The document provides an overview of the history of architecture from prehistoric times to the present. It begins with structures from the Stone Age like stone circles and cliff dwellings. Important ancient styles discussed include Egyptian pyramids and Mesopotamian ziggurats. Classical Greek and Roman architecture is examined. The document then covers the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Industrial and Modern eras. It concludes with discussions of Art Deco, Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and various regional architectural styles.

1. Ar. Abhishek Shrivastava

2. •The history of architecture is about as long as the history of humanity
itself, The exact origin of architecture could be said to date to the Neolithic period,
around 10 000 BC, or simply when people stopped living in caves and started
handling the way they want their houses to look and feel like.
• Architecture has proven to be many things – comfy, elegant, modern, brutal,
indexical, vernacular – and yet, one of its most interesting aspects is its capacity
to reflect the spirit of time, in a way that might be even more substantial than
how we see it happen with art..
•Just looking at the buildings made in different places at a different moment in
time would help us understand the evolution of architecture and our past
without using any words.
INTRODUCTION

5. Architecture in Prehistoric Times / Stone age
- humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and
structures
- includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in
the Americas, and thatch and mud structures.
Stonehenge Sinagua cliff dwelling (Montezuma
Castle), Arizona

6. considered to be the typological predecessors of the
“real” pyramids. As the structure was stepped and
successively receding toward the sky, the ziggurat (or
the step pyramid) was often interpreted as a link
between the earth and the sky, the way our ancestors
saw it.
Kheops Pyramid in Giza, Egypt, 2580–2560 BC
The excellence of Egyptians in engineering gave them
the ability to build bigger tombs for their kings. The
Egyptian pyramids, tombs and palaces still stand as
monuments to mankind’s creativity
Ziggurat of Ur in Iraq
Early architecture had two main functions: (1) to
consolidate security and power; (2) to please the
Gods. The richer the society, the more important
these functions became

7. Classical
850 BC to 476 AD
- the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the
Roman empire
- great buildings were constructed according to
precise rules
- The Classical Orders, which defined column
styles and entablature designs, continue to
influence building design in modern times.
Eglise de la Madeleine – Roman Catholic Church
The most important architectural feature which
highlights this style is the column placed on the
façade. The identifiable features of classical
aesthetic include symmetry, proportion, rational
order, the relationship of individual parts to the whole
and calm logic.
Vitruvius was the one to introduce the three different
Classical orders Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian
The Parthenon and the Golden Ratio

8. Roman aqueduct at Pont du Gard,
The Colosseum
Pantheon, Rome

9. 527 to 565 AD.
- the capital of the Roman empire moved
to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in
330 AD
- Roman architecture evolved into a
graceful, classically-inspired style
- used brick instead of stone, domed
roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical
forms
- Emperor Justinian (527 AD to 565 AD)
led the way.
Hagia Sophia – Museum in Istanbul

10. Romanesque Architecture
800 to 1200 AD
- heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with
rounded arches emerged.
- Churches and castles of the early Medieval
period were constructed with thick walls and
heavy piers.
Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, France
Lessay Abbey, Normandy, France.

11. 1100 to 1450 AD
- Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and
other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture.
- Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent cathedrals like
Chartres and Notre Dame.
Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France
Flying buttress

12. 1400 to 1600 AD
- return to classical ideas ushered an "age of
awakening" in Italy, France, and England.
- Long after the Renaissance era ended,
architects in the Western world found
inspiration in the beautifully proportioned
architecture of the period.
St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
The Palazzo Farnese in Rome

13. 1600 to 1830 AD
- the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic
churches with irregular shapes and extravagant
ornamentation. Baroque is characterized primarily by its
opulence, whether it be in rich ornamentation or liberal
use of gold. Other elements frequently used were
twisted columns and forced perspective.
Italian Baroque Architecture (St. Peter’s Square, Vatican)
Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane by Francesco
Borromini, 1646; the characteristic oval dome
St. Charles
Church,
Vienna

14. The Industrial revolution and the Great Exhibition in Britain
The Industrial revolution took place from the 18th to
19th century. It was a time where everything was once
a time of rural spaces and agriculture. In this time, the
world continued to develop towards becoming industrial
and urban. There were major changes in manufacturing
and transportation which changed the era from
agriculturally based to a strong technological change.
Crystal Palace,
Hyde Park,
London ,1851
1800 to 1900 AD

15. Eiffel Tower
Construction of the Eiffel Tower cost 7,799,401.31 French
gold francs in 1889, or about $1.5 million.
The Eiffel Tower is 1,063 feet (324 meters) tall, including the
antenna at the top. Without the antenna, it is 984 feet (300
m).
It was the world's tallest structure until the Chrysler Building
was built in New York in 1930.
The Eiffel Tower weighs 10,000 tons.
There are 5 billion lights on the Eiffel Tower.
Eiffel Tower ,

16. Art Nouveau
1890 to 1914 AD
- known as the New Style
- first expressed in fabrics and graphic design, the style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s.
- buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like
designs.
Casa Batlló, Barcelona.
Métro Entrances in Paris, France

17. 1925 to 1937 AD
- Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create
dramatic effect on jazz-age
- many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the
architecture of ancient Egypt.
ART DECO

18. Modern Architecture
Modern architecture started around the
beginning of the twentieth century based on
the rational use of modern building materials
and technology .
•Lack of Ornament – Simplified Forms &
Clean Lines
•Emphasis of Rectangular Forms and Horizontal
and Vertical Lines in Modern Architecture
•HONESTY OF MATERIALS
•LESS IS MORE
• FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
Villa Savoye by Le
Corbusier, 1929-
1931; he embodied
prototype of a
perfect Modernist
building, according
to the
architect's Five
Points of
Architecture
Farnsworth House

19. IIT, Crown Hall | Chicago, IL | Mies van der Rohe
Seagram Building

21. Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater, Pennsylvania

22. Natural themes such as mountains, lightning, rock
formations, caves, and so on. Influence of Moorish,
Egyptian, Indian and other eastern architectural styles.
The romantic appreciation of architecture as an art
form
•Distortion of form for an emotional effect
Einstein Tower (Erich Mendelsohn)
City of Arts and Sciences , Valencia
Sydney opera house

23. Postmodernism in Architecture -
1972 to Present.
- reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that
re-invented historical details and familiar motifs.
- ideas that date back to classical and ancient times.
Less is a Bore
The Portland Building
AT&T Building
Team Disney Building
Chiat/Day
Building

24. DECONSTRUCTION
Heydar Aliyev Centre Guggenheim Museum Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
Deconstructivism is a movement of
postmodern architecture which appeared
in the 1980s. It gives the impression of the
fragmentation of the constructed building,
commonly characterised by an absence of
obvious harmony, continuity, or symmetry.
Vitra Design
Museum

25. Islamic Architecture Japanese Architecture
Persian Architecