ϫa Ͻ x Ͻ a                                                                                        ͑x Ϫ h͒2 ϩ ͑ y Ϫ k͒2 ෇ r 2
             ԽxԽ Ͼ a   means     xϾa                 or    x Ͻ Ϫa

                                                                                               1
R E F E R E N C E PA G E S


         T R I G O N O M E T RY                     G         G         G          G         G   G       G       G         G     G      G      G    G     G    G       G       G       G       G   G   G   G




ANGLE MEASUREMENT                                                                                                    FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES
␲ radians ෇ 180Њ                                                                                                                   1                                                 1
                                                                                   s                                 csc ␪ ෇                                           sec ␪ ෇
                                                                  r                                                              sin ␪                                             cos ␪
        ␲                          180Њ
1Њ ෇       rad        1 rad ෇                                           ¨
       180                          ␲                                                                                            sin ␪                                             cos ␪
                                                                            r                                        tan ␪ ෇                                           cot ␪ ෇
s ෇ r␪                                                                                                                           cos ␪                                             sin ␪

͑␪ in radians͒                                                                                                                     1
                                                                                                                     cot ␪ ෇                                           sin 2␪ ϩ cos 2␪ ෇ 1
                                                                                                                                 tan ␪
RIGHT ANGLE TRIGONOMETRY                                                                                             1 ϩ tan 2␪ ෇ sec 2␪                               1 ϩ cot 2␪ ෇ csc 2␪
        opp                       hyp
sin ␪ ෇                   csc ␪ ෇                            hyp                                                     sin͑Ϫ␪͒ ෇ Ϫsin ␪                                  cos͑Ϫ␪͒ ෇ cos ␪
        hyp                       opp                                                    opp

cos ␪ ෇
          adj
          hyp
                          sec ␪ ෇
                                    hyp
                                    adj
                                                         ¨
                                                                  adj
                                                                                                                     tan͑Ϫ␪͒ ෇ Ϫtan ␪                                  sin     ͩ ͪ
                                                                                                                                                                               ␲
                                                                                                                                                                               2
                                                                                                                                                                                 Ϫ ␪ ෇ cos ␪


                                                                                                                        ͩ ͪ                                                    ͩ ͪ
          opp                       adj
tan ␪ ෇                   cot ␪ ෇                                                                                              ␲                                               ␲
          adj                       opp                                                                              cos         Ϫ ␪ ෇ sin ␪                           tan       Ϫ ␪ ෇ cot ␪
                                                                                                                               2                                               2

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS                                                                                                                                                            B
                                                                                                                     THE LAW OF SINES
        y                    r                  y
sin ␪ ෇              csc ␪ ෇                                                                                         sin A   sin B   sin C                                                 a
        r                    y                                                                                             ෇       ෇
                                                                                (x, y)
                                                                                                                       a       b       c
          x                     r                             r                                                                                                                                C
cos ␪ ෇              sec ␪ ෇                                                                                                                                               c
          r                     x
          y                     x                         ¨                                                          THE LAW OF COSINES
tan ␪ ෇              cot ␪ ෇                                                                 x                                                                                     b
          x                     y                                                                                    a 2 ෇ b 2 ϩ c 2 Ϫ 2bc cos A
                                                                                                                     b 2 ෇ a 2 ϩ c 2 Ϫ 2ac cos B
GRAPHS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
                                                                                                                     c 2 ෇ a 2 ϩ b 2 Ϫ 2ab cos C                   A
  y                             y                                       y              y=tan x
          y=sin x                         y=cos x
  1                            1                                                                                     ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULAS
              π      2π                                                                           2π
                                                                                                                     sin͑x ϩ y͒ ෇ sin x cos y ϩ cos x sin y
                          x                 π           2π x                             π              x
                                                                                                                     sin͑x Ϫ y͒ ෇ sin x cos y Ϫ cos x sin y
_1                            _1
                                                                                                                     cos͑x ϩ y͒ ෇ cos x cos y Ϫ sin x sin y
                                                                                                                     cos͑x Ϫ y͒ ෇ cos x cos y ϩ sin x sin y
  y       y=csc x               y         y=sec x                       y              y=cot x
                                                                                                                                             tan x ϩ tan y
                                                                                                                     tan͑x ϩ y͒ ෇
                                                                                                                                            1 Ϫ tan x tan y
 1                             1
                                                                                                                                             tan x Ϫ tan y
                                                                                                                     tan͑x Ϫ y͒ ෇
                                                                                                                                            1 ϩ tan x tan y
              π      2π x                   π           2π x                             π           2π x
_1                            _1

                                                                                                                     DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS
                                                                                                                     sin 2x ෇ 2 sin x cos x
                                                                                                                     cos 2x ෇ cos 2x Ϫ sin 2x ෇ 2 cos 2x Ϫ 1 ෇ 1 Ϫ 2 sin 2x
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF IMPORTANT ANGLES
                                                                                                                                      2 tan x
  ␪               radians             sin ␪                       cos ␪                          tan ␪               tan 2x ෇
                                                                                                                                     1 Ϫ tan2x
  0Њ                0                   0                           1                             0
 30Њ               ␲͞6                 1͞2                        s3͞2                           s3͞3
 45Њ               ␲͞4                s2͞2                        s2͞2                             1                 HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS
 60Њ               ␲͞3                s3͞2                         1͞2                            s3                             1 Ϫ cos 2x                        1 ϩ cos 2x
                                                                                                                     sin 2x ෇                           cos 2x ෇
 90Њ               ␲͞2                  1                           0                             —                                  2                                 2

                                                                                                             2
R E F E R E N C E PA G E S


        D I F F E R E N T I AT I O N R U L E S             G   G   G    G   G        G    G      G    G    G     G    G    G   G    G      G    G   G     G




GENERAL FORMULAS
      d                                                                              d
1.       ͑c͒ ෇ 0                                                                2.      ͓cf ͑x͔͒ ෇ c f Ј͑x͒
      dx                                                                             dx
      d                                                                              d
3.       ͓ f ͑x͒ ϩ t͑x͔͒ ෇ f Ј͑x͒ ϩ tЈ͑x͒                                       4.      ͓ f ͑x͒ Ϫ t͑x͔͒ ෇ f Ј͑x͒ Ϫ tЈ͑x͒
      dx                                                                             dx

5.
      d
      dx
         ͓ f ͑x͒t͑x͔͒ ෇ f ͑x͒tЈ͑x͒ ϩ t͑x͒f Ј͑x͒ (Product Rule)                  6.
                                                                                     d
                                                                                     dx
                                                                                          ͫ ͬ f ͑x͒
                                                                                              t͑x͒
                                                                                                      ෇
                                                                                                          t͑x͒f Ј͑x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒tЈ͑x͒
                                                                                                                  ͓ t͑x͔͒ 2
                                                                                                                                        (Quotient Rule)

      d                                                                              d
7.       f ͑ t͑x͒͒ ෇ f Ј͑ t͑x͒͒tЈ͑x͒ (Chain Rule)                               8.      ͑x n ͒ ෇ nx nϪ1 (Power Rule)
      dx                                                                             dx


EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
      d                                                                              d
9.       ͑e x ͒ ෇ e x                                                       10.         ͑a x ͒ ෇ a x ln a
      dx                                                                             dx
      d         1                                                                    d                 1
11.
      dx     Խ Խ
         ln x ෇
                x
                                                                            12.
                                                                                     dx
                                                                                        ͑log a x͒ ෇
                                                                                                    x ln a


TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
      d                                                   d                                                          d
13.      ͑sin x͒ ෇ cos x                            14.      ͑cos x͒ ෇ Ϫsin x                                  15.      ͑tan x͒ ෇ sec 2x
      dx                                                  dx                                                         dx
      d                                                   d                                                          d
16.      ͑csc x͒ ෇ Ϫcsc x cot x                     17.      ͑sec x͒ ෇ sec x tan x                             18.      ͑cot x͒ ෇ Ϫcsc 2x
      dx                                                  dx                                                         dx


INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
      d                1                                  d                  1                                       d               1
18.      ͑sinϪ1x͒ ෇                                 20.      ͑cosϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ                                      21.      ͑tanϪ1x͒ ෇
      dx            s1 Ϫ x 2                              dx              s1 Ϫ x 2                                   dx            1 ϩ x2
      d                   1                               d                 1                                        d                 1
22.      ͑cscϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ                               23.      ͑secϪ1x͒ ෇                                        24.      ͑cotϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ
      dx              x sx 2 Ϫ 1                          dx            x sx 2 Ϫ 1                                   dx              1 ϩ x2


HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
      d                                                   d                                                          d
25.      ͑sinh x͒ ෇ cosh x                          26.      ͑cosh x͒ ෇ sinh x                                 27.      ͑tanh x͒ ෇ sech 2x
      dx                                                  dx                                                         dx
      d                                                   d                                                          d
28.      ͑csch x͒ ෇ Ϫcsch x coth x                  29.      ͑sech x͒ ෇ Ϫsech x tanh x                         30.      ͑coth x͒ ෇ Ϫcsch 2x
      dx                                                  dx                                                         dx


INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
      d                 1                                 d                  1                                       d                1
31.      ͑sinhϪ1x͒ ෇                                32.      ͑coshϪ1x͒ ෇                                       33.      ͑tanhϪ1x͒ ෇
      dx             s1 ϩ x 2                             dx             sx 2 Ϫ 1                                    dx             1 Ϫ x2
      d                   1                               d                    1                                     d                1
34.      ͑cschϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ                              35.      ͑sechϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ                                     36.      ͑cothϪ1x͒ ෇
      dx                   Խ Խ
                       x sx 2 ϩ 1                         dx               x s1 Ϫ x 2                                dx             1 Ϫ x2




                                                                        3
R E F E R E N C E PA G E S


          TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S                         G    G   G       G   G       G     G    G           G   G     G    G    G     G    G   G   G   G   G   G   G




BASIC FORMS

 1.   y u dv ෇ uv Ϫ y v du                                                                    11.   y csc u cot u du ෇ Ϫcsc u ϩ C
 2.   yu   n
               du ෇
                                u nϩ1
                                nϩ1
                                      ϩ C, n         Ϫ1                                       12.   y tan u du ෇ ln Խ sec u Խ ϩ C
 3.   y
          du
             ෇ ln u ϩ C         Խ Խ
                                                                                              13.   y cot u du ෇ ln Խ sin u Խ ϩ C
          u
                                                                                              14.   y sec u du ෇ ln Խ sec u ϩ tan u Խ ϩ C
 4.   ye   u
               du ෇ e u ϩ C
                                                                                              15.   y csc u du ෇ ln Խ csc u Ϫ cot u Խ ϩ C
      y
                  au
 5.        u
          a du ෇      ϩC
                 ln a
                                                                                                    y sa
                                                                                                             du                         u
                                                                                              16.                            ෇ sinϪ1      ϩC
                                                                                                             2   Ϫ u2                   a
 6.   y sin u du ෇ Ϫcos u ϩ C
                                                                                                    ya
                                                                                                             du    1     u
                                                                                              17.                 ෇ tanϪ1 ϩ C
      y cos u du ෇ sin u ϩ C
                                                                                                         2
                                                                                                             ϩ u2  a     a
 7.

                                                                                                    y u su
                                                                                                                 du                1      u
                                                                                              18.                             ෇      secϪ1 ϩ C
 8.   y   sec2u du ෇ tan u ϩ C                                                                                   2   Ϫ a2          a      a


 9.   y csc u du ෇ Ϫcot u ϩ C
               2                                                                              19.   ya   2
                                                                                                             du
                                                                                                             Ϫ u2
                                                                                                                  ෇
                                                                                                                     1
                                                                                                                    2a
                                                                                                                       ln
                                                                                                                          uϩa
                                                                                                                          uϪa       Ϳ          Ϳ   ϩC


10.   y sec u tan u du ෇ sec u ϩ C                                                            20.   yu   2
                                                                                                             du
                                                                                                             Ϫ a2
                                                                                                                  ෇
                                                                                                                     1
                                                                                                                    2a
                                                                                                                       ln
                                                                                                                          uϪa
                                                                                                                          uϩa       Ϳ          Ϳ   ϩC


FORMS INVOLVING sa 2 ϩ u 2 , a Ͼ 0


      y sa
                                          u              a2
21.            2       ϩ u 2 du ෇           sa 2 ϩ u 2 ϩ    ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C
                                          2              2


      yu
                                             u 2                        a4
22.        2
               sa 2 ϩ u 2 du ෇                 ͑a ϩ 2u 2 ͒ sa 2 ϩ u 2 Ϫ    ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C
                                             8                          8


23.   y
          sa 2 ϩ u 2
              u
                     du ෇ sa 2 ϩ u 2 Ϫ a ln
                                            a ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2
                                                 u
                                                           Ϳ                  Ϳ   ϩC


      y
          sa 2 ϩ u 2        sa 2 ϩ u 2
24.                  du ෇ Ϫ            ϩ ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C
              u2                u

      y sa
                   du
25.                                 ෇ ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C
                   2   ϩ u2

      y sa
               u 2 du                   u              a2
26.                                 ෇     sa 2 ϩ u 2 Ϫ    ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C
                   2   ϩu       2       2              2

27.   y u sa
                       du
                       2   ϩ u2
                                      ෇Ϫ
                                           1
                                           a
                                             ln Ϳ
                                                sa 2 ϩ u 2 ϩ a
                                                      u
                                                                 Ϳ   ϩC


      y u sa
                       du                    sa 2 ϩ u 2
28.                                     ෇Ϫ              ϩC
           2               2   ϩ u2            a 2u

      y ͑a
                   du              u
29.                           ෇ 2           ϩC
               2
                   ϩ u 2 ͒3͞2  a sa 2 ϩ u 2
                                                                                          4
R E F E R E N C E PA G E S


G     G        G            G        G       G        G     G   G       G           G       G    G   G       G       G       G   G       G   G   G   TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S
                                                                                                                                                       G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   




FORMS INVOLVING sa 2 Ϫ u 2, a Ͼ 0

      y sa
                                                 u              a2      u
30.                2   Ϫ u 2 du ෇                  sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ    sinϪ1 ϩ C
                                                 2              2       a

      y u sa
                                                     u                            a4      u
31.        2            2    Ϫ u 2 du ෇                ͑2u 2 Ϫ a 2 ͒ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ    sinϪ1 ϩ C
                                                     8                            8       a

32.   y
          sa 2 Ϫ u 2
              u
                     du ෇ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 Ϫ a ln
                                            a ϩ sa 2 Ϫ u 2
                                                 u                              Ϳ                        Ϳ   ϩC


      y
          sa 2 Ϫ u 2       1                  u
33.                  du ෇ Ϫ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 Ϫ sinϪ1 ϩ C
              u2           u                  a

      y sa
               u 2 du                            u              a2      u
34.                                  ෇Ϫ            sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ    sinϪ1 ϩ C
                   2    Ϫ u2                     2              2       a


35.   y u sa
                       du
                        2    Ϫ u2
                                             ෇Ϫ
                                                     1
                                                     a
                                                       ln   Ϳ
                                                          a ϩ sa 2 Ϫ u 2
                                                               u
                                                                                            Ϳ   ϩC


      y u sa
                        du                            1
36.                                          ෇Ϫ           sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ C
           2             2      Ϫ u2                 a 2u


      y ͑a
                                                          u                            3a 4      u
37.            2
                   Ϫ u 2 ͒3͞2 du ෇ Ϫ                        ͑2u 2 Ϫ 5a 2 ͒sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ      sinϪ1 ϩ C
                                                          8                             8        a


      y ͑a
                       du              u
38.                               ෇ 2           ϩC
               2
                       Ϫ u 2 ͒3͞2  a sa 2 Ϫ u 2



FORMS INVOLVING su 2 Ϫ a 2, a Ͼ 0

      y su
                                                 u              a2
39.                2   Ϫ a 2 du ෇
                                                 2
                                                   su 2 Ϫ a 2 Ϫ
                                                                2
                                                                   ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ CԽ                        Խ
      y u su
                                                     u                            a4
40.        2            2    Ϫ a 2 du ෇
                                                     8
                                                       ͑2u 2 Ϫ a 2 ͒ su 2 Ϫ a 2 Ϫ
                                                                                  8                      Խ
                                                                                     ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ C                           Խ
      y
          su 2 Ϫ a 2                           a
41.                  du ෇ su 2 Ϫ a 2 Ϫ a cosϪ1   ϩC
              u                                u                                        Խ Խ
      y
          su Ϫ a   2
                        su Ϫ a   2                         2        2
42.
            u2
                 du ෇ Ϫ
                           u
                               ϩ ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ C                              Խ                    Խ
      y su
                   du
43.
                   2    Ϫ a2                     Խ
                                     ෇ ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ C                Խ
      y su
               u 2 du                        u              a2
44.
                   2    Ϫ a2
                                     ෇
                                             2
                                               su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ
                                                            2
                                                               ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ CԽ                    Խ
      y u su
                        du                       su 2 Ϫ a 2
45.                                          ෇              ϩC
           2             2      Ϫa       2         a 2u

      y ͑u
                       du                  u
46.                               ෇Ϫ                ϩC
               2
                       Ϫ a 2 ͒3͞2    a 2 su 2 Ϫ a 2



                                                                                                                         5
R E F E R E N C E PA G E S


          TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S                                                G          G            G        G        G       G   G    G       G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G




FORMS INVOLVING a ϩ bu

      y a ϩ bu ෇ b
           u du                 1
47.                             2
                                     (a ϩ bu Ϫ a ln Խ a ϩ bu Խ) ϩ C

      y a ϩ bu ෇ 2b [͑a ϩ bu͒
               2
         u du     1
48.                                 3
                                                                 2
                                                                     Ϫ 4a͑a ϩ bu͒ ϩ 2a 2 ln a ϩ bu                   Խ                    Խ] ϩ C

49.   y u͑a ϩ bu͒ ෇ a ln
                   du               1
                                                     Ϳ     u
                                                         a ϩ bu        Ϳ   ϩC


50.   y u ͑a ϩ bu͒ ෇ Ϫ au ϩ a
           2
                   du                            1               b
                                                                 2   ln    Ϳ   a ϩ bu
                                                                                 u           Ϳ   ϩC


      y ͑a ϩ bu͒
               u du                       a       1
51.                     2
                            ෇
                                    b 2͑a ϩ bu͒
                                                ϩ 2 ln a ϩ bu ϩ C
                                                 b                                 Խ               Խ

52.   y u͑a ϩ bu͒
                   du
                            2
                                ෇
                                            1
                                        a͑a ϩ bu͒
                                                    1
                                                  Ϫ 2 ln
                                                   a
                                                         a ϩ bu
                                                           u                        Ϳ                   Ϳ   ϩC


53.   y ͑a ϩ bu͒
              u 2 du
                        2   ෇
                                    1
                                    b3
                                             ͩ   a ϩ bu Ϫ
                                                                           a2
                                                                         a ϩ bu
                                                                                Ϫ 2a ln a ϩ bu              Խ                 Խͪ      ϩC



      y u sa ϩ bu du ෇ 15b
                                                 2
54.                                                      2   ͑3bu Ϫ 2a͒͑a ϩ bu͒3͞2 ϩ C


      y sa ϩ bu ෇ 3b
               u du                 2
55.                                      2   ͑bu Ϫ 2a͒ sa ϩ bu ϩ C



      y sa ϩ bu ෇ 15b
           u 2 du                       2
56.                                          3
                                                 ͑8a 2 ϩ 3b 2u 2 Ϫ 4abu͒ sa ϩ bu ϩ C


57.   y u sa ϩ bu ෇ sa ln
                   du                   1
                                                         Ϳ   sa ϩ bu Ϫ sa
                                                             sa ϩ bu ϩ sa
                                                                          ϩ C, if a Ͼ 0  Ϳ
                                ෇
                                     sϪa
                                            2
                                                         tanϪ1       ͱ     a ϩ bu
                                                                             Ϫa
                                                                                  ϩ C,                          if a Ͻ 0


      y                                                                        y u sa ϩ bu
          sa ϩ bu                                                                       du
58.               du ෇ 2 sa ϩ bu ϩ a
             u


      y                                                                            y u sa ϩ bu
          sa ϩ bu        sa ϩ bu   b                                                         du
59.               du ෇ Ϫ         ϩ
            u2              u      2

60.   y u sa ϩ bu du ෇ b͑2n ϩ 3͒
          n                                                  2
                                                                      ͫ    u n͑a ϩ bu͒3͞2 Ϫ na                      yu       nϪ1
                                                                                                                                      sa ϩ bu du       ͬ
      y sa ϩ bu ෇                                                                                y sa ϩ bu
           u n du                   2u nsa ϩ bu      2na                                               u nϪ1 du
61.                                             Ϫ
                                     b͑2n ϩ 1͒    b͑2n ϩ 1͒


      y u sa ϩ bu ෇ Ϫ a͑n Ϫ 1͒u                                                                             yu
                   du                                sa ϩ bu                       b͑2n Ϫ 3͒                                 du
62.                                                                            Ϫ
                                                                                                                             sa ϩ bu
                                                                      nϪ1
           n                                                                       2a͑n Ϫ 1͒                        nϪ1




                                                                                                                                      6
R E F E R E N C E PA G E S


G     G     G        G   G               G       G     G        G        G            G      G       G        G     G    G         G           G        G       G        G   TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S
                                                                                                                                                                               G         G     G         G         G     G    G           G         G     




TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS

      y sin u du ෇                                                                                                               y cot u du ෇ n Ϫ 1 cot                                        y cot
                                                                                                                                                                    Ϫ1
63.           2              1
                             2   u Ϫ 1 sin 2u ϩ C
                                     4
                                                                                                                        76.                n                                       nϪ1
                                                                                                                                                                                       uϪ                    nϪ2
                                                                                                                                                                                                               u du


64.   y cos u du ෇
                2            1
                             2   u ϩ 1 sin 2u ϩ C
                                     4
                                                                                                                        77.      y sec u du ෇ n Ϫ 1 tan u sec
                                                                                                                                           n
                                                                                                                                                                    1                        nϪ2
                                                                                                                                                                                                   uϩ
                                                                                                                                                                                                             nϪ2
                                                                                                                                                                                                             nϪ1         y sec    nϪ2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          u du

65.   y tan u du ෇ tan u Ϫ u ϩ C
                2


                                                                                                                                 y csc u du ෇ n Ϫ 1 cot u csc                                                            y csc
                                                                                                                                                                    Ϫ1                                       nϪ2
                                                                                                                        78.                n                                                 nϪ2
                                                                                                                                                                                                   uϩ                             nϪ2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          u du
                                                                                                                                                                                                             nϪ1
66.   y cot u du ෇ Ϫcot u Ϫ u ϩ C
                2



                                                                                                                                 y sin au sin bu du ෇
                                                                                                                                                                              sin͑a Ϫ b͒u   sin͑a ϩ b͒u
                                                                                                                        79.                                                               Ϫ             ϩC
67.   y sin u du ෇ Ϫ ͑2 ϩ sin u͒ cos u ϩ C
              3                      1
                                     3
                                                       2                                                                                                                        2͑a Ϫ b͒      2͑a ϩ b͒


                                                                                                                                 y cos au cos bu du ෇
                                                                                                                                                                              sin͑a Ϫ b͒u   sin͑a ϩ b͒u
68.   y cos u du ෇
                3            1
                             3   ͑2 ϩ cos 2u͒ sin u ϩ C                                                                 80.
                                                                                                                                                                                2͑a Ϫ b͒
                                                                                                                                                                                          ϩ
                                                                                                                                                                                              2͑a ϩ b͒
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ϩC


69.   y tan u du ෇
              3              1
                             2   tan 2u ϩ ln cos u ϩ C  Խ            Խ                                                  81.      y sin au cos bu du ෇ Ϫ
                                                                                                                                                                                   cos͑a Ϫ b͒u
                                                                                                                                                                                    2͑a Ϫ b͒
                                                                                                                                                                                               Ϫ
                                                                                                                                                                                                 cos͑a ϩ b͒u
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2͑a ϩ b͒
                                                                                                                                                                                                             ϩC

70.   y cot u du ෇ Ϫ
                3                    1
                                     2                      Խ
                                         cot 2u Ϫ ln sin u ϩ C               Խ                                          82.      y u sin u du ෇ sin u Ϫ u cos u ϩ C
71.   y sec u du ෇
                3            1
                             2   sec u tan u ϩ 1 ln sec u ϩ tan u ϩ C
                                               2                         Խ                               Խ              83.      y u cos u du ෇ cos u ϩ u sin u ϩ C
72.   y csc u du ෇ Ϫ
                3                    1
                                     2   csc u cot u ϩ 1 ln csc u Ϫ cot u ϩ C
                                                       2                         Խ                           Խ          84.      yu    n
                                                                                                                                           sin u du ෇ Ϫu n cos u ϩ n                          yu     nϪ1
                                                                                                                                                                                                              cos u du


      y sin u du ෇ Ϫ n sin                                                                  y sin
                                     1                                       nϪ1
73.           n                                  nϪ1
                                                      u cos u ϩ
                                                                              n
                                                                                                     nϪ2
                                                                                                             u du       85.      yu    n
                                                                                                                                           cos u du ෇ u n sin u Ϫ n                          yu    nϪ1
                                                                                                                                                                                                         sin u du


                                                                                                                                 y sin u cos u du ෇ Ϫ                                                                             y sin
                                                                                                                                                                              sin nϪ1u cos mϩ1u
      y cos u du ෇ n cos                                                                   y cos
                                 1                                   nϪ1                                                                                                                          nϪ1
74.             n                            nϪ1
                                                     u sin u ϩ                                     nϪ2
                                                                                                         u du           86.                n                m
                                                                                                                                                                                                ϩ                                              nϪ2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    u cosmu du
                                                                      n                                                                                                             nϩm           nϩm

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             y sin u cos
                                                                                                                                                                             sin nϩ1u cos mϪ1u   mϪ1
      y                                                             y tan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          n             mϪ2
                      1                                                                                                                                              ෇                         ϩ                                                              u du
75.             n
          tan u du ෇     tan nϪ1u Ϫ                                                  nϪ2
                                                                                          u du                                                                                     nϩm           nϩm
                     nϪ1


INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS

      y sin                                                                                                                      y u tan
                                                                                                                                                                    u2 ϩ 1         u
87.         Ϫ1
                    u du ෇ u sinϪ1u ϩ s1 Ϫ u 2 ϩ C                                                                      92.                         u du ෇
                                                                                                                                                   Ϫ1
                                                                                                                                                                           tanϪ1u Ϫ ϩ C
                                                                                                                                                                       2           2

      y cos
88.                 u du ෇ u cosϪ1u Ϫ s1 Ϫ u 2 ϩ C
                                                                                                                                                                                   ͫ                                                   ͬ
                Ϫ1

                                                                                                                                 yu                                                                                    y s1 Ϫ u
                                                                                                                                                                         1                                               u nϩ1 du
                                                                                                                        93.            n
                                                                                                                                           sinϪ1u du ෇                               u nϩ1 sinϪ1u Ϫ                                           , n         Ϫ1
                                                                                                                                                                        nϩ1                                                           2

89.   y tan   Ϫ1
                    u du ෇ u tanϪ1u Ϫ 1 ln͑1 ϩ u 2 ͒ ϩ C

                                                                                                                                                                                   ͫ                                                    ͬ
                                      2


                                                                                                                                 yu                                                                                    y s1 Ϫ u
                                                                                                                                                                         1                                                u nϩ1 du
                                                                                                                        94.            n
                                                                                                                                           cosϪ1u du ෇                               u nϩ1 cosϪ1u ϩ                                            , n            Ϫ1
      y u sin
                                             2
                                         2u Ϫ 1          u s1 Ϫ u                                2
                                                                                                                                                                        nϩ1                                                               2
90.                  u du ෇
                    Ϫ1
                                                sinϪ1u ϩ          ϩC
                                            4                4


91.   y   u cosϪ1u du ෇
                        2u 2 Ϫ 1
                            4
                                 cosϪ1u Ϫ
                                          u s1 Ϫ u 2
                                              4
                                                     ϩC
                                                                                                                        95.      yu    n
                                                                                                                                           tanϪ1u du ෇
                                                                                                                                                                         1
                                                                                                                                                                        nϩ1
                                                                                                                                                                                   ͫ u nϩ1 tanϪ1u Ϫ                    y 1ϩu
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         u nϩ1 du
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2   ͬ       , n        Ϫ1




                                                                                                                             7
R E F E R E N C E PA G E S


        TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S                      G   G    G   G    G       G      G      G             G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G   G     G   G   G




EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FORMS

      y ue                                                                                       y ln u du ෇ u ln u Ϫ u ϩ C
                           1
96.          au
                  du ෇        ͑au Ϫ 1͒e au ϩ C                                        100.
                           a2

                                                                                                 yu
                                                                                                                            u nϩ1
      yu e                                    yu
                           1 n au  n                                                  101.            n
                                                                                                          ln u du ෇                ͓͑n ϩ 1͒ ln u Ϫ 1͔ ϩ C
97.        n au
                   du ෇      u e Ϫ                 nϪ1 au
                                                     e du                                                                 ͑n ϩ 1͒2
                           a       a

                                                                                                 y u ln u du ෇ ln Խ ln u Խ ϩ C
                                                                                                          1
      ye
                                      e au                                            102.
98.        au
                sin bu du ෇                 ͑a sin bu Ϫ b cos bu͒ ϩ C
                                    a2 ϩ b2

      ye
                                      e au
99.        au
                cos bu du ෇                ͑a cos bu ϩ b sin bu͒ ϩ C
                                    a ϩ b2
                                     2



