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CLEAN Carwash Campaign:
Health and Safety Curriculum Development
Paul Camarena, MPH
Claudia Pacheco, BA in Environmental Earth Science (pending)
Los Angeles OHIP Interns, 2014

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Executive Summary
The carwash industry in Los Angeles County is the largest of any county in the United
States and employs a workforce of approximately 10,000 workers. Despite being a lucrative
enterprise for employers, carwash workers are subject to some of the worst workplace conditions
in the country. Numerous locations in Los Angeles County have been cited (sometimes
repeatedly) by Cal/OSHA for violations related to a lack of safety training and violations of the
California Heat Standard. The CLEAN Carwash Campaign is an advocacy organization that
supports the efforts of carwash workers to exercise their rights and improve the health and safety
conditions of their workplaces. A Worker Carwash Committee within the CLEAN Carwash
Campaign has been working to implement an accredited Workforce Development Program that
will provide participants hands-on training related to automotive detailing. The members of this
committee recognize the importance of including a health and safety component in the
development program. To that end, our project as OHIP interns has been to create a curriculum
for the health and safety component. We interviewed workers, administered health and safety
questionnaires, and conducted a literature review to guide the creation of the curriculum. After
receiving feedback on a first draft, we have finalized the curriculum as our OHIP give-back
product.

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I. Background
Carwash Industry in Los Angeles
According to a CDC report from the past decade, Latinos have the highest prevalence of
work-related fatalities and are at higher risk than other workers for workplace injuries. [CDC
2008] There are several reasons for the reported disparities in injury rates of Latino workers
including the disproportionately high participation rate for Latinos in hazardous jobs and in
worksites with high prevalence of labor law violations, inadequate or nonexistent job training,
reluctance to report unsafe conditions, and limited English proficiency. [Singley 2009, LOHP
2011, Benach 2010]
In California, state law requires employers to provide a safe and healthful workplace for
their employees, including the existence of an effective and written Injury and Illness Prevention
Program (IIPP). [Barry 2009] An analysis of case files from the California Occupational Health
and Safety Administration (Cal/OSHA) revealed numerous citations issued to Los Angeles car
wash locations for serious violations related to a failure to provide heat illness prevention
training and no written hazard communication plan, a must for businesses that work with
hazardous chemicals. [Barry 2009] Los Angeles County has the largest Latino population of any
county in the U.S. at 4.8 million estimated as of 2012 (47.5% of LA County residents). [CB13
2013] Los Angeles County also has more carwashes than any other metropolitan area in the U.S.
with about close to 500 establishments. The Los Angeles County car wash industry employs
approximately 10,000 workers, predominantly Latinos who are monolingual Spanish-speaking
immigrants. [Barry 2009]
There is a clear need within the car wash worker community for advocacy and education
efforts in order to address workplace health and safety issues. In order to maximize their

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effectiveness, such efforts would benefit from being coordinated and organized. The CLEAN
Carwash Campaign has provided this leadership structure to the carwash worker movement.
CLEAN stands for Community Labor Environmental Action Network. CLEAN is a diverse
coalition of immigrant rights, legal, and labor organizations committed to improving the lives of
working class families in the greater Los Angeles area. The CLEAN Carwash Campaign is a
joint effort between CLEAN and the Carwash Workers Organizing Committee (CWOC) of the
United Steel Workers.
The CLEAN Carwash Campaign
Since its inception in 2006 the CLEAN Carwash Campaign has supported carwash
workers in their efforts to stand up for their rights, improve the health and safety conditions in
their workplaces, and develop the skills to become leaders and advocates in their community.
Most prominently, the campaign helps workers organize under the United Steel Workers Union
and negotiate terms of their collective bargaining with their carwash employers. The campaign
works to ensure that health and safety improvements, among other issues such as wages, are
explicitly addressed in the language of these contractual agreements. CLEAN has conducted
extensive outreach at carwash locations throughout Los Angeles to raise awareness about the
hazards these workers face in addition to the legislations that regulate the industry such as AB
236, a California law designed to protect carwash workers from employer abuse. With help from
organizations such as the UCLA Labor and Occupational Safety and Health program (UCLA-
LOSH) and the Instituto de Educacion Popular del Sur de California (IDEPSCA), the campaign
has successfully organized several health fairs for carwash workers and other community
members. These health fair events offer workshops on important issues, access to educational
materials, and they help connect workers directly to health services. The services available at one

