This document provides information on first aid presented by Dr. Sushma Kaushal. It defines first aid as measures taken immediately after an accident to prevent further harm until more advanced care arrives. The goals of first aid are to restore vital functions, prevent further injury, and make the victim comfortable. Proper first aid kits should contain supplies like bandages, dressings, gloves and pain relievers. The document outlines steps for assessing accident scenes and providing care for issues like fainting, burns, bleeding, fractures, and more.

1. First Aid
Presenter: Dr. Sushma Kaushal
Sufal Kaushal

2. What is First Aid ?
Encyclopaedia Britannica states First Aid as "measures to
be taken immediately after an accident not with an idea to
cure but in order to prevent further harm being done".
It uses the available human and material resources at the
site of accident to provide initial care to the victim of injury
or sudden illness until more advance care is provided.
First Aid has the following main objectives:
(i) To preserve life
(ii) To prevent the victim's condition from worsening
(iii) To promote recovery
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3. First Aid: Objectives
First Aid has the following main objectives:
(i) To preserve life (Self and Others)
(ii) To prevent the victim's condition from worsening
(iii) To promote recovery
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4. Goals of First Aid
1. To restore and maintain vital functions. The ABC of basic life
support (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation) are always the first
priority.
● Airway must be open so that air containing oxygen enters the
body
● Breathing must take place so that oxygen passes through the
lungs into the blood stream
● The heart must Circulate the oxygen carrying blood
2. To prevent further injury or deterioration.
3. To reassure the victim and make them as comfortable as possible.
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5. First Aid Kit
Contents of a First Aid Kit :
1. Cotton wool
2. Adhesive tape
3. Crepe bandage
4. Sterile Dressing
5. Bandage
6. Thermometer
7. Scissors
8. Glove
9. Soap
10. Pain reliever
11. Antacid
12. ORS Packets
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6. Action Plan
Action Plan is a vital aid to the first aider in assessing whether the victim has
any life-threatening conditions and if any immediate first aid is necessary. They
are DR. ABC .
D - Check for DANGER
 To you
 To others
 To victim
R - Check RESPONSE
 Is victim conscious?
 Is victim unconscious?
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A - Check AIRWAY
 Is airway clear of objects?
 Is airway open?
B - Check for BREATHING
 Is chest rising and falling?
 Can you hear victim's breathing?
 Can you feel the breath on your cheek?
C - Check for CIRCULATION
 Can you feel a pulse?
 Can you see any obvious signs of life?

7. Fainting or losing consciousness
• Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness.
• It is a result of an interference with the function of the brain.
• Common of which are: fainting, head injury, epilepsy, stroke, poisoning,
diabetes and conditions associated with lack of oxygen.
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8. Do’s & Don’t(s): If you see a person fainting
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Don’t(s) :
Don’t give the patient anything to eat or
drink.
Don’t allow the person who has just fainted
to get up until the victim is fully conscious.
If the area is warm, don’t crowd around the
victim .
Do’s:
Catch the person if they stumble/fall.
Pinch the person to check for reflex
movements like opening eyes etc..
Examine the injuries and causes of
unconsciousness.
Tilt head back and keep arms at right
angle to body.
Raise the legs 8 – 12 inches. (This
promotes blood flow to the brain).
Loosen any tight clothing.
Keep the victim warm if it is cold
outside.
Keep a record of the casualty’s
condition.

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RESUSCITATION (REVIVAL)

10. Burns
A burn is damage to the skin caused by contact with dry heat. It may be caused
by fire, flames, steam, hot liquids, hot metal, sunlight, electricity or chemicals.
The degree of burn varies:
(i) First Degree (Superficial) - Involves only top layer of the skin and is red and
dry and the burn is generally painful. The area may swell. Most burns are first
degree burns.
(ii) Second degree (Partial - Thickness) - Involves both the epidermis and
dermis. The area is red and blisters may open and weep fluid, making the skin
appear wet. These types of burns are usually painful and the area often swells.
(iii) Third Degree (Full Thickness) - Destroys both the layers of the skin with
muscles, bones, blood vessels and nerves. These burns may look brown or
charred with tissues underneath sometimes appearing white.
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11. Don’t(s) :
• Don’t place a burn under extreme
water pressure
• Don’t remove the cloth that is stuck to
the burnt area.
• Don’t apply butter ointment, oil, ice in
the area affected
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Treating Burns
Do’s :
Immediately immerse the burnt area in
cool water or by applying clothes soaked
in cool water.
Remove jewelry and constrictive clothing
before swelling or blisters occurs.
Cover the area with a dry, sterile dressing
and not cotton or other fluffy material.
Drop, Cover and Roll if caught fire or cover
the person with a blanket immediately

