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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
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Bible+culture 2012 ezekiel 3 - chapters 14-24
The document summarizes part 3 of Ezekiel, which contains oracles of judgment against idolatrous elders, a coming judgment from God demonstrating His justice, allegories of a useless vine and an adulterous wife, an allegory of eagles and a vine representing kings of Israel and Judah, a discussion of moral responsibility and God's justice, and a lament for the princes of Israel. It then summarizes the beginning of the 4th collection of oracles, including histories of Israel's rebellion, oracles against the south and about God's sword, violence in Jerusalem, allegories of two immoral sisters, an allegory of a boiling pot, and Ezekiel's wife dying as a symbolic action.
Phases Of The Moon.
The document summarizes the four phases of the moon: new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter. During the new moon, the side facing Earth is not lit by the sun. The first quarter moon is half lit. At the full moon phase, the entire side facing Earth is lit. The document also notes that the lunar month refers to the full cycle of all the moon's phases.
South dakota
The Edgemont Site in South Dakota contains a 145-hectare disposal cell that was built in 1989 to encapsulate uranium mill tailings and contaminated materials from a nearby former uranium mill. Major long-term stewardship activities at the site include monitoring of the disposal cell, restricting access, inspections, and maintenance. The estimated annual cost for long-term stewardship activities from 2000-2006 was $7,800. The primary future use of the site will be long-term surveillance and maintenance of the onsite disposal cell.
Mississippi
The Salmon Site covers 1,470 acres in Mississippi where the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission conducted two underground nuclear tests in the 1960s, contaminating the subsurface and groundwater. Major long-term stewardship activities include annual groundwater monitoring and enforcing restrictions to prevent access to the contaminated subsurface. Stewardship is estimated to cost $40,000 annually through 2010 and $6.8 million total after 2070, involving monitoring, data analysis, and well maintenance every 25 years. The site is planned to transfer to the state as a demonstration forest after surface contamination decays over 10 years.
West virginia
The Parkersburg Site in West Virginia contains an engineered disposal cell for radioactive waste from a former uranium mill. Major long-term stewardship activities include monitoring the disposal cell, restricting access, inspecting fencing and signs, and monitoring groundwater. The 6-hectare site has been monitored since 1983, with disposal of approximately 15,300 cubic meters of waste in the cell. Annual costs average around $16,400, with higher costs every 5 years for groundwater monitoring. The site will remain under long-term stewardship by the DOE indefinitely to ensure the integrity of the disposal cell.
06 the moon
The Moon is the closest celestial body to Earth. It orbits Earth every 29.5 days while rotating once on its axis, so the same side always faces Earth. The amount of the Moon illuminated depends on its position relative to Earth and the Sun, causing the phases of the Moon like waxing, waning, full, and new. Lunar eclipses occur when Earth is between the Sun and Moon, blocking sunlight to the Moon. Solar eclipses happen when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun. The Moon and Sun exert gravitational forces that cause Earth's ocean tides, with spring tides being the largest and neap tides the smallest.
Werner Jim Testomony FINAL Nov 2005 Senate EPW Subcommittee on Clean Air
- The director of Delaware's Division of Air and Waste Management testified before Congress about implementing national air quality standards for particulate matter and ozone.
- Delaware faces significant air pollution challenges as a small, downwind state receiving pollution from upwind sources. However, Delaware is pursuing various regulations and initiatives to reduce emissions within the state to improve air quality.
- While implementation of air quality standards comes with costs, studies consistently show the substantial health and economic benefits of cleaner air outweigh the costs. Delaware urges consideration of both costs and benefits when evaluating compliance schedules.
EPW Tmy Werner July 2007 Final
- James D. Werner, Director of Delaware's Air and Waste Management Division, testified before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works about EPA's proposed revision to lower the ground-level ozone standard.
- While Delaware faces challenges in meeting the current ozone standard due to its downwind location receiving air pollution from other states, Werner expressed support for lowering the standard further in accordance with EPA's independent scientific advisory committee's recommendation.
- Werner raised concerns that EPA did not fully follow its scientific advisory committee's advice in proposing to lower the standard only slightly rather than more substantially as recommended, noting this was the second time EPA had not fully followed its committee's recommendation.
Recommended
Bible+culture 2012 ezekiel 3 - chapters 14-24
The document summarizes part 3 of Ezekiel, which contains oracles of judgment against idolatrous elders, a coming judgment from God demonstrating His justice, allegories of a useless vine and an adulterous wife, an allegory of eagles and a vine representing kings of Israel and Judah, a discussion of moral responsibility and God's justice, and a lament for the princes of Israel. It then summarizes the beginning of the 4th collection of oracles, including histories of Israel's rebellion, oracles against the south and about God's sword, violence in Jerusalem, allegories of two immoral sisters, an allegory of a boiling pot, and Ezekiel's wife dying as a symbolic action.
Phases Of The Moon.
The document summarizes the four phases of the moon: new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter. During the new moon, the side facing Earth is not lit by the sun. The first quarter moon is half lit. At the full moon phase, the entire side facing Earth is lit. The document also notes that the lunar month refers to the full cycle of all the moon's phases.
South dakota
The Edgemont Site in South Dakota contains a 145-hectare disposal cell that was built in 1989 to encapsulate uranium mill tailings and contaminated materials from a nearby former uranium mill. Major long-term stewardship activities at the site include monitoring of the disposal cell, restricting access, inspections, and maintenance. The estimated annual cost for long-term stewardship activities from 2000-2006 was $7,800. The primary future use of the site will be long-term surveillance and maintenance of the onsite disposal cell.
Mississippi
The Salmon Site covers 1,470 acres in Mississippi where the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission conducted two underground nuclear tests in the 1960s, contaminating the subsurface and groundwater. Major long-term stewardship activities include annual groundwater monitoring and enforcing restrictions to prevent access to the contaminated subsurface. Stewardship is estimated to cost $40,000 annually through 2010 and $6.8 million total after 2070, involving monitoring, data analysis, and well maintenance every 25 years. The site is planned to transfer to the state as a demonstration forest after surface contamination decays over 10 years.
West virginia
The Parkersburg Site in West Virginia contains an engineered disposal cell for radioactive waste from a former uranium mill. Major long-term stewardship activities include monitoring the disposal cell, restricting access, inspecting fencing and signs, and monitoring groundwater. The 6-hectare site has been monitored since 1983, with disposal of approximately 15,300 cubic meters of waste in the cell. Annual costs average around $16,400, with higher costs every 5 years for groundwater monitoring. The site will remain under long-term stewardship by the DOE indefinitely to ensure the integrity of the disposal cell.
06 the moon
The Moon is the closest celestial body to Earth. It orbits Earth every 29.5 days while rotating once on its axis, so the same side always faces Earth. The amount of the Moon illuminated depends on its position relative to Earth and the Sun, causing the phases of the Moon like waxing, waning, full, and new. Lunar eclipses occur when Earth is between the Sun and Moon, blocking sunlight to the Moon. Solar eclipses happen when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun. The Moon and Sun exert gravitational forces that cause Earth's ocean tides, with spring tides being the largest and neap tides the smallest.
Werner Jim Testomony FINAL Nov 2005 Senate EPW Subcommittee on Clean Air
- The director of Delaware's Division of Air and Waste Management testified before Congress about implementing national air quality standards for particulate matter and ozone.
- Delaware faces significant air pollution challenges as a small, downwind state receiving pollution from upwind sources. However, Delaware is pursuing various regulations and initiatives to reduce emissions within the state to improve air quality.
- While implementation of air quality standards comes with costs, studies consistently show the substantial health and economic benefits of cleaner air outweigh the costs. Delaware urges consideration of both costs and benefits when evaluating compliance schedules.
EPW Tmy Werner July 2007 Final
- James D. Werner, Director of Delaware's Air and Waste Management Division, testified before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works about EPA's proposed revision to lower the ground-level ozone standard.
- While Delaware faces challenges in meeting the current ozone standard due to its downwind location receiving air pollution from other states, Werner expressed support for lowering the standard further in accordance with EPA's independent scientific advisory committee's recommendation.
- Werner raised concerns that EPA did not fully follow its scientific advisory committee's advice in proposing to lower the standard only slightly rather than more substantially as recommended, noting this was the second time EPA had not fully followed its committee's recommendation.
ELR Rad Waste Article Werner
This document discusses radioactive waste control and progress toward sustainability from 1992 to 2002. It begins with an introduction that explores different definitions of sustainability in relation to radioactive waste and nuclear power. It then provides a primer on the different types of radioactive waste. The majority of the document evaluates U.S. progress and failures in radioactive waste control based on principles from the 1992 Rio Declaration and Agenda 21. It assesses performance for different waste types and offers recommendations, including establishing long-term stewardship funds and improving scientific understanding of radioactive waste management.