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of the larger health fairs held in 2010 ranged from on-site H1N1 vaccines to information
regarding low-cost clinics.
Between March and October of 2010, the campaign prepared and implemented a heat
stress education campaign in cooperation with UCLA-LOSH, IDESPCA, and interns from the
OHIP program. Interns and promotoras distributed water bottles to workers at various carwashes
throughout the city. The water bottles had customized labels containing heat stress safety
information. Brief interviews were conducted with the workers as water bottles were distributed
to collect information about their workplace conditions. It is important to note that this campaign
has been very successful and is an ongoing effort.
Our Role as OHIP Interns
In 2009, carwash workers within the CLEAN campaign formed a Worker Carwash
Committee to help educate carwash workers about the hazards in their workplaces and to
organize events that would improve worker access to health services. This committee has been
committed to developing an array of programs, such as financial literacy and computer
education, which the campaign will offer to carwash workers. More recently, the Worker
Carwash Committee has focused its efforts on the creation of an accredited Workforce
Development Program. This program will provide participants hands-on training in automotive
detail (including waxing, polishing, etc.) The committee members recognize the importance of
including a health and safety component to any development program, especially one that brings
to light the dangers of the chemical and other hazards carwash workers face and the steps to
control or eliminate these hazards. To that end, our work as 2014 OHIP interns has been
dedicated to the creation of a health and safety training curriculum that will ultimately be
included in the Workforce Development Program. Over the course of the summer, we have

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created a health and safety toolkit that includes the necessary training materials for participants
and the facilitator.
II. Methods
For the purpose of developing the curriculum, we used three methods to conduct a
general health and safety needs assessment and to isolate topics that needed to be addressed by
the curriculum. It was important that carwash workers be consulted throughout the process to
ensure that the ultimate product remained true to their original vision. These methods, shown in
the figure below, included a health and safety questionnaire, documentation of car wash worker
stories and a literature review.
The first step in the needs assessment was the development of a health and safety
questionnaire. The preliminary version of the questionnaire was piloted by the Worker Carwash
Committee (WCC) and after feedback from both the WCC and our site coordinators, we
developed two versions of the survey. One version was longer in length and topics assessed,
which would be used for more involved members of the campaign who would dedicate the time
to answer our questions. The shortened version, which only addressed a few topics but which we
identified to be important, was meant to be used for general car wash workers during campaign
events since there would be time constraints to deal with. In the questionnaire we assess various

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issues including: workplace health and safety conditions, common workplace injuries, employer
provision of health and safety training or personal protective equipment, knowledge of worker
rights and resource and topics of interest in relation to health and safety. The questionnaires were
made available in Spanish and English, but the primarily used was Spanish since the vast
majority of workers were Spanish speaking. We hope that this survey can be a beginning to
assess how far the campaign has come in terms of improvement of worker safety and health in
the car wash industry but also a place where the campaign can also reflect and take the next steps
in tackling these issues.
The second method used was the documentation of workplace health and safety stories. A
set of about five broad questions were chosen to assess: (1) what types of injuries occur in the
workplace, (2) what action both from the worker and the employer is taken after there has been a
workplace injury, (3) what they think are the most serious work hazards and (4) what the general
attitude of an employer towards health and safety of the workers is. The idea for choosing which
worker stories to collect was based on the health and safety questionnaire. As mentioned, the
questionnaire was done on a one-on-one basis and one trend that we saw with the vast majority
of workers was the sharing of workplace stories on health and safety. Although not officially
recorded, many of their opinions and stories were noted to include somehow in an updated
version of the health and safety questionnaire and also the curriculum. Since there were
limitations to the format of the questionnaire, the interview would serve as a way to get more
detail and possibly discover an entirely new outlook on health and safety. The interviews were
documented both by video and a voice recording device and then transcribed.
The third method and probably one of the most important was the literature review. Prior
to beginning any of the two methods above, we familiarized ourselves with the CLEAN Carwash

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Campaign and the findings of previous studies to get to know what type of industry we would be
working with. We also read extensively on the popular education model to properly develop
material relevant to all workers, more on what is popular education will be addressed in the
curriculum section where it was most significant. Once the health and safety questionnaires and
interviews were on their way, we continued on to familiarize ourselves with health and safety
training materials and topics. The vast majority of the information used was from the Worker
Occupational Safety and Health Training and Educational Program (WOSHTEP), developed at
UCLA-LOSH. These trainings were developed to reduce workplace injury and illness and as a
way to reach out to employers and workers with limited knowledge or application of health and
safety in the workplace. It was critical to understand health and safety not just for implementing
them in the questionnaire and curriculum, but also to be able to address some of the questions
that came up during interaction with workers.
III. Results and Discussion
Health and Safety Questionnaire
A total of 25 questionnaires were collected from both workers from union and nonunion
car washes. All were Latino or Hispanic, Spanish-speaking workers and job titles ranged from
drier to an auto detailer. Approximately 60% of workers who answered the questionnaires had
prior affiliation with the CLEAN Carwash Campaign and the majority of questionnaires were
done at the campaign offices. The following are the questionnaire findings up to this point, we
hope that data will be continued to be collected after this summer.
The more in depth questionnaire was answered by 5 of the workers during the Worker
Carwash Committee meeting. Although the goal was to get feedback on the questions on paper,
we were also lucky enough to hear many stories in relation to health and safety that pertained to

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the question we assessed. The collection of these first 5 questionnaires really led to a focus group
style session which led to how we developed and finalized the questionnaire. The main focus
with the longer survey was to identify amount of training, workplace injury and how the
employer or worker’s response after the event. We found that five out of five workers did not
receive proper training prior to beginning a new task, handling new chemicals, and general
health and safety in the workplace. Workers shared that there is never any kind of training prior
to starting a task and also noted how in various occasions they are shifted to different positions
that they normally don’t do without any health and safety precautions. Three out of five workers
identified a time when they were injured, but also for those who had not had an injury identified
many times when their co-workers would get injured. All three workers responded “No” when
asked if they received first aid and medical attention. Five out of five workers responded “Yes”
to an injury or illness due to chemical exposure and again all five said “No” to receiving first aid
or medical attention. All five workers also responded that there was no specific procedure to
addressing an injury or illness in the workplace and that they did not know where to find medical
attention after an injury or illness.
One of them recalled when a fellow co-worker slipped into the chain that pulls the cars
along the car wash line to get washed and how badly the employer responded. He recalls not
knowing what to do and tried to contact the manager for medical assistance and the insistence on
the managers’ part to wait for him to take him to a clinic instead of getting immediate attention.
Although he did get medical attention without cost (at least for the immediate medical costs), the
worker was not paid for the days he had to take off due to the injury and returned to work even
though he was not fully recovered due to fear of losing his job. This type of treatment is what a
lot of the workers describe in the industry. When they are injured or fall ill at work they pay the

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majority of the price through loss of income, loss of health and gain of fear that they will lose
their job. This session to focus on illness and injury in the questionnaire contributed greatly to
how we choose to develop the curriculum next. We knew that it was important to incorporate
these personal stories into the training, not just for workers to learn about the array of issues but
to also give power and validity to what workers in the car wash industry face.
Figure 1
Preliminary survey results have so far reiterated the need for vast improvement of health
and safety conditions in the carwash industry. From figure 1 we can see that almost 60% of
workers do not use any type of PPE while they work. One of the main reasons is that employers
do not provide any equipment, but from conversation with workers it is also due to a social
stigma around using it. To further explain, in Latino culture, there is this sense of men having to
be “manly” and all powerful. So even if they are given equipment they do not wear it because
they will seem “weak” and when this question was addressed, many said that within themselves
they put each other down. Even a female car wash worker shared that she already felt she has a
disadvantage for being female in the industry, so that can make her feel less inclined to complain
or use protective equipment. All of that can be rooted in the lack of health and safety knowledge
and training. Meaning that if workers were more aware of the importance of using protective
equipment, that would change the way it can be seen to use it and even encourage them to look
out for one another in wearing it.