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13. Frost Bite
Frost- When body tissues freeze after exposure to sub-zero temperatures.
The signs and symptoms include white, waxy looking skin that is firm to the
touch but the tissue underneath feels soft and pain followed by numbness.
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Do’s :
Cover frostbitten area with warm hands.
Warm by breathing out on them.
Place them in warm areas of the body.
Dip the affected area in warm water (40
degree centigrade).
Don’ts :
Do not rub : As tiny ice crystals in the tissues
may cause more damage.
Never rub snow on the area
Do not apply direct heat as this may re-
warm the area too quickly.
Do not let the patient walk.
Do not break blisters if any.
Dr. Sushma Kaushal

14. Bleeding
Cuts, scrapes and puncture can result in bleeding.
Severe bleeding can be life threatening.
Steps to stop bleeding :
1. Apply Direct pressure.
2. Elevation - Lie victim down and raise the injured part above the heart and
handle gently if you suspect a fracture.
3. Blood thickens and starts to Clot.
(Clotting: The blood gets thicker after bleeding for a few minutes. Clotting
slows down bleeding. Bandaging is done to stop bleeding and to stop dirt
infecting the wound. Change the bandage at least once a day and tetanus
injection needs to be taken if required.)
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15. • Don’t be nervous: The calmer you are the chances of revival are
better.
• If bleeding from a limb doesn’t stop: apply pressure with hand
to pressure point.
• If you suspect an embedded object: apply pressure on either
sides of wound and place pad around it before bandaging. Don’t
fiddle with the object as it might cause more damage. (#MEDICAL
ATTENTION NEEDED)
• Wear gloves(if handy): To guard against infection
• If the victim becomes unconscious, follow DRABC
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KEEP IN MIND..

16. Electrocution
Universal fact: Eelectricity is very dangerous.
When an electrical accident occurs: First Aider must Turn off
the Power Immediately !!!
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Surface and internal burns and either
breathing or heartbeat- stopped.
After ensuring the power supply has been cut off, remove the
victim from the source with non-conductive material.
Carry out the DRABC exercise and cover the area affected with
clean dressing and send him/her to the hospital immediately
if necessary.
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17. Dr. Sushma Kaushal 17
DRABC : RECAP
STEP - 5
Circulation

18. Snake Bite
1. Snakebites generally occur on the limbs and more often on the legs.
2. Always assume the bite to be from a venomous snake.
3. Suspected snakebite must be treated with a pressure immobilization bandage.
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19. Wind the
bandage firmly
around the
bitten arm or
leg starting
from the bite.
Wrap the
entire limb,
then apply
a splint to
prevent
movement.
Keep the
victim as
still as
possible.
Do not
remove the
bandage.
Seek
medical
attention
as soon as
possible.
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Snake Bite: Steps for First Aid
1 2 3 4 5

20. Fractures & Sprains
Fracture refers to an injury affecting the skeleton and can be caused by the
application of direct and indirect force.
Sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments.
Signs and symptoms are:
• Pain at or near the injury during movement.
• Movement may be difficult or impossible
• Swelling and later bruising of the injured part
• Deformity at the site of the fracture
• Shock may occur
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21. FRACTURE:
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OPEN & CLOSE FRACTURE

22. Types of Fractures
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1) CLOSED FRACTURE
2) OPEN FRACTURE
3) OPEN FRACTURE: Caused by a moving projectile
e.g. Bullet