From Cleanup to Stewardship Oct 1999
This document provides background information on the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) long-term stewardship obligations after completing cleanup activities at over 100 sites contaminated from decades of nuclear weapons production and research. Long-term stewardship will be needed to monitor and maintain engineered barriers and land-use controls to protect human health and the environment from residual radioactive and chemical contamination. The document examines the transition from active cleanup to long-term stewardship required under various environmental laws and regulations. It also provides context for a study required by a 1998 legal settlement on ensuring protections as land use changes over decades or centuries.
cover
This document provides a summary of the U.S. Department of Energy report "Linking Legacies: Connecting the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Production Processes to Their Environmental Consequences". The report connects the nuclear weapons production facilities during the Cold War to the environmental impacts and waste left behind. It details each step of nuclear weapons production and disposition and the resulting contamination found on and around the sites. The goal is to inform Congress, DOE managers, analysts, and the public about the environmental results of nuclear weapons production in order to guide future cleanup efforts.
Wyoming
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Washington
This document provides information on three Department of Energy sites in Washington:
1) The (Dawn) Ford Site, a former uranium milling site of 202 hectares that will be transferred to DOE in 2019 for long-term monitoring.
2) Hanford, a 152,000 hectare former plutonium production site undergoing environmental remediation to address contaminated liquids, soils, groundwater and solid waste. Major long-term activities will include institutional controls and monitoring.
3) The (WNI) Sherwood Site, a 154 hectare former disposal site requiring disposal cell and groundwater monitoring with an estimated annual cost of $38,700 for long-term stewardship through 2006.
Utah
The (Atlas) Moab Mill site is a former uranium milling site located on 162 hectares near Moab, Utah. Operations from 1956 to 1988 created uranium mill tailings and other wastes occupying around 53 hectares. The U.S. Department of Energy will be responsible for long-term stewardship if needed. Per the 2001 National Defense Authorization Act, the Department of Energy must prepare a remediation plan considering relocating wastes to an offsite disposal cell and restoring groundwater, in consultation with other groups. Long-term activities are not expected to begin until after 2006.
Texas
The (Conoco) Conquista Site is a former uranium milling site in Karnes County, Texas encompassing 243 hectares. Continental Oil Company (CONOCO) operated the mill from 1972-1982. Remediation efforts encapsulated contaminated soils and mill tailings in an onsite 101-hectare disposal cell. Groundwater is contaminated with radionuclides. In 2002, responsibility will transfer to the US Department of Energy for long-term stewardship activities including groundwater monitoring and disposal cell inspections costing an estimated $38,943 annually.
Tennessee
The document summarizes information about long-term stewardship activities at the Oak Ridge Reservation site in Tennessee. It discusses:
- Major activities including maintaining engineered barriers, monitoring ground and surface water, and enforcing institutional controls.
- The site size is 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres).
- The estimated average annual cost from FY2000-2006 was $6,733,000.
South dakota
The Edgemont Site in South Dakota contains a 145-hectare disposal cell that encapsulates contaminated tailings and waste from a former uranium mill. Long-term stewardship activities at the site include annual inspections of the disposal cell, restricting access, and maintenance. The disposal cell will be monitored and maintained in perpetuity at an estimated average annual cost of $7,800. The site provides long-term isolation of 2.3 million cubic meters of contaminated material beneath an engineered cap designed to last 200-1000 years.
South carolina
The Savannah River Site in South Carolina covers 80,127 hectares and produces nuclear materials. Major long-term stewardship activities include institutional controls, monitoring, and operating treatment systems. An estimated 26.4 million is spent annually on long-term stewardship. The site has remediated over 300 of 500 contaminated acres and cleaned over 4 billion gallons of groundwater. Future plans include ongoing cleanup efforts and disposition of wastes and materials stored on site.
South carolina ndaa summary vol 2
The Savannah River Site in South Carolina covers 198,344 acres and has four main long-term stewardship activities: institutional controls, surveillance and maintenance of treatment systems, operation and monitoring of engineered units, and monitoring of groundwater. Major past activities at the site included producing nuclear materials for national defense from the 1950s to 1980s. Current activities focus on environmental management and cleanup, with over 300 of 500 contaminated acres remediated and treatment systems operating at nine groundwater sites. The site requires long-term management into the future.
