This document summarizes fluid flow parameters and Bernoulli's theorem. It defines different types of fluid flow such as gravity flow, pressure flow, laminar and turbulent flow. It also describes Reynolds number, which is a ratio that determines flow type. Bernoulli's theorem states that the total energy in a fluid system remains constant, including potential, kinetic and pressure energy. The document provides examples of applications like venturi meters and outlines assumptions of Bernoulli's theorem like steady, incompressible and one-dimensional flow.

1. Fluid flow parameters
Presented by
Vadurle Rohan B.
Guides by. Guided By
Prof.Khamkar U. B. sir. Prof. Navane V. S.
Vishweshwarayya Abhiyantriki Padvika
Mahavidyalaya, Almala.

2. Content
• Type of flow - Gravity and pressure flow, Laminar-
Turbulent - Uniform - Non -Uniform - Steady - Unsteady
flow.
• Reynolds number.
• Discharge and it's unit , continuity equation of flow.
• Energy of flowing liquid, potential kinetic and pressure
energy.
•
• Bernoulli theorem : statement, assumption, Equation and
modified Bernoulli's theorem.

3. Flow=
Due to change in energy level from one point to other
point the fluid particles moves higher energy level to lower
energy level is called as flow.
Following are the type of flow
• Gravity flow
• Pressure flow
• Steady flow
• Unsteady flow
• Uniform flow
• Non -uniform flow
• Laminar flow
• Turbulent flow

4. Gravity flow
Due to change in atmospheric pressure fluid flow one
point to another point such flow is called as gravity flow.
Practical Example=
1. Flow through channel
2. Flow through river
3. Irrigation dich
Pressure flow
Due to external applied force fluid flow from one point to
another point such flow is called pressure flow.
Example
1. Flow through pipe
2. Flow through pump

5. Steady flow
The fluid characteristics such velocity, density, pressure,
temperature is constant with respect to time such flow is
called steady flow.
Example
1. Flow through long pipe
2. Flow through prismatic channel
Unsteady flow
The fluid unsteady when the fluid characteristics such as
velocity, density, pressure, temperature, is does not constant
with respect to time such flow is called unsteady flow.
Example
Flow through river

7. Laminar flow
The flow is said to be laminar the flow fluid particle moves in
same straight line path (they will not cross each other).
Example
1. flow of blood in small veins
2. Flow of oil in bearing.
3. Flow in porous media.
Turbulent flow
The flow is said to be turbulent when the fluid particle
crosses each other while flowing.
Example.
1. Flow through a river or canal
2. Smoke from chimney
3. Smoke from a cigarette.

8. Reynold's Number
It is a ratio of inertia force to the viscous force it is denoted
by Re.
Reynold's Number=inertia force /viscous force
Where,
ρ = Mass density
V = velocity of flow through pipe
μ = dynamic viscosity
L = length of the pipe
Re= Reynold's Number.

9. Application of Reynold's Number=
1. To identified the type of flow ( laminar and turbulent)
determine coefficient of friction.
2. To design the diameter of pipe.
3. Submarine
4. Aeroplanes
5. Incompressible flow through pipe
6. Flow through low speed turbo-machine.

10. Significance of Reynold's Number
1. If Reynold's Number less than 2000 (Re <2000) flow is
laminar flow.
2. If Reynold's Number is greater than 4000 (Re >4000)
flow is turbulent flow.
3. If Reynold's Number lies between 2000 to 4000 the flow
is transit flow.
Discharge
It is a rate of flow the volume of liquid passing through
given cross section in unit is called as discharge.
It is denoted by letter Q its unit is m^3/s
Discharge= Volume / Time
Discharge= Area × Velocity / Time
Q=A×V /T

11. Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation is based on the principle of
conservation of mass . For continuity of in any system of
flow the total amount of flow the entering the system must
be equal to the total number of fluid living the system.
Energy of flowing fluid
Following are the type of energy of flowing fluid,
1. Potential energy
2. Kinetic energy
3. Pressure energy
4. Total energy

12. 1. Potential energy
The energy possessed by fluid particle by virtue of its
position is called as potential energy.
Potential energy due to position of liquid to with respect to
same arbitrary horizontal datum.
# Datum Head or potential Head
Potential head or datum head it is the potential energy per
unit weight it is denoted by letter Z.
2. Kinetic energy
The energy possessed by fluid particle by virtue of its
Motion or velocity is called as kinetic energy.
#. Kinetic Head
Kinetic energy per unit weight is nothing but kinetic head.

13. 3. Pressure energy
The energy possessed by fluid particle by virtue of its
existing pressure
When the liquid is motion it is undergo same pressure this
pressure is converted head of liquid.
#. Pressure Head
Pressure energy per unit weight is nothing but pressure
head.
4. Total energy
Total energy of a liquid is the sum of potential energy,
kinetic energy and pressure energy.

14. Bernoulli's Theorem
It state that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible
fluid, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and
potential energy at any point of the fluid is always constant.
Total energy = constant
Pressure energy + kinetic energy + potential
energy=constant

15. Bernoulli's Equation
Where,
P.1 = pressure at section 1
P.2 = pressure at section 2
V.1 = velocity at section 1
V.2 = velocity at section 2
Z.1 = height above datum of section 1
Z.2 = height above datum of section 2.

16. Assumption made in Bernoulli's
Equation
1. The fluid is ideal
2. The flow is steady and continuous .
3. The flow is incompressible.
4. The flow is one-dimensional along steam-line
5. Velocity is uniform over the cross section and is equal to
the mean velocity.
6. The gravity force and pressure force are only considered.

17. Application of Bernoulli's theorem
Bernoulli's theorem is wide application of all hydraulic
machine.
1. Venturimeter
2. Orifice meter
3. Pilot tube
Limitation of Bernoulli's Equation
1. If is applicable to ideal fluid i.e fluid has no viscosity.
2. It is applicable to incompressible fluid flow.
3. It is not applicable for fluid with unsteady.
4. Bernoulli's theorem is derived the under the assumption
that there is no loss of energy of the particle while
flowing.

18. Modified Bernoulli's theorem
Where,
P.1 = pressure at section 1
P.2 = pressure at section 2
V.1 = velocity at section 1
V.2 = velocity at section 2
Z.1 = height above datum of section 1
Z.2 = height above datum of section 2.
HL = Head loss
Modified Bernoulli's theorem state that continuous flow od
fluid the total energy at section two plus losses.

19. Thank you for
a watching