HYPERBOLIC FORMS

103. y sinh u du ෇ cosh u ϩ C                                                         108. y csch u du ෇ ln Խ tanh u Խ ϩ C        1
                                                                                                                                  2



104. y cosh u du ෇ sinh u ϩ C                                                         109. y sech u du ෇ tanh u ϩ C
                                                                                                              2




105. y tanh u du ෇ ln cosh u ϩ C                                                      110. y csch u du ෇ Ϫcoth u ϩ C
                                                                                                              2




106. y coth u du ෇ ln Խ sinh u Խ ϩ C                                                  111. y sech u tanh u du ෇ Ϫsech u ϩ C

107. y sech u du ෇ tan Խ sinh u Խ ϩ C
                                    Ϫ1
                                                                                      112. y csch u coth u du ෇ Ϫcsch u ϩ C



FORMS INVOLVING s2au Ϫ u 2 , a Ͼ 0

113.   y s2au Ϫ u          2   du ෇
                                         uϪa
                                          2
                                             s2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ
                                                          a2
                                                          2
                                                             cosϪ1
                                                                   aϪu
                                                                    a
                                                                         ͩ ͪ          ϩC


114.   y u s2au Ϫ u            2   du ෇
                                          2u 2 Ϫ au Ϫ 3a 2
                                                 6
                                                           s2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ
                                                                        a3
                                                                        2
                                                                           cosϪ1
                                                                                 aϪu
                                                                                  a
                                                                                          ͩ ͪ                 ϩC


115.   y
           s2au Ϫ u 2
               u
                      du ෇ s2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ a cosϪ1
                                                aϪu
                                                 a
                                                                ͩ ͪ      ϩC


116.   y
           s2au Ϫ u 2
              u 2     du ෇ Ϫ
                             2 s2au Ϫ u 2
                                  u
                                          Ϫ cosϪ1
                                                  aϪu
                                                   a
                                                                 ͩ ͪ         ϩC


117.   y s2au Ϫ u
                   du
                           2
                               ෇ cosϪ1     ͩ ͪ
                                            aϪu
                                             a
                                                      ϩC


118.   y s2au Ϫ u
                  u du
                           2
                               ෇ Ϫs2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ a cosϪ1      ͩ ͪ aϪu
                                                                 a
                                                                         ϩC


119.   y s2au Ϫ u
                  u 2 du
                           2
                               ෇Ϫ
                                         ͑u ϩ 3a͒
                                            2
                                                  s2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ
                                                               3a 2
                                                                2
                                                                    cosϪ1
                                                                          aϪu
                                                                           a
                                                                             ͩ ͪ          ϩC


       y u s2au Ϫ u
                    du                    s2au Ϫ u 2
120.                               ෇Ϫ                ϩC
                               2             au