Puerto rico
The Center for Energy and Environmental Research (CEER) in Puerto Rico consists of four sites totaling 72 hectares that were used for nuclear and energy research. DOE has completed cleanup activities at the sites according to environmental regulations. Long-term stewardship responsibilities remain for the Boiling Nuclear Superheat Research Reactor site, which includes annual inspections and maintenance of security and controls around the entombed radioactive materials. The estimated annual cost for long-term stewardship is $25,000.
Pennsylvania
The Burrell Site and Canonsburg Site summaries are as follows:
Burrell Site:
- Major activities include disposal cell and groundwater monitoring and access restrictions
- Site size is 28 hectares
- Estimated average annual cost from FY2000-2006 is $51,600
Canonsburg Site:
- Major activities include disposal cell monitoring, groundwater/surface water monitoring, access restrictions, and inspections
- Site size is 14 hectares
- Estimated average annual cost from FY2000-2006 is $148,000
Oregon
The document summarizes long-term stewardship activities at two sites in Oregon - the Lakeview Mill site and the Lakeview Site. At the Lakeview Mill site, activities include groundwater monitoring and enforcing deed restrictions to restrict groundwater use. At the Lakeview Site, activities involve monitoring the disposal cell that contains contaminated materials relocated from the Lakeview Mill site and maintaining institutional controls such as fencing and signage. The estimated average annual cost for long-term stewardship activities from 2000-2006 was $47,000 for the Lakeview Mill site and $111,000 for the Lakeview Site.
Ohio
The Battelle Columbus Laboratory-King Avenue site in Ohio was used from 1943 to 1986 for atomic energy research and development. Buildings and grounds were contaminated with uranium, thorium, and other materials. Cleanup was completed in 2000, with all wastes shipped offsite. The U.S. Department of Energy is not expected to be responsible for long-term stewardship at the privately owned site, as necessary activities will be conducted by the current landowner, Battelle Memorial Institute.
New jersey
The document provides site summaries for 4 locations in New Jersey - the DuPont & Company site, Maywood Chemical Works, Middlesex Sampling Plant, and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. It describes the historical activities at each site, the contaminants present, and notes that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for remediation at these Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program sites, while the U.S. Department of Energy is responsible for any long-term stewardship activities once cleanup is complete. However, the document notes that cleanup is not yet finalized at these sites so the extent of required long-term stewardship is not yet determined.
New mexico
The Bayo Canyon site in New Mexico was used by the DOE for explosive compression tests on metals from
1982 to 1992. The 0.6-hectare site contains low-level radioactive contamination from these tests. Long-term
stewardship activities include annual inspections and maintaining institutional controls to restrict access and
land use. The estimated annual cost for long-term stewardship from 2000 to 2006 was $1,000.
Nevada
The document discusses three sites in Nevada - the Central Nevada Test Area, Nevada Test Site and Tonopah Test Range, and Project Shoal. For the Central Nevada Test Area:
- One subsurface nuclear test was conducted in 1968, with ongoing groundwater monitoring and access restrictions required.
- Surface remediation of contaminated soil pits will be complete by 2001, with long-term monitoring and controls over residual subsurface contamination indefinitely.
- Annual costs for long-term stewardship are estimated at $37,000.
Nebraska
The Hallam Nuclear Power Facility site in Lancaster County, Nebraska entombed residual radioactive materials onsite after decommissioning a sodium-cooled nuclear reactor in the 1960s-1970s. Current activities include annual groundwater monitoring to ensure containment of contaminants. The 7.3 hectare site is estimated to require groundwater monitoring and maintenance from 1998 to past 2070 at an average annual cost of $46,000.
Missouri
The document provides information on several long-term stewardship sites in Missouri, including the Kansas City Plant site. The Kansas City Plant site covers 56 hectares and requires long-term groundwater and surface water monitoring and institutional controls for soil contamination. Major remediation activities at the site have included soil removal and treatment of contaminated groundwater. Estimated annual long-term stewardship costs for 2005-2006 were $1.33 million. The Weldon Spring Site requires similar long-term monitoring of surface water, groundwater, and landfill maintenance, and had estimated annual costs of $1 million for 2003-2006.
