This document contains 35 excerpts from various primary sources related to European history before 1648. The excerpts cover a wide range of topics including religious rules and beliefs, descriptions of historical figures, accounts of military conflicts and invasions, laws and legal codes, and philosophical writings. A student has been asked to analyze and summarize the information contained in these primary source excerpts.

1. DANIELLE DAKE- SPRINGSEMESTER 16’- CSCC 1
EUROPEAN HISTORY TO 1648 - PRIMARY SOURCES PRACTICE WORKSEET
1._____ “ Moreover, a Jew should be very careful to
avoid preaching to, or converting any Christian, to
the end that he may become a Jew, by exalting his
own belief and disparaging ours. Whoeverviolates
this law shall be put to death and lose all his
property.”
2._____ “ God made the mind of woman in the
beginning of different qualities; for one he fashioned
like a bristly hog, in whose house everything tumbles
about in disorder, bespattered with mud, and rolls
upon the ground; she,dirty, with unwashed clothes,
sits and grows fat on a dungheap.”
3._____ “ Nero not only abused freeborn boys,and
seduced married women, but also forced the Vestal
Virgin Rubria. He virtually married the freedwoman
Acte, after bribing some ex-consuls to perjure
themselves and swear she was of royal birth.”
4._____ “ The proof that the state is a creation of
nature and prior to the individual is that the
individual, when isolated, is not self-sufficing; and
therefore he is like a part in relation to the whole.”
5._____ “ Since at Rome there is no place for honest
pursuits,no profit to be got by honest toil---my
fortune is less to-day than it was yesterday,and
tomorrow must again make that little less---we intend
to emigrate to the spot where Daedalus put off his
wearied wings, while my grey hairs are still but few,
my old age green and erect; …Let us leave our native
land.”
6._____ “ Concerning Cruelty and Clemency, and
Whether it is Better to be Loved than Feared
Upon this a question arises: whether it is better to be
loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be
answered that one should wish to be both,but,
because it is difficult to unite them in one person,it is
much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two,
either must be dispensed with.”
7._____ “Lord of all who toils for them,
Lord of all lands who shines for them,
Aten of daytime, great in glory!”
8._____ “ When he had earned his daily wage, he
would spend a little of it on food and the rest on a
sufficiency of that hilarious herb. He took his hashish
three times a day: once in the morning on an empty
stomach, once at noon,and once at sundown.”
9._____ “ But must we be your enemies? Will you
not receive us as friends if we are neutral and remain
at peace with you?
Athenians. No, your enmity is not half as dangerous
to us as your friendship; for the one is in the eyes of
our subjects an argument of our power, the other of
our weakness.”
10._____ “ Osiris proved to be a wise and kindly
ruler. He taught man how to irrigate the land from the
flood-waters of the Nile, and to grow crops
therefrom. He taught them how to know and worship
the Gods.”
11._____ “ When a Muslim performs the ablution, it
washes from his face those faults which he may have
cast his eyes upon; and when he washes his hands,it
removes the faults they may have committed, and
when he washes his feet, it dispels the faults toward
which they may have carried him: so that he will rise
up in purity from the place of ablution.”
12._____ “ O inundation of the Nile, offerings are
made unto you, men are immolated to you, great
festivals are instituted for you.”
13._____ “ Philosophy is the path to happiness
Let no one when young delay to study philosophy,
nor when he is old grow weary of his study.”
14._____ “ Charles was large and strong,and of lofty
stature,though not disproportionately tall (his height
is well known to have been seven times the length of
his foot); the upperpart of his head was round, his
eyes very large and animated, nose a little long, hair
fair, and face laughing and merry.”
15._____ “ If they received Moses and the prophets,
there would be no heretics. They deny the
ressurrection of the body; they mock at any bencfit
coming to the dead from the living ; they say that
there is no profit in going to church, or in praying
there; and in these things they are worse than Jews or
Pagans,who believe them all.”