                                                                                  8

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Formulario calculo integral

  • 1. R E F E R E N C E PA G E S ALGEBRA G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G E O M E T RY G G G G G G G G G G G G G ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS GEOMETRIC FORMULAS a c ad ϩ bc Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V: a͑b ϩ c͒ ෇ ab ϩ ac ϩ ෇ b d bd Triangle Circle Sector of Circle a 1 1 A ෇ 2 bh A ෇ ␲r 2 A ෇ 2 r 2␪ aϩc a c b a d ad ෇ ϩ ෇ ϫ ෇ ෇ 1 ab sin ␪ C ෇ 2␲ r s ෇ r ␪ ͑␪ in radians͒ b b b c b c bc 2 d a r h s EXPONENTS AND RADICALS ¨ r x m b ¨ x m x n ෇ x mϩn ෇ x mϪn r xn 1 ͑x m͒n ෇ x m n xϪn ෇ n x ͑xy͒n ෇ x n y n ͩͪ x y n ෇ xn yn Sphere V ෇ 4 ␲r 3 3 Cylinder V ෇ ␲ r 2h Cone V ෇ 1 ␲ r 2h 3 A ෇ 4␲ r 2 x 1͞n ෇ sx n x m͞n ෇ sx m ෇ (sx ) m n n sxy ෇ sx sy n n n ͱ n x y sx n ෇ n sy r r h h FACTORING SPECIAL POLYNOMIALS r x 2 Ϫ y 2 ෇ ͑x ϩ y͒͑x Ϫ y͒ x 3 ϩ y 3 ෇ ͑x ϩ y͒͑x 2 Ϫ xy ϩ y 2͒ x 3 Ϫ y 3 ෇ ͑x Ϫ y͒͑x 2 ϩ xy ϩ y 2͒ DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT FORMULAS BINOMIAL THEOREM Distance between P1͑x1, y1͒ and P2͑x 2, y2͒: ͑x ϩ y͒2 ෇ x 2 ϩ 2xy ϩ y 2 ͑x Ϫ y͒2 ෇ x 2 Ϫ 2xy ϩ y 2 d ෇ s͑x 2 Ϫ x1͒2 ϩ ͑ y2 Ϫ y1͒2 ͑x ϩ y͒3 ෇ x 3 ϩ 3x 2 y ϩ 3xy 2 ϩ y 3 ͩ ͪ ͑x Ϫ y͒3 ෇ x 3 Ϫ 3x 2 y ϩ 3xy 2 Ϫ y 3 x1 ϩ x 2 y1 ϩ y2 n͑n Ϫ 1͒ nϪ2 2 Midpoint of P1 P2 : , ͑x ϩ y͒n ෇ x n ϩ nx nϪ1y ϩ x y 2 2 2 ϩ иии ϩ ͩͪ n nϪk k k x y ϩ и и и ϩ nxy nϪ1 ϩ y n LINES where n k ͩͪ ෇ n͑n Ϫ 1͒ и и и ͑n Ϫ k ϩ 1͒ 1 ؒ 2 ؒ 3 ؒ иии ؒ k Slope of line through P1͑x1, y1͒ and P2͑x 2, y2͒: y2 Ϫ y1 QUADRATIC FORMULA m෇ x 2 Ϫ x1 Ϫb Ϯ sb 2 Ϫ 4ac If ax 2 ϩ bx ϩ c ෇ 0, then x ෇ . Point-slope equation of line through P1͑x1, y1͒ with slope m: 2a INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUE y Ϫ y1 ෇ m͑x Ϫ x1͒ If a Ͻ b and b Ͻ c, then a Ͻ c. Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b: If a Ͻ b, then a ϩ c Ͻ b ϩ c. If a Ͻ b and c Ͼ 0, then ca Ͻ cb. y ෇ mx ϩ b If a Ͻ b and c Ͻ 0, then ca Ͼ cb. If a Ͼ 0, then CIRCLES ԽxԽ ෇ a means x෇a or x ෇ Ϫa Equation of the circle with center ͑h, k͒ and radius r: ԽxԽ Ͻ a means Ϫa Ͻ x Ͻ a ͑x Ϫ h͒2 ϩ ͑ y Ϫ k͒2 ෇ r 2 ԽxԽ Ͼ a means xϾa or x Ͻ Ϫa 1
  • 2. R E F E R E N C E PA G E S T R I G O N O M E T RY G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ANGLE MEASUREMENT FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES ␲ radians ෇ 180Њ 1 1 s csc ␪ ෇ sec ␪ ෇ r sin ␪ cos ␪ ␲ 180Њ 1Њ ෇ rad 1 rad ෇ ¨ 180 ␲ sin ␪ cos ␪ r tan ␪ ෇ cot ␪ ෇ s ෇ r␪ cos ␪ sin ␪ ͑␪ in radians͒ 1 cot ␪ ෇ sin 2␪ ϩ cos 2␪ ෇ 1 tan ␪ RIGHT ANGLE TRIGONOMETRY 1 ϩ tan 2␪ ෇ sec 2␪ 1 ϩ cot 2␪ ෇ csc 2␪ opp hyp sin ␪ ෇ csc ␪ ෇ hyp sin͑Ϫ␪͒ ෇ Ϫsin ␪ cos͑Ϫ␪͒ ෇ cos ␪ hyp opp opp cos ␪ ෇ adj hyp sec ␪ ෇ hyp adj ¨ adj tan͑Ϫ␪͒ ෇ Ϫtan ␪ sin ͩ ͪ ␲ 2 Ϫ ␪ ෇ cos ␪ ͩ ͪ ͩ ͪ opp adj tan ␪ ෇ cot ␪ ෇ ␲ ␲ adj opp cos Ϫ ␪ ෇ sin ␪ tan Ϫ ␪ ෇ cot ␪ 2 2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS B THE LAW OF SINES y r y sin ␪ ෇ csc ␪ ෇ sin A sin B sin C a r y ෇ ෇ (x, y) a b c x r r C cos ␪ ෇ sec ␪ ෇ c r x y x ¨ THE LAW OF COSINES tan ␪ ෇ cot ␪ ෇ x b x y a 2 ෇ b 2 ϩ c 2 Ϫ 2bc cos A b 2 ෇ a 2 ϩ c 2 Ϫ 2ac cos B GRAPHS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS c 2 ෇ a 2 ϩ b 2 Ϫ 2ab cos C A y y y y=tan x y=sin x y=cos x 1 1 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULAS π 2π 2π sin͑x ϩ y͒ ෇ sin x cos y ϩ cos x sin y x π 2π x π x sin͑x Ϫ y͒ ෇ sin x cos y Ϫ cos x sin y _1 _1 cos͑x ϩ y͒ ෇ cos x cos y Ϫ sin x sin y cos͑x Ϫ y͒ ෇ cos x cos y ϩ sin x sin y y y=csc x y y=sec x y y=cot x tan x ϩ tan y tan͑x ϩ y͒ ෇ 1 Ϫ tan x tan y 1 1 tan x Ϫ tan y tan͑x Ϫ y͒ ෇ 1 ϩ tan x tan y π 2π x π 2π x π 2π x _1 _1 DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS sin 2x ෇ 2 sin x cos x cos 2x ෇ cos 2x Ϫ sin 2x ෇ 2 cos 2x Ϫ 1 ෇ 1 Ϫ 2 sin 2x TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF IMPORTANT ANGLES 2 tan x ␪ radians sin ␪ cos ␪ tan ␪ tan 2x ෇ 1 Ϫ tan2x 0Њ 0 0 1 0 30Њ ␲͞6 1͞2 s3͞2 s3͞3 45Њ ␲͞4 s2͞2 s2͞2 1 HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS 60Њ ␲͞3 s3͞2 1͞2 s3 1 Ϫ cos 2x 1 ϩ cos 2x sin 2x ෇ cos 2x ෇ 90Њ ␲͞2 1 0 — 2 2 2