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More from Jim Werner
ELR Rad Waste Article Werner
This document discusses radioactive waste control and progress toward sustainability from 1992 to 2002. It begins with an introduction that explores different definitions of sustainability in relation to radioactive waste and nuclear power. It then provides a primer on the different types of radioactive waste. The majority of the document evaluates U.S. progress and failures in radioactive waste control based on principles from the 1992 Rio Declaration and Agenda 21. It assesses performance for different waste types and offers recommendations, including establishing long-term stewardship funds and improving scientific understanding of radioactive waste management.
From Cleanup to Stewardship Oct 1999
This document provides background information on the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) long-term stewardship obligations after completing cleanup activities at over 100 sites contaminated from decades of nuclear weapons production and research. Long-term stewardship will be needed to monitor and maintain engineered barriers and land-use controls to protect human health and the environment from residual radioactive and chemical contamination. The document examines the transition from active cleanup to long-term stewardship required under various environmental laws and regulations. It also provides context for a study required by a 1998 legal settlement on ensuring protections as land use changes over decades or centuries.
cover
This document provides a summary of the U.S. Department of Energy report "Linking Legacies: Connecting the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Production Processes to Their Environmental Consequences". The report connects the nuclear weapons production facilities during the Cold War to the environmental impacts and waste left behind. It details each step of nuclear weapons production and disposition and the resulting contamination found on and around the sites. The goal is to inform Congress, DOE managers, analysts, and the public about the environmental results of nuclear weapons production in order to guide future cleanup efforts.
Wyoming
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Washington
This document provides information on three Department of Energy sites in Washington:
1) The (Dawn) Ford Site, a former uranium milling site of 202 hectares that will be transferred to DOE in 2019 for long-term monitoring.
2) Hanford, a 152,000 hectare former plutonium production site undergoing environmental remediation to address contaminated liquids, soils, groundwater and solid waste. Major long-term activities will include institutional controls and monitoring.
3) The (WNI) Sherwood Site, a 154 hectare former disposal site requiring disposal cell and groundwater monitoring with an estimated annual cost of $38,700 for long-term stewardship through 2006.
Utah
The (Atlas) Moab Mill site is a former uranium milling site located on 162 hectares near Moab, Utah. Operations from 1956 to 1988 created uranium mill tailings and other wastes occupying around 53 hectares. The U.S. Department of Energy will be responsible for long-term stewardship if needed. Per the 2001 National Defense Authorization Act, the Department of Energy must prepare a remediation plan considering relocating wastes to an offsite disposal cell and restoring groundwater, in consultation with other groups. Long-term activities are not expected to begin until after 2006.
Texas
The (Conoco) Conquista Site is a former uranium milling site in Karnes County, Texas encompassing 243 hectares. Continental Oil Company (CONOCO) operated the mill from 1972-1982. Remediation efforts encapsulated contaminated soils and mill tailings in an onsite 101-hectare disposal cell. Groundwater is contaminated with radionuclides. In 2002, responsibility will transfer to the US Department of Energy for long-term stewardship activities including groundwater monitoring and disposal cell inspections costing an estimated $38,943 annually.
Tennessee
The document summarizes information about long-term stewardship activities at the Oak Ridge Reservation site in Tennessee. It discusses:
- Major activities including maintaining engineered barriers, monitoring ground and surface water, and enforcing institutional controls.
- The site size is 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres).
- The estimated average annual cost from FY2000-2006 was $6,733,000.
South dakota
The Edgemont Site in South Dakota contains a 145-hectare disposal cell that encapsulates contaminated tailings and waste from a former uranium mill. Long-term stewardship activities at the site include annual inspections of the disposal cell, restricting access, and maintenance. The disposal cell will be monitored and maintained in perpetuity at an estimated average annual cost of $7,800. The site provides long-term isolation of 2.3 million cubic meters of contaminated material beneath an engineered cap designed to last 200-1000 years.
South carolina
The Savannah River Site in South Carolina covers 80,127 hectares and produces nuclear materials. Major long-term stewardship activities include institutional controls, monitoring, and operating treatment systems. An estimated 26.4 million is spent annually on long-term stewardship. The site has remediated over 300 of 500 contaminated acres and cleaned over 4 billion gallons of groundwater. Future plans include ongoing cleanup efforts and disposition of wastes and materials stored on site.
South carolina ndaa summary vol 2
The Savannah River Site in South Carolina covers 198,344 acres and has four main long-term stewardship activities: institutional controls, surveillance and maintenance of treatment systems, operation and monitoring of engineered units, and monitoring of groundwater. Major past activities at the site included producing nuclear materials for national defense from the 1950s to 1980s. Current activities focus on environmental management and cleanup, with over 300 of 500 contaminated acres remediated and treatment systems operating at nine groundwater sites. The site requires long-term management into the future.