2. DANIELLE DAKE- SPRINGSEMESTER 16’- CSCC 2
EUROPEAN HISTORY TO 1648 - PRIMARY SOURCES PRACTICE WORKSEET
17._____ “ Solomon’s daily provisions were thirty
cors[a] of the finest flour and sixty cors[b] of meal,
23 ten head of stall-fed cattle, twenty of pasture-fed
cattle and a hundred sheep and goats,as well as deer,
gazelles, roebucks and choice fowl.”
18._____ “ 13. It is unlawful for a thief to be killed
by day....unless he defends himself with a weapon;
even though he has come with a weapon, unless he
shall use the weapon and fight back, you shall not kill
him. And even if he resists,first call out so that
someone may hear and come up.”
19._____ “ Again and again I beseech you,readers of
this letter, to pray for us, and you, my lord
archbishop,to order this to be done by yourbishops.
And know for certain that we have captured for the
Lord 200 cities and fortresses.”
20._____ “ And for their authority in this behalf, be it
further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all and
singular the same archbishops,bishops,and all other
their officers exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction, as
well in place exempt as not exempt, within their
dioceses,shall have full power and authority by this
Act to reform, correct, and punish by censures of the
Church, all and singular persons which shall offend
within any their jurisdictions or dioceses,after the
said feast of the Nativity of St. John Baptist next
coming, against this Act and statute; any otherlaw,
statute,privilege, liberty, or provision heretofore
made, had,or suffered to the contrary
notwithstanding.”
21._____ “ 34. If a slave convey the bride price to a
free son and take him as husband forhis daughter,
nobody dare surrenderhim to slavery.”
22._____ “The Athenian generals were divided in
their opinions,and some advised not to risk a battle,
because they were too few to engage such a host as
that of the Medes, while others were for fighting at
once.”
23._____ “ But it's not enough to just deny the
charges against the Christians. Let's have a look at
the unbelievers, and see how they stack up on the
same charges,as we do. Perhaps we shall find that in
fact the worst of men are accusing the best!You call
us guilty, empty-headed, damnable and ridiculous.
We shall see.”
24._____ “ The same procedure was more clearly
described by anotheryoung man, arrested and burned
as a witch, although as I believe, truly, penitent, who
had earlier, togetherwith his wife, a witch invincible
to persuasion,escaped the clutches of the aforesaid
judge, Peter.”
25._____ “ . . . As for the Roman constitution,it had
three elements, each of them possessing sovereign
powers: and their respective share of power in the
whole state had been regulated with such a
scrupulous regard to equality and equilibrium, that no
one could say for certain, not even a native, whether
the constitution as a whole were an aristocracy or
democracy or despotism.”
26._____ “ Let all the churches be closed; let no one
be admitted to them, except to baptize infants.... We
permit Mass to be celebrated once a week, on Friday,
early in the morning, to consecrate the host for the
use of the sick, but only one clerk is to be admitted to
assist the priest.”
27._____ “ 4. And whoever wishes to learn the trade
shall be the son of a burgess orhe shall live in the
town for a year and a day; and he shall serve three
years to learn this trade.”
28._____ “ You have often begged a description of
Theodoric the Gothic king, whose gentle breeding
fame commends to every nation; you want him in his
quantity and quality, in his person,and the manner of
his existence. I gladly accede, as far as the limits of
my page allow, and highly approve so fine and
ingenuous a curiosity.”
29._____ “ I beg your Highnesses to hold me in your
protection; and I remain, praying our Lord God for
your Highnesses'lives and the increase of much
greater States.”
30._____ “ 4. If any one, out of contempt for
Christianity, shall have despised the holy Lenten fast
and shall have eaten flesh, let him be punished by
death. But, nevertheless,let it be taken into
consideration by a priest, lest perchance any one from
necessity has been led to eat flesh.”
31._____ “ Thursday,9 August.The Admiral did not
succeed in reaching the island of Gomera till Sunday
night. Martin Alonzo remained at Grand Canary by
command of the Admiral, he being unable to keep the
other vessels company.”