  • 3. R E F E R E N C E PA G E S D I F F E R E N T I AT I O N R U L E S G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G GENERAL FORMULAS d d 1. ͑c͒ ෇ 0 2. ͓cf ͑x͔͒ ෇ c f Ј͑x͒ dx dx d d 3. ͓ f ͑x͒ ϩ t͑x͔͒ ෇ f Ј͑x͒ ϩ tЈ͑x͒ 4. ͓ f ͑x͒ Ϫ t͑x͔͒ ෇ f Ј͑x͒ Ϫ tЈ͑x͒ dx dx 5. d dx ͓ f ͑x͒t͑x͔͒ ෇ f ͑x͒tЈ͑x͒ ϩ t͑x͒f Ј͑x͒ (Product Rule) 6. d dx ͫ ͬ f ͑x͒ t͑x͒ ෇ t͑x͒f Ј͑x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒tЈ͑x͒ ͓ t͑x͔͒ 2 (Quotient Rule) d d 7. f ͑ t͑x͒͒ ෇ f Ј͑ t͑x͒͒tЈ͑x͒ (Chain Rule) 8. ͑x n ͒ ෇ nx nϪ1 (Power Rule) dx dx EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS d d 9. ͑e x ͒ ෇ e x 10. ͑a x ͒ ෇ a x ln a dx dx d 1 d 1 11. dx Խ Խ ln x ෇ x 12. dx ͑log a x͒ ෇ x ln a TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS d d d 13. ͑sin x͒ ෇ cos x 14. ͑cos x͒ ෇ Ϫsin x 15. ͑tan x͒ ෇ sec 2x dx dx dx d d d 16. ͑csc x͒ ෇ Ϫcsc x cot x 17. ͑sec x͒ ෇ sec x tan x 18. ͑cot x͒ ෇ Ϫcsc 2x dx dx dx INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS d 1 d 1 d 1 18. ͑sinϪ1x͒ ෇ 20. ͑cosϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ 21. ͑tanϪ1x͒ ෇ dx s1 Ϫ x 2 dx s1 Ϫ x 2 dx 1 ϩ x2 d 1 d 1 d 1 22. ͑cscϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ 23. ͑secϪ1x͒ ෇ 24. ͑cotϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ dx x sx 2 Ϫ 1 dx x sx 2 Ϫ 1 dx 1 ϩ x2 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS d d d 25. ͑sinh x͒ ෇ cosh x 26. ͑cosh x͒ ෇ sinh x 27. ͑tanh x͒ ෇ sech 2x dx dx dx d d d 28. ͑csch x͒ ෇ Ϫcsch x coth x 29. ͑sech x͒ ෇ Ϫsech x tanh x 30. ͑coth x͒ ෇ Ϫcsch 2x dx dx dx INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS d 1 d 1 d 1 31. ͑sinhϪ1x͒ ෇ 32. ͑coshϪ1x͒ ෇ 33. ͑tanhϪ1x͒ ෇ dx s1 ϩ x 2 dx sx 2 Ϫ 1 dx 1 Ϫ x2 d 1 d 1 d 1 34. ͑cschϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ 35. ͑sechϪ1x͒ ෇ Ϫ 36. ͑cothϪ1x͒ ෇ dx Խ Խ x sx 2 ϩ 1 dx x s1 Ϫ x 2 dx 1 Ϫ x2 3
  • 4. R E F E R E N C E PA G E S TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G BASIC FORMS 1. y u dv ෇ uv Ϫ y v du 11. y csc u cot u du ෇ Ϫcsc u ϩ C 2. yu n du ෇ u nϩ1 nϩ1 ϩ C, n Ϫ1 12. y tan u du ෇ ln Խ sec u Խ ϩ C 3. y du ෇ ln u ϩ C Խ Խ 13. y cot u du ෇ ln Խ sin u Խ ϩ C u 14. y sec u du ෇ ln Խ sec u ϩ tan u Խ ϩ C 4. ye u du ෇ e u ϩ C 15. y csc u du ෇ ln Խ csc u Ϫ cot u Խ ϩ C y au 5. u a du ෇ ϩC ln a y sa du u 16. ෇ sinϪ1 ϩC 2 Ϫ u2 a 6. y sin u du ෇ Ϫcos u ϩ C ya du 1 u 17. ෇ tanϪ1 ϩ C y cos u du ෇ sin u ϩ C 2 ϩ u2 a a 7. y u su du 1 u 18. ෇ secϪ1 ϩ C 8. y sec2u du ෇ tan u ϩ C 2 Ϫ a2 a a 9. y csc u du ෇ Ϫcot u ϩ C 2 19. ya 2 du Ϫ u2 ෇ 1 2a ln uϩa uϪa Ϳ Ϳ ϩC 10. y sec u tan u du ෇ sec u ϩ C 20. yu 2 du Ϫ a2 ෇ 1 2a ln uϪa uϩa Ϳ Ϳ ϩC FORMS INVOLVING sa 2 ϩ u 2 , a Ͼ 0 y sa u a2 21. 2 ϩ u 2 du ෇ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ϩ ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C 2 2 yu u 2 a4 22. 2 sa 2 ϩ u 2 du ෇ ͑a ϩ 2u 2 ͒ sa 2 ϩ u 2 Ϫ ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C 8 8 23. y sa 2 ϩ u 2 u du ෇ sa 2 ϩ u 2 Ϫ a ln a ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 u Ϳ Ϳ ϩC y sa 2 ϩ u 2 sa 2 ϩ u 2 24. du ෇ Ϫ ϩ ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C u2 u y sa du 25. ෇ ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C 2 ϩ u2 y sa u 2 du u a2 26. ෇ sa 2 ϩ u 2 Ϫ ln(u ϩ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ) ϩ C 2 ϩu 2 2 2 27. y u sa du 2 ϩ u2 ෇Ϫ 1 a ln Ϳ sa 2 ϩ u 2 ϩ a u Ϳ ϩC y u sa du sa 2 ϩ u 2 28. ෇Ϫ ϩC 2 2 ϩ u2 a 2u y ͑a du u 29. ෇ 2 ϩC 2 ϩ u 2 ͒3͞2 a sa 2 ϩ u 2 4
  • 5. R E F E R E N C E PA G E S G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S G G G G G G G G G FORMS INVOLVING sa 2 Ϫ u 2, a Ͼ 0 y sa u a2 u 30. 2 Ϫ u 2 du ෇ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ sinϪ1 ϩ C 2 2 a y u sa u a4 u 31. 2 2 Ϫ u 2 du ෇ ͑2u 2 Ϫ a 2 ͒ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ sinϪ1 ϩ C 8 8 a 32. y sa 2 Ϫ u 2 u du ෇ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 Ϫ a ln a ϩ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 u Ϳ Ϳ ϩC y sa 2 Ϫ u 2 1 u 33. du ෇ Ϫ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 Ϫ sinϪ1 ϩ C u2 u a y sa u 2 du u a2 u 34. ෇Ϫ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ sinϪ1 ϩ C 2 Ϫ u2 2 2 a 35. y u sa du 2 Ϫ u2 ෇Ϫ 1 a ln Ϳ a ϩ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 u Ϳ ϩC y u sa du 1 36. ෇Ϫ sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ C 2 2 Ϫ u2 a 2u y ͑a u 3a 4 u 37. 2 Ϫ u 2 ͒3͞2 du ෇ Ϫ ͑2u 2 Ϫ 5a 2 ͒sa 2 Ϫ u 2 ϩ sinϪ1 ϩ C 8 8 a y ͑a du u 38. ෇ 2 ϩC 2 Ϫ u 2 ͒3͞2 a sa 2 Ϫ u 2 FORMS INVOLVING su 2 Ϫ a 2, a Ͼ 0 y su u a2 39. 2 Ϫ a 2 du ෇ 2 su 2 Ϫ a 2 Ϫ 2 ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ CԽ Խ y u su u a4 40. 2 2 Ϫ a 2 du ෇ 8 ͑2u 2 Ϫ a 2 ͒ su 2 Ϫ a 2 Ϫ 8 Խ ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ C Խ y su 2 Ϫ a 2 a 41. du ෇ su 2 Ϫ a 2 Ϫ a cosϪ1 ϩC u u Խ Խ y su Ϫ a 2 su Ϫ a 2 2 2 42. u2 du ෇ Ϫ u ϩ ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ C Խ Խ y su du 43. 2 Ϫ a2 Խ ෇ ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ C Խ y su u 2 du u a2 44. 2 Ϫ a2 ෇ 2 su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ 2 ln u ϩ su 2 Ϫ a 2 ϩ CԽ Խ y u su du su 2 Ϫ a 2 45. ෇ ϩC 2 2 Ϫa 2 a 2u y ͑u du u 46. ෇Ϫ ϩC 2 Ϫ a 2 ͒3͞2 a 2 su 2 Ϫ a 2 5