23. Poisoning
Poisoning is any substance that causes injury, illness or death when introduced
into the body.
There are different types of poisoning:
Ingested poisons are introduced through the mouth by eating or drinking
poisonous substances.
Inhaled poisons are introduced through the lungs by inhaling industrial gases,
fumes from fire, chemical vapors and petrol and engine exhaust.
Absorbed poisons are absorbed through the skin via contact with poisonous
sprays such as pesticides and insecticides.
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Do’s :
1. Check the danger, response, airway,
breathing and the blood circulation of the
victim
2. Give milk or water to dilute down the
poison
3. Monitor vital signs and prevent shock
4. Observe the amount and color of vomitus
5. Check for foreign matter in his or her
mouth and remove it so that he/she can
breath freely
6. Place the patient in the recovery position
and wait for medical assistance.
7. Send to hospital.. CALL 108.
Don’ts :
1. Don’t PANIC
2. Don’t Induce Vomiting
DO’s & Don’t (s)

25. Heat Stroke
It strikes suddenly with very little warning. When the body's cooling system fails,
the body temperature rises fast. This creates an emergency condition.
The signs are: the temperature of the body is very high, hot and dry. The skin is
red with no sweating and fast pulse rate, dilated pupils, confusion and sometimes
there might be loss of consciousness.
Do’s :
• Lower the body temperature by removing/loosing the clothing or fanning the
person.
• Put ice pack or cold compresses to the neck, under the armpits and to the groin
area.
• Drink lots of fluid and those who perspire more should drink as much fluid as
possible.
• Stay away from places that are hot.
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26. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
ORS has been a lifesaver in case of
dehydration (loss of salt and water in
the body).
ORS is prepared by dissolving a pinch of
salt in a glass of water and one
tablespoon of sugar to it. (The amount
of salt added should just be enough for
the water to taste like tear drops)
ORS helps in restoring back the
electrolyte balance of our body and re-
hydrate it.
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27. Dog Bites/Monkey Bites
The aim of First Aid in case of dog bite is to prevent rabies, to reduce the risk
of infection and to get medical aid as soon as possible.
Do’s :
1. Wipe the saliva away from the wound using a clean cloth or
handkerchief.
2. Wash the wound thoroughly with plenty of soap and water.
3. Cover the wound with a dry, sterile dressing.
4. Get medical aid or send the patient to the hospital as soon as possible.
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28. High Grade Fever
Loose Motions and Diarrhoea
NeoNatal & Infant Care
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Other Cases:

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Co-VID 19

30. Symptoms for
Co-VID 19
• Fever
• Dry cough
• Fatigue
• Loss of taste or smell
• Nasal congestion
• Conjunctivitis (also
known as red eyes)
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• Sore throat
• Headache
• Muscle or joint pain
• Different types of skin
rash
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Chills or dizziness

31. Recommendations for Co-VID 19
What happens to people who get COVID-19?
• Among those who develop symptoms, most (about 80%) recover from
the disease without needing hospital treatment. About 15% become
seriously ill and require oxygen and 5% become critically ill and need
intensive care.
• Complications leading to death may include respiratory failure, acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and septic shock,
thromboembolism, and/or multiorgan failure, including injury of the
heart, liver or kidneys.
• In rare situations, children can develop a severe inflammatory
syndrome a few weeks after infection.
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32. Recommendations for Co-VID 19
Are there long-term effects of COVID-19?
• Some people who have had COVID-19 face : fatigue, respiratory and
neurological symptoms.
• WHO is working with the Global Technical Network for Clinical
Management of COVID-19
• Researchers and patient groups around the world to design and carry
out studies of patients beyond the initial acute course of illness to
understand the proportion of patients who have long term effects,
how long they persist, and why they occur.
• These studies will be used to develop further guidance for patient
care.
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33. Recommendations for Co-VID 19
How can we protect others and ourselves if we don't know who is
infected?
• Stay safe by taking some simple precautions:
• physical distancing
• wearing a mask
• especially when distancing cannot be maintained
• keeping rooms well ventilated
• avoiding crowds and close contact
• regularly cleaning your hands
• coughing into a bent elbow or tissue.
• Check local advice where you live and work. Do it all!
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34. Recommendations for Co-VID 19
What test should I get to see if I have COVID-19?
• RT-PCR: Reporting Time 1 day
Available At : IGMC, DDU.
• RAPID ANTIGEN
Available At : IGMC, DDU, KNH, Tenzin Hospital.
• SELF TEST KITS
Coviself
• Covid Antibodies Test
Done From Blood, available at most blood testing centers.
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35. Questions Time!
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36. &
GET VACCINATED!
BE SAFE 
Chaura, Maidan Shimla -4