This document summarizes research on the ability of filamentous fungi found in meat processing environments to produce mycotoxins when growing on meat products. The research included a survey of fungi in Danish meat plants, an analysis of mycophenolic acid production by Penicillium brevicompactum on inoculated meat products, and a proteomics study of fumonisin production by Aspergillus niger under different nutrient conditions. Key findings include the identification of various toxinogenic fungi commonly found in meat processing, detection of mycophenolic acid in inoculated ham and liver pâté samples, and increased fumonisin production by A. niger when supplied with starch and lactate as carbon
This is a practical session during vaccine and serum course. A course for the fourth year undergraduate students (Pharmacology domain) at department of virology, faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University.
This is a practical session during vaccine and serum course. A course for the fourth year undergraduate students (Pharmacology domain) at department of virology, faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Ph.D. defence at DTU, 30th October 2009.
1. Filamentous fungi on meat products,
their ability to produce mycotoxins
and a proteome approach to study
mycotoxin production
by Marie Sørensen
2. Outline
• Background
• Problems in the meat industry
• Objectives
• Results and conclusions of the experimental work
– Part 1: A survey of the mycobiota in Danish meat processing environments
– Part 2: Determination of mycophenolic acid in inoculated meat products
– Part 3: A proteome analysis used to study fumonisin production by
Aspergillus niger
• Perspectives
2
4. Filamentous fungi on meat products
Frequently isolated genera
Penicillium
Aspergillus
Eurotium
Cladosporium
Alternaria
Mucor
Rhizopus
Scopulariopsis
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Number of studies
Fermented sausages Dry-cured hams Other meat products
4
5. Meat-associated toxinogenic species
Penicillium species:
P. brevicompactum Mycophenolic acid
P. chrysogenum Roquefortine C, secalonic acid, PR toxin
P. citrinum Citrinin
P. commune Cyclopiazonic acid
P. cyclopium Penicillic acid, xanthoemegnins
P. expansum Roquefortine C, patulin, citrinin and others
P. nordicum Ochratoxin A
P. palitans Cyclopiazonic acid
P. roqueforti Roquefortine C, mycophenolic acid
P. verrucosum Ochratoxin A, citrinin
P. viridicatum Penicillic acid, xanthoemegnins, viridic acid
Aspergillus species:
A. flavus Aflatoxin B1, cyclopiazonic acid, 3-nitropropionic acid
A. ochraceus Ochratoxin A, penicillic acid, xanthoemegnin and others
A. niger Ochratoxin A, fumonisin B2
A. versicolor Sterigmatocystin
5
6. Factors influencing mycotoxin production
Time / development
Primary metabolism
• Biosynthetic origin
• Availability of cofactors
Species Environment
• Physiology • Nutrients, pH, water activity
Secondary metabolism • Temperature, relative humidity
• Gene induction and regulation
• Atmosphere
• Chromosomal location • Antimicrobial compounds
• Other microorganisms
Mycotoxin production
6
10. Primary objectives
• To determine if filamentous fungi from meat processing environments
can produce toxic secondary metabolites during growth on meat products
• To enhance the understanding of conditions that can influence the
production of toxic secondary metabolites on meat products
10
11. Part 1:
A survey of Danish meat processing plants
Plant A Plant B Plant C Plant D
Fermented Fermented Liver pâté Liver pâté
sausage sausage
Spring Autumn Spring Autumn
Air 30 30 28 38
Surfaces 39 51 39 45
Raw materials 2 10 - -
Mouldy products 18 2 4 -
Total 89 93 71 83
11
12. Plant A Plant B Plant C Plant D
Main isolated genera
Fermented Fermented Liver pâté Liver pâté
-
sausage sausage
% positive samples
Spring Autumn Spring Autumn
Aspergillus 5% 2%
Botrytis 5% 1%
Cladosporium 4% 60 % 6% 57 %
Epicoccum 3% 8% 1%
Eurotium 1% 9%
Penicillium 38 % 22 % 7% 13 %
Phaeoacremonium 8%
Phoma 3% 11 %
≤ 5 % : Alternaria, Acremonium, Aureobasidium, cf. Clonostachys,
Fusarium, Paecilomyces, cf. Pseudohansfordia, cf. Sporotrix, Trichoderma
12
13. Plant A Plant B Plant C Plant D
Main isolated
Penicillium species Fermented Fermented Liver pâté Liver pâté
- sausage sausage
% positive samples
Spring Autumn Spring Autumn
P. brevicompactum /
7% 4% 3% 4%
P. bialowiezense
P. fagi 13 %
P. milanense (ined.) 9% 4%
P. palitans 10 %
P. solitum 21 % 4% 1% 8%
Other ++ + + ++ + +
≤ 5 % : P. chrysogenum, P. commune, P. corylophilum / cf. P.
corylophilum, P. cyclopium, P. decaturense, P. glabrum, P. hordei, P.