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Chemical Safety: Figure 2
Car wash workers handle chemicals on a daily basis ranging from soaps, polishes, waxes
and other toxic cleaners. Another significant finding was that 71% of workers identified no
safety or warning tags on the chemicals they use, and in conjunction with the lack of personal
protective equipment and health and safety training can lead to devastating health effects. Many
workers we spoke to have actually developed chronic health effects such as respiratory issues,
described as a dry cough and acute health effects such as skin lesions or burns, described as
hands peeling or feeling of irritation and burning. Also related to chemical safety, we found that
67% of workers identified that chemicals were not stored in a safe place to avoid accidents or
spills. In general, we saw a clear gap in worker knowledge about safe handling of chemicals but
they were a clearly identified as a hazard because of the health effects already taking toll of
many workers.
Workplace Conditions: Figure 3
In terms of workplace conditions only about 60% of workers have access to clean
drinking water, shade and breaks. Although relatively higher than some of the other results, it is

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also important to consider that California (CA) is the only state with a heat standard. The CA
Heat Illness Prevention Standard (Section 142.3, Labor Code), clearly states that employers must
provide clean drinking water that is accessible, shade for workers to take at least a 5 minute
break anytime they feel they need it due to the heat, and regular breaks adjusted in length to
reflect how hot the temperature is. Clearly, many car wash establishments are in violation of the
CA heat standard. It would also be relevant to mention that many of these numbers have
probably increased to as high as 60% because of the efforts of the campaign to fight to give
every worker a safe and healthy working environment. We also found that only 35% of workers
have access to a clean restroom and 20% to a clean area to eat lunch. Again, these are alarming
results that echo the urgent need for the improvement of the car wash industry.
Mechanical & Electrical Safety: Figure 4
Another important aspect that we assessed was machinery safety and work area electrical
hazards. Car wash workers utilize different types of machinery throughout their workday. They
can be working with individual machinery such as a vacuum or buffer used in auto detailing, and
also larger more complex machinery in the car wash tunnels such as the chain pulley mechanism
that pulls cars into the tunnel. A startling 62% of workers recognized clear electric hazards
ranging from open electrical sockets near areas where water is used, old machinery with
electrical cords worn down and open wiring and also cords located in the way of workers moving
around that could cause falls. To contribute further to electricity posing as a real hazard for car
wash workers was that 39% of workers identified that machinery is not maintained. Meaning that

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they work with faulty machinery or old equipment that they feel poses a hazard, which the
employer does not replace or fix.
Worker Awareness: Figure 5
On a more positive note, we found that 75% of workers say they were aware of laws that
protect them. Again, referring back to the approximate 60% of members having some affiliation
to the campaign completed the questionnaire, therefore it can be inferred that the campaign has
been a site that empowers and informs workers about their rights as workers in terms of health
and safety. Unfortunately only 37% are aware of where to actually report workplace health and
safety violations, which is something we made sure to make a focus of the health and safety
curriculum along with providing them with the forms to file a complaint with Cal/OSHA.
Without the knowledge to defend themselves, workers leave themselves exposed to be taken
advantage of by their employer. Another issue assessed was wage theft, which can mean a range
of situations such as workers do not get paid at all, employer did not pay for overtime, or they
underreported the hours and therefore did not receive full salary for the amount of time worked.
In total 87% of workers said that they have experienced wage theft, which is a real problem that
was actually further studied and addressed this past summer with the campaign.
Worker Interviews
Due to limitations of time and availability of workers we were only able to collect one
interview. We had the privilege of interviewing an active leaders in the CLEAN Carwash

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Campaign, Manuel Martinez, who has worked in the car wash industry for about 20 years and
has seen a wide range of injustice. One things Manuel shared with us that we feel encompassed
much of the worker experiences in the industry today is in the following quote, (translated from
Spanish) "The Car Wash industry… is an industry that makes money for the owners yet there is
much injustice ....... The [carwash owners] do not care if one is sick or feels encouraged, to them
what interests them is only that the work gets done.”
Manuel’s interview lasted about 27 minutes and in that time much of what he said
reiterated much of the findings from the questionnaire. Listening to him describe various
instances of health and safety violations and injuries gave a face and put into perspective many
of the issues that the car wash industry has.
Manuel’s entire interview was insightful, which definitely carried key themes throughout
of health and safety, which we choose to then develop in the curriculum. In terms of workplace
hazards in the questionnaire we identified PPE as an area that needed to be improved and
similarly for improving chemical handling. Manuel highlighted the importance of wearing
personal protective equipment and how prevalent chemical effects are felt in various parts of the
job, from polishing a car to the most basic wash of a car. When asked what he thought were the
most hazardous aspects of his workspace, he responded:
“Sometimes when it is your first time polishing a car you can’t sleep from the pain...and
then there is the dust from chemicals that we use and we breathe all of that in and well
all of that is hurtful to us. In the beginning they didn’t give us respirators...until finally
they did… also the soaps that we use as shampoo to clean the interior [of the car] has an
intense smell...that sometimes we feel reaches all the way inside of our lungs.”
When Manuel was later asked about how the CLEAN Carwash campaign has helped him

