Arnold and Bowie argue that multinational enterprises have a duty based on Kantian ethics to ensure their offshore contract factories meet minimum safety standards and pay a living wage, as workers are being treated merely as a means to an end rather than ends in themselves. Maitland counters that increasing standards and wages could do more harm by causing jobs to be lost, treating workers only as a means as well. Overall, Arnold and Bowie present a more compelling case that workers deserve basic protections and fair compensation.