Final_Intro_Programming_Presentation

1. 💻 Introduction to Programming
• Course: Introduction to Computers and Programming
• Instructor: Karmanay Gupta
• A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer
what to do.
• This course focuses on writing such programs.

2. 🤔 Why Do We Need Programming?
• Computers are versatile because they can be
programmed.
• They follow the instructions in the program.
• Without programs, computers can’t function.
• Programming enables computers to do a variety of
tasks.

3. 💡 What is Programming?
• Programming operates hardware and solves problems.
• It is both an Art (creativity) and Science (structure).
• No single right way to solve a problem.
• This course teaches the art and science of programming.

4. ️
🖥️Hardware and Software
• Hardware: Physical components of a computer system.
• Software: Programs that run on a computer.
• Examples of hardware: CPU, Memory, Storage Devices.
• Software includes OS and Application Programs.

5. 🧠 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• CPU is the heart and brain of the computer.
• Fetch → Decode → Execute instructions.
• Consists of Control Unit & Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
• Performs mathematical and logical operations.

6. 💾 Main Memory
• Holds information that the CPU needs to access quickly.
• Volatile memory: Loses content when power is off.
• Memory divided into bytes (8 bits each).
• Each byte is accessed via a unique address.

7. 📦 Secondary Storage
• Holds data long-term: Hard Drive, SSD, USB, CD-ROM.
• Slower than RAM but non-volatile.
• Used to store documents, programs, and media.
• Loaded into main memory when needed.

8. ⌨️Input and Output Devices
• Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, USB.
• Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speakers.
• Input: Data collected from outside world.
• Output: Data sent to outside world.

9. 🧮 Program Development Cycle
• 1. Analyze: Understand the problem.
• 2. Design: Plan a solution (algorithm).
• 3. Code: Translate algorithm into code.
• 4. Test: Find and fix errors.
• 5. Document: Write explanations for users/developers.

10. 🧾 Algorithm Example (Postage
Stamps)
• Input: Number of pages.
• 1 stamp per 5 pages. Round up.
• Validate that input is a number.
• Calculate stamps = ceil(pages / 5).
• Output: Number of stamps needed.

11. 📊 Programming Tools
• Flowcharts: Visual logic diagrams.
• Hierarchy Charts: Show structure of modules.
• Pseudocode: Informal code-like English statements.
• No official syntax for pseudocode.