3. DANIELLE DAKE- SPRINGSEMESTER 16’- CSCC 3
EUROPEAN HISTORY TO 1648 - PRIMARY SOURCES PRACTICE WORKSEET
32._____ “ But when she came back to
Constantinople,Justinian fell violently in love with
her. At first he kept her only as a mistress, though he
raised her to patrician rank. Through him Theodora
was able immediately to acquire an unholy power
and exceedingly great riches.”
33._____ “ 844. The Northmen ascended the
Garonne as far as Toulouse and pillaged the lands
along both banks with impunity. Some, after leaving
this region went into Galicia [in Northern Spain] and
perished, part of them by the attacks of the
crossbowmen who had come to resist them, part by
being overwhelmed by a storm at sea.”
34._____ “ The lord also ought to act toward his
faithful vassalreciprocally in all these things.And if
he does not do this he will be justly considered guilty
of bad faith, just as the former, if he should be
detected in the avoidance of or the doing of or the
consenting to them, would be perfidious and
perjured.”
35._____ “ Such is the arrangement of the Institutes,
which may be thus summed up: Man being at first
created upright, but afterwards being not partially but
totally ruined, finds his entire salvation out of himself
in Christ, to whom being united by the Holy Spirit
freely given without any foresight of future works, he
thereby obtains a double blessing,viz., full
imputation of righteousness,which goes along with
us even to the grave, and the commencement of
sanctification, which daily advances till at length it is
perfected in the day of regeneration or resurrection of
the body,and this, in order that the great mercy of
God may be celebrated in the heavenly mansions,
throughout eternity.”
36._____ “ Truly marvellous and celestial was
Leonardo, the son of Ser Piero da Vinci; and in
learning and in the rudiments of letters he would have
made great proficience, if he had not been so variable
and unstable,for he set himself to learn many things,
and then,after having begun them, abandoned them.”
37._____ “ On Thursday following the festival of the
Nativity of St. John the Baptist in the second year of
the reign of King John [29 June], the whole town of
the borough of Ipswich gathered in the churchyard of
St. Mary at Tower to elect two bailiffs and four
coroners for the town, according to the specifications
of the charter of the aforesaid lord King, which that
king recently granted to the the borough.”
38._____ “ No one is to lecture at Paris in arts before
he is twenty years old. He is to listen in arts at least
six years, before he begins to lecture. He is to
promise that he will lecture for at least two years,
unless he is prevented by some good reason,which
be ought to prove either in public or before the
examiners.”
39._____ “ Thus they gathered togetherwithout any
other counsel,and without any armour saving with
staves and knives, and so went to the house of a
knight dwelling thereby, and brake up his house and
slew the knight and the lady and all his children great
and small and brent his house.”

4. DANIELLE DAKE- SPRINGSEMESTER 16’- CSCC 4
EUROPEAN HISTORY TO 1648 - PRIMARY SOURCES PRACTICE WORKSEET
A. Hymn to the Nile
B. The Osirian Cycle
C. Code of Nesilim
D. Hymn to the Aten
E. Solomon’s Rise to Power
F. Aristotle’s Polis
G. Hellenic Women excerpts
H. Herodotus’ Battle of Marathon
I. The Melian Dialogue
J. Epicureanism excerpts
K. The Twelve Tables
L. Polybius Roman Constitution
M. Suetonius’ Life of Nero
N. Juvenal’s Satires
O. Roman Views of Germans
P. Tertullian Christianity
Q. Procopius’ Secret History
R. The Sunnah
S. Life of Charlemagne
T. Carolingian Capitularies
U. 3 Northern Attacks
V. Fulbert’s Feudalism
W. The Tale of the Two Hashish-Eaters
X. Crusader Letters
Y. Ipswich Self-government
Z. Charter of the Shearers
AA. Life at a Medieval University
excerpts
BB. Medieval Heresies excerpts
CC. Innocent III Letters
DD. Laws on Jews- Spain
EE. Witchcraft Documents
FF. 14th Century Peasant Revolts
excerpts
GG. Machiavelli’s The Prince
HH. Life of da Vinci
II. Columbus’ Letter
JJ. Columbus’ Journals
KK. John Calvin’s Institutions
LL. Act of Uniformity