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and fellow carwasheros he responded:
“[The campaign] has taught us how to fight for our right… many people say that because
we don’t have papers (referring to immigration status) so we do not have any rights to
fight and I think that every human being...has the right to a well-being…”
As mentioned previously, knowledge is a very important tool for a worker and in combination
with support from the CLEAN campaign and like-minded organizations, it can prove to be a very
powerful tool to fight the array of injustices faced in the car wash industry. Transcribing this
interviewing and capturing the essence and power of a worker experience, clearly shows the
importance of capturing these stories, which we know will be something the campaign will
continue to do.
IV: Health and Safety Curriculum
After assessing needs from the questionnaire
and meeting with the Worker Carwash Committee to
get feedback on issues they felt needed to be
addressed, the curriculum topics were developed. The
bulk of the time and effort was spent developing the
lesson plan, creating the various worksheets and
bringing together information that would be relevant
for the training and for workers. The 3 main subject
areas we chose to address were workplace hazards, injury and illness and worker rights along
with corresponding subtopics as seen in the above figure. The overall goal of the curriculum we
developed is to enable workers to:

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1. Develop a fundamental understanding of Health and Safety in their workplace and
2. Learn a set of skills to become active promoters and leaders of health and safety in their
own workplace.
V. Challenges/Successes
As interns we were very fortunate that the CLEAN Carwash Campaign has an office that
functions essentially as a worker center. This office provides workers a centrally-located and safe
space in which to congregate and conduct their regular committee meetings. It provided us as
interns with a perfect setting where we could interact with workers both casually and in the
process of our needs assessment activities. Our work on the curriculum would have been far
more difficult, and in some cases impossible, if we were forced to carry out our needs assessment
directly at carwash locations or at other makeshift meeting sites. The existence of this worker
center is important for the workers and for the greater community but it also served as an asset to
our efforts.
Our health and safety questionnaire and our initial draft of the curriculum materials were
well-received by the workers and the Health and Safety Committee. Members of the campaign
are clearly committed to the Workforce Development Program so they were more than willing to
provide feedback. This support and valuable insight helped us to develop materials that are
informative but concise and ultimately effective. It is also great to know that, in light of how
strong the workers are committed to the program, our work will provide the foundation for
efforts that will bring the Workforce Development Program to life.
Another success over the summer was the preparation and facilitation of a Heat Safety
workshop as part of a greater worker health and safety conference. We were able to work and co-
facilitate with Sylvia Molina, a member of the Worker Carwash Committee from CLEAN and

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also one of the few female carwash workers we encountered throughout the summer. The
workshop was a challenge in that we had to present it in Spanish but it was a great learning
experience and an opportunity to help raise awareness about an important but often overlooked
issue.
One of the main challenges we faced had to do with the need to adapt the elements of the
health and safety curriculum using the popular education model in order to overcome the literacy
and education characteristics of our target population. Given our personal education experience
within the traditional Western model, we had to think differently and more creatively about how
to create the right dynamic between providing sufficient information but presenting it in a way
that is well-received and easily understood.
VI. Personal Reflection
Paul
I was surprised and inspired throughout the summer by the willingness on the part of the
workers to share the difficult, and sometimes uncomfortable, situations that they are forced to
endure at their workplace. The workers in the Worker Carwash Committee are more than willing
to give up their personal time to meet regularly and attend events in the name of justice for their
worker community. It was also interesting to hear the inside story about an industry that is
surprisingly quite lucrative for employers but also shameless and cruel in its treatment of the
people that make it all possible. My experiences over the past ten weeks have really brought to
light both the need for workplace health and safety advocacy but also the deficiencies of the
existing legislative and enforcement infrastructure that is tasked with that advocacy. I was