implicatum, P. purpurogenum, P. roqueforti, P. spinulosum
13
14. Laboratory-scale inoculation study
P. brevicompactum (1) Smoked
Salted beef Cooked ham Smoked fillet saddle Sausage
P. bialowiezense (3) of pork
P. commune (2) Smoked
Smokedbeef
Salted Cooked ham Smoked fillet saddle Sausage Liver pâté
P. palitans (5)
Salted beef Cooked ham Smoked fillet saddle Sausage Liver pâté of pork
of pork
Smoked
Cooked ham Smoked fillet saddle Sausage Liver pâté
of pork
Mycophenolic acid
Asperphenamate
Quinolactacin
Xanthoepocin
Cyclopiazonic acid
Viridicatol
Cyclopeptin
Viridicatin
14
20. Conclusions part 1 and 2
• Important fungi in terms of spoilage:
– Penicillium and Eurotium on fermented sausages
– Penicillium and Cladosporium on liver pâtés
• Prevalent toxinogenic species:
– P. brevicompactum and P. palitans
• P. brevicompactum was able to produce MPA on ham and liver pâté at
realistic processing conditions
– MPA was detectable in centre/bottom fractions
• Meat products that are or has been covered with uncontrolled, unknown
mould growth may contain fungal metabolites and mycotoxins
20
21. Part 3
A proteome analysis used to study fumonisin
production by Aspergillus niger
Change in conditions Cellular response Physiological response
Transcriptome
Condition 1 Survival
…………..2 Growth
…………..3 Reproduction
Proteome Metabolome
Protein Mycotoxin Physiological
f ingerprint production measures
Combination of data in a holistic analysis
21
22. Model organism
• Aspergillus niger
– Genome sequenced
– Present on meat products
– Produces two important mycotoxins: Fumonisin B2 and ochratoxin A
Conditions to study
• Nutrients
– Glucose
– Lactate
– Fat
– Starch
22
24. Fumonisin B2 Fumonisin B4 Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin alpha
% of maximum
% of maximum
% of maximum
% of maximum
100 100 100 100
0 0 0 0
40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120
Time (hours) Time (hours) Time (hours) Time (hours)
Malformin A Malformin C Orlandin Desmethylkotanin
% of maximum
% of maximum
% of maximum
% of maximum
100 100 100 100
0 0 0 0
40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120
Time (hours) Time (hours) Fumonisin B2 Time (hours) Time (hours)
% of maximum
Kotanin
100 Aurasperone B Pyranonigrin A Tensidol B
% of maximum
% of maximum
% of maximum
% of maximum
100 0 100 100 100
40 60 80 100 120
Time (hours)
0 0 0 0
40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120
Time (hours) Time (hours) Time (hours) Time (hours)
3 % Starch 3 % Starch + 3 % Lactate 3 % Lactate
24
25. Supplemented carbon source n Fumonisin B2 (µg/cm2) after 66 h
3 % Starch 18 2.89 ± 0.63 a
3 % Starch + 3 % maltose 3 2.61 ± 0.74 a
3 % Starch + 3 % xylose 3 2.06 ± 0.28 a
3 % Starch + 3 % lactate 14 7.49 ± 2.10 b
3 % Starch + 3 % pyruvate 3 5.06 ± 0.60 b
3 % Lactate 15 0.86 ± 0.34 c
25
29. No. of spots
Cluster groups
Total Identified
Higher levels on SL* 62 27
Lower levels on SL* 68 20
Higher levels if starch is present 45 3
Lower levels if starch is present 52 0
Higher levels if lactate is present 21 4
Lower levels if lactate is present 35 0
Possibly an effect, instability 58 3
No effect, instability and noise 308 1
Total 649 58
29
* Or tendency for it
30. Uncharacteris
ed, 7 Polysaccharide
degradation, 5
Central
Miscellaneous carbon/energy
, 10 metabolism, 1
8
Redox balance
and oxidative
Nitrogen and
stress, 6
amino acid
Protein metabolism, 5
synthesis, pro
cessing and
turnover, 8
30
31. SL
SL (tendency)
SL (tendency, noisy)
SL
SL & S
SL & L
31
32. SL
SL (tendency)
SL (tendency, noisy)
SL
SL & S
SL & L
32
33. Conclusions part 3
• Lactate added in a rich substrate containing starch increased FB2
production by A. niger
• Cellular mechanisms that may affect FB2 production:
– The levels of carbon passing through acetyl-CoA
– The capacity to regenerate NADPH
• A new hypothesis: Regulation of FB2 production according to the nutrient/
energy state with acetyl-CoA as a relevant candidate
33
34. Perspectives
• Continued focus on prevalent species
• Procedures for discharge of products with (unknown) mould growth
• Development of methods for determination of mycotoxins
• Evaluation of potential mycotoxin production on the given products
• Establishment of maximum mycotoxin levels
34
35. Acknowledgements
• Involved companies
• Technical staff
– CMB (Hanne, Jesper, Lisette, Kir)
– Danish Meat Research Institute
– Meat Research Group at LIFE, Copenhagen University
– Protein Research Group at University of Southern Denmark
• Supervisors • Colleagues at CMB
– Per Væggemose Nielsen – Kristian Fog Nielsen
– Jens Christian Frisvad – Mikael Rørdam Andersen
– Anette Granly Koch – Fellow ph.d. students
– Tomas Jacobsen
– Rene Lametsch • Family and friends
35