  • 6. R E F E R E N C E PA G E S TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G FORMS INVOLVING a ϩ bu y a ϩ bu ෇ b u du 1 47. 2 (a ϩ bu Ϫ a ln Խ a ϩ bu Խ) ϩ C y a ϩ bu ෇ 2b [͑a ϩ bu͒ 2 u du 1 48. 3 2 Ϫ 4a͑a ϩ bu͒ ϩ 2a 2 ln a ϩ bu Խ Խ] ϩ C 49. y u͑a ϩ bu͒ ෇ a ln du 1 Ϳ u a ϩ bu Ϳ ϩC 50. y u ͑a ϩ bu͒ ෇ Ϫ au ϩ a 2 du 1 b 2 ln Ϳ a ϩ bu u Ϳ ϩC y ͑a ϩ bu͒ u du a 1 51. 2 ෇ b 2͑a ϩ bu͒ ϩ 2 ln a ϩ bu ϩ C b Խ Խ 52. y u͑a ϩ bu͒ du 2 ෇ 1 a͑a ϩ bu͒ 1 Ϫ 2 ln a a ϩ bu u Ϳ Ϳ ϩC 53. y ͑a ϩ bu͒ u 2 du 2 ෇ 1 b3 ͩ a ϩ bu Ϫ a2 a ϩ bu Ϫ 2a ln a ϩ bu Խ Խͪ ϩC y u sa ϩ bu du ෇ 15b 2 54. 2 ͑3bu Ϫ 2a͒͑a ϩ bu͒3͞2 ϩ C y sa ϩ bu ෇ 3b u du 2 55. 2 ͑bu Ϫ 2a͒ sa ϩ bu ϩ C y sa ϩ bu ෇ 15b u 2 du 2 56. 3 ͑8a 2 ϩ 3b 2u 2 Ϫ 4abu͒ sa ϩ bu ϩ C 57. y u sa ϩ bu ෇ sa ln du 1 Ϳ sa ϩ bu Ϫ sa sa ϩ bu ϩ sa ϩ C, if a Ͼ 0 Ϳ ෇ sϪa 2 tanϪ1 ͱ a ϩ bu Ϫa ϩ C, if a Ͻ 0 y y u sa ϩ bu sa ϩ bu du 58. du ෇ 2 sa ϩ bu ϩ a u y y u sa ϩ bu sa ϩ bu sa ϩ bu b du 59. du ෇ Ϫ ϩ u2 u 2 60. y u sa ϩ bu du ෇ b͑2n ϩ 3͒ n 2 ͫ u n͑a ϩ bu͒3͞2 Ϫ na yu nϪ1 sa ϩ bu du ͬ y sa ϩ bu ෇ y sa ϩ bu u n du 2u nsa ϩ bu 2na u nϪ1 du 61. Ϫ b͑2n ϩ 1͒ b͑2n ϩ 1͒ y u sa ϩ bu ෇ Ϫ a͑n Ϫ 1͒u yu du sa ϩ bu b͑2n Ϫ 3͒ du 62. Ϫ sa ϩ bu nϪ1 n 2a͑n Ϫ 1͒ nϪ1 6
  • 7. R E F E R E N C E PA G E S G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S G G G G G G G G G TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS y sin u du ෇ y cot u du ෇ n Ϫ 1 cot y cot Ϫ1 63. 2 1 2 u Ϫ 1 sin 2u ϩ C 4 76. n nϪ1 uϪ nϪ2 u du 64. y cos u du ෇ 2 1 2 u ϩ 1 sin 2u ϩ C 4 77. y sec u du ෇ n Ϫ 1 tan u sec n 1 nϪ2 uϩ nϪ2 nϪ1 y sec nϪ2 u du 65. y tan u du ෇ tan u Ϫ u ϩ C 2 y csc u du ෇ n Ϫ 1 cot u csc y csc Ϫ1 nϪ2 78. n nϪ2 uϩ nϪ2 u du nϪ1 66. y cot u du ෇ Ϫcot u Ϫ u ϩ C 2 y sin au sin bu du ෇ sin͑a Ϫ b͒u sin͑a ϩ b͒u 79. Ϫ ϩC 67. y sin u du ෇ Ϫ ͑2 ϩ sin u͒ cos u ϩ C 3 1 3 2 2͑a Ϫ b͒ 2͑a ϩ b͒ y cos au cos bu du ෇ sin͑a Ϫ b͒u sin͑a ϩ b͒u 68. y cos u du ෇ 3 1 3 ͑2 ϩ cos 2u͒ sin u ϩ C 80. 2͑a Ϫ b͒ ϩ 2͑a ϩ b͒ ϩC 69. y tan u du ෇ 3 1 2 tan 2u ϩ ln cos u ϩ C Խ Խ 81. y sin au cos bu du ෇ Ϫ cos͑a Ϫ b͒u 2͑a Ϫ b͒ Ϫ cos͑a ϩ b͒u 2͑a ϩ b͒ ϩC 70. y cot u du ෇ Ϫ 3 1 2 Խ cot 2u Ϫ ln sin u ϩ C Խ 82. y u sin u du ෇ sin u Ϫ u cos u ϩ C 71. y sec u du ෇ 3 1 2 sec u tan u ϩ 1 ln sec u ϩ tan u ϩ C 2 Խ Խ 83. y u cos u du ෇ cos u ϩ u sin u ϩ C 72. y csc u du ෇ Ϫ 3 1 2 csc u cot u ϩ 1 ln csc u Ϫ cot u ϩ C 2 Խ Խ 84. yu n sin u du ෇ Ϫu n cos u ϩ n yu nϪ1 cos u du y sin u du ෇ Ϫ n sin y sin 1 nϪ1 73. n nϪ1 u cos u ϩ n nϪ2 u du 85. yu n cos u du ෇ u n sin u Ϫ n yu nϪ1 sin u du y sin u cos u du ෇ Ϫ y sin sin nϪ1u cos mϩ1u y cos u du ෇ n cos y cos 1 nϪ1 nϪ1 74. n nϪ1 u sin u ϩ nϪ2 u du 86. n m ϩ nϪ2 u cosmu du n nϩm nϩm y sin u cos sin nϩ1u cos mϪ1u mϪ1 y y tan n mϪ2 1 ෇ ϩ u du 75. n tan u du ෇ tan nϪ1u Ϫ nϪ2 u du nϩm nϩm nϪ1 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS y sin y u tan u2 ϩ 1 u 87. Ϫ1 u du ෇ u sinϪ1u ϩ s1 Ϫ u 2 ϩ C 92. u du ෇ Ϫ1 tanϪ1u Ϫ ϩ C 2 2 y cos 88. u du ෇ u cosϪ1u Ϫ s1 Ϫ u 2 ϩ C ͫ ͬ Ϫ1 yu y s1 Ϫ u 1 u nϩ1 du 93. n sinϪ1u du ෇ u nϩ1 sinϪ1u Ϫ , n Ϫ1 nϩ1 2 89. y tan Ϫ1 u du ෇ u tanϪ1u Ϫ 1 ln͑1 ϩ u 2 ͒ ϩ C ͫ ͬ 2 yu y s1 Ϫ u 1 u nϩ1 du 94. n cosϪ1u du ෇ u nϩ1 cosϪ1u ϩ , n Ϫ1 y u sin 2 2u Ϫ 1 u s1 Ϫ u 2 nϩ1 2 90. u du ෇ Ϫ1 sinϪ1u ϩ ϩC 4 4 91. y u cosϪ1u du ෇ 2u 2 Ϫ 1 4 cosϪ1u Ϫ u s1 Ϫ u 2 4 ϩC 95. yu n tanϪ1u du ෇ 1 nϩ1 ͫ u nϩ1 tanϪ1u Ϫ y 1ϩu u nϩ1 du 2 ͬ , n Ϫ1 7
  • 8. R E F E R E N C E PA G E S TA B L E O F I N T E G R A L S G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FORMS y ue y ln u du ෇ u ln u Ϫ u ϩ C 1 96. au du ෇ ͑au Ϫ 1͒e au ϩ C 100. a2 yu u nϩ1 yu e yu 1 n au n 101. n ln u du ෇ ͓͑n ϩ 1͒ ln u Ϫ 1͔ ϩ C 97. n au du ෇ u e Ϫ nϪ1 au e du ͑n ϩ 1͒2 a a y u ln u du ෇ ln Խ ln u Խ ϩ C 1 ye e au 102. 98. au sin bu du ෇ ͑a sin bu Ϫ b cos bu͒ ϩ C a2 ϩ b2 ye e au 99. au cos bu du ෇ ͑a cos bu ϩ b sin bu͒ ϩ C a ϩ b2 2 HYPERBOLIC FORMS 103. y sinh u du ෇ cosh u ϩ C 108. y csch u du ෇ ln Խ tanh u Խ ϩ C 1 2 104. y cosh u du ෇ sinh u ϩ C 109. y sech u du ෇ tanh u ϩ C 2 105. y tanh u du ෇ ln cosh u ϩ C 110. y csch u du ෇ Ϫcoth u ϩ C 2 106. y coth u du ෇ ln Խ sinh u Խ ϩ C 111. y sech u tanh u du ෇ Ϫsech u ϩ C 107. y sech u du ෇ tan Խ sinh u Խ ϩ C Ϫ1 112. y csch u coth u du ෇ Ϫcsch u ϩ C FORMS INVOLVING s2au Ϫ u 2 , a Ͼ 0 113. y s2au Ϫ u 2 du ෇ uϪa 2 s2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ a2 2 cosϪ1 aϪu a ͩ ͪ ϩC 114. y u s2au Ϫ u 2 du ෇ 2u 2 Ϫ au Ϫ 3a 2 6 s2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ a3 2 cosϪ1 aϪu a ͩ ͪ ϩC 115. y s2au Ϫ u 2 u du ෇ s2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ a cosϪ1 aϪu a ͩ ͪ ϩC 116. y s2au Ϫ u 2 u 2 du ෇ Ϫ 2 s2au Ϫ u 2 u Ϫ cosϪ1 aϪu a ͩ ͪ ϩC 117. y s2au Ϫ u du 2 ෇ cosϪ1 ͩ ͪ aϪu a ϩC 118. y s2au Ϫ u u du 2 ෇ Ϫs2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ a cosϪ1 ͩ ͪ aϪu a ϩC 119. y s2au Ϫ u u 2 du 2 ෇Ϫ ͑u ϩ 3a͒ 2 s2au Ϫ u 2 ϩ 3a 2 2 cosϪ1 aϪu a ͩ ͪ ϩC y u s2au Ϫ u du s2au Ϫ u 2 120. ෇Ϫ ϩC 2 au 8