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already interested in the occupational health and safety field and have taken some courses in the
field but my resolve to become a leader and an advocate in this area has been strengthened.
Claudia
I am parting from this project wishing it could have been a year-long to get the full
experience of being involved in the campaign. I am still finishing up my bachelor’s degree and I
have heavily focused on Environmental Health Sciences for my upper division courses. I fell in
love with the field of public health while struggling through the pre-medical courses and this
summer strengthened that love. I enjoyed working directly with the community, learning from
them and being able to bring some of my own knowledge to the table. I agree with a lot Paul
mentioned so I won’t repeat it again, but I would just like to add two other aspect that I enjoyed.
One was working together with the Worker Carwash Committee in developing a curriculum. It
was a perfect partnership because they had so many ideas and ways that would work to engage
workers and Paul and I had the more technical knowledge. I think that complimented the
development of the curriculum well. The second aspect was seeing workers as the leaders and
advocates of change. This really motivated me to continue on the path of public health because
so many of workers out there are just waiting for their chance to be leaders and that requires
people to empower them. I do leave more confused since so many doors of public health and
medicine were opened this summer, but I am certain that I want to continue to work alongside or
with the campaign in the future.
VII. What’s next for the campaign or future OHIP Interns?
The CLEAN Carwash Campaign’s role is crucial to cleaning up the carwash industry.
The campaign’s legislative lobbying and policy work are of great importance because of the
message such victories send to employers and workers. That being said, however, the grassroots

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efforts that seek to reach out to and organize carwash workers under the United Steel Workers
Union deserve much of the campaign’s focus. Workers are able to experience the benefits of
these efforts firsthand and truly appreciate activities such as the water bottle distribution, health
fairs, and educational workshops. That being said, in order to expand the scope and depth of
these activities requires not only the people to carry them out but the funds to support the time
and materials needed. Fund development is key to any not-for-profit organization and as such it
is important that the campaign work to secure more steady funding streams.
Having developed the health and safety component of the Workforce Development
Program curriculum, we also recommend that the campaign be diligent in its efforts to get
feedback and evaluations of this and all components of the program once they are implemented.
This information will help campaign members identify areas that need improvement or updates.
The health and safety questionnaire we developed should also be administered whenever
possible and for the same reasons. These questionnaires may bring to light new issues that the
curriculum or other activities should address. It is important that the data from evaluations and
questionnaires be documented and stored properly and promptly, in both hard and electronic
copies. Furthermore, this data can offer the type of valuable information that funders often
require.
Lastly, we feel it is important that the campaign work to develop a strategy for dealing
with the rise of carwash businesses located in underground parking structures. Carwash workers
in these locations are not protected by the existing California Heat Standard, although conditions
can be as bad or worse in such enclosed spaces. Oftentimes, these carwashes are not equipped
with proper facilities because they have been integrated into the structures haphazardly.

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VIII. Acknowledgements
First and foremost we would like to acknowledge and thank the CLEAN Carwash
Campaign, especially Rosemarie Molina, Flor Rodriguez , and the members of the Worker
Carwash Committee, for offering their guidance and expertise throughout the summer. We look
forward to keeping in touch with them about the curriculum and about other local opportunities
to continue supporting the campaign. Our project would not have been possible without the help
and support of UCLA-LOSH staff, especially Kevin Riley and Deogracia Cornelio. We would
also like to acknowledge the Association of Occupational & Environmental Clinics and the
National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health for administration of the OHIP internship and
for the opportunity to participate as one of the Los Angeles projects. Lastly, we are very grateful
to the many carwash workers who met with and spoke to us.
References
Barry, K. (2009). REGULATING THE CAR WASH INDUSTRY (Doctoraldissertation, University of
California, Los Angeles).
Benach, J.,Muntaner,C.,Chung, H.,& Benavides, F. G. (2010). Immigration, employment relations,
and health: Developing a research agenda. American Journal of Industrial Medicine,53(4),338-343.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2008). Work-related injury deaths among
hispanics--United States,1992-2006. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,57(22),597.
Singley, C. (2009). Fractures in the Foundation: The Latino Worker’s Experience in an Era of Declining
Job Quality. Research report prepared for National Council of La Raza.
UC Berkeley Labor Occupational Health Program [LOHP] (2011). Occupational Health and Safety
among Latinos in the United States. Factsheet,November 2011.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2013). CB13-FF.19: Hispanic Heritage Month 2013. Profile America Facts for
Features. URL < http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/pdf/cb13ff-19_hispanicheritage.pdf>
Department ofIndustrial Relations. Section 142.3, Labor Code. Heat Illness Prevention.
https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/3395.html