Puerto rico
The Center for Energy and Environmental Research (CEER) in Puerto Rico consists of four sites totaling 72 hectares that were used for nuclear and energy research. DOE has completed cleanup activities at the sites according to environmental regulations. Long-term stewardship responsibilities remain for the Boiling Nuclear Superheat Research Reactor site, which includes annual inspections and maintenance of security and controls around the entombed radioactive materials. The estimated annual cost for long-term stewardship is $25,000.
Pennsylvania
The Burrell Site and Canonsburg Site summaries are as follows:
Burrell Site:
- Major activities include disposal cell and groundwater monitoring and access restrictions
- Site size is 28 hectares
- Estimated average annual cost from FY2000-2006 is $51,600
Canonsburg Site:
- Major activities include disposal cell monitoring, groundwater/surface water monitoring, access restrictions, and inspections
- Site size is 14 hectares
- Estimated average annual cost from FY2000-2006 is $148,000
Oregon
The document summarizes long-term stewardship activities at two sites in Oregon - the Lakeview Mill site and the Lakeview Site. At the Lakeview Mill site, activities include groundwater monitoring and enforcing deed restrictions to restrict groundwater use. At the Lakeview Site, activities involve monitoring the disposal cell that contains contaminated materials relocated from the Lakeview Mill site and maintaining institutional controls such as fencing and signage. The estimated average annual cost for long-term stewardship activities from 2000-2006 was $47,000 for the Lakeview Mill site and $111,000 for the Lakeview Site.
Ohio
The Battelle Columbus Laboratory-King Avenue site in Ohio was used from 1943 to 1986 for atomic energy research and development. Buildings and grounds were contaminated with uranium, thorium, and other materials. Cleanup was completed in 2000, with all wastes shipped offsite. The U.S. Department of Energy is not expected to be responsible for long-term stewardship at the privately owned site, as necessary activities will be conducted by the current landowner, Battelle Memorial Institute.
New jersey
The document provides site summaries for 4 locations in New Jersey - the DuPont & Company site, Maywood Chemical Works, Middlesex Sampling Plant, and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. It describes the historical activities at each site, the contaminants present, and notes that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for remediation at these Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program sites, while the U.S. Department of Energy is responsible for any long-term stewardship activities once cleanup is complete. However, the document notes that cleanup is not yet finalized at these sites so the extent of required long-term stewardship is not yet determined.
New mexico
The Bayo Canyon site in New Mexico was used by the DOE for explosive compression tests on metals from
1982 to 1992. The 0.6-hectare site contains low-level radioactive contamination from these tests. Long-term
stewardship activities include annual inspections and maintaining institutional controls to restrict access and
land use. The estimated annual cost for long-term stewardship from 2000 to 2006 was $1,000.
Nevada
The document discusses three sites in Nevada - the Central Nevada Test Area, Nevada Test Site and Tonopah Test Range, and Project Shoal. For the Central Nevada Test Area:
- One subsurface nuclear test was conducted in 1968, with ongoing groundwater monitoring and access restrictions required.
- Surface remediation of contaminated soil pits will be complete by 2001, with long-term monitoring and controls over residual subsurface contamination indefinitely.
- Annual costs for long-term stewardship are estimated at $37,000.
Nebraska
The Hallam Nuclear Power Facility site in Lancaster County, Nebraska entombed residual radioactive materials onsite after decommissioning a sodium-cooled nuclear reactor in the 1960s-1970s. Current activities include annual groundwater monitoring to ensure containment of contaminants. The 7.3 hectare site is estimated to require groundwater monitoring and maintenance from 1998 to past 2070 at an average annual cost of $46,000.
Missouri
The document provides information on several long-term stewardship sites in Missouri, including the Kansas City Plant site. The Kansas City Plant site covers 56 hectares and requires long-term groundwater and surface water monitoring and institutional controls for soil contamination. Major remediation activities at the site have included soil removal and treatment of contaminated groundwater. Estimated annual long-term stewardship costs for 2005-2006 were $1.33 million. The Weldon Spring Site requires similar long-term monitoring of surface water, groundwater, and landfill maintenance, and had estimated annual costs of $1 million for 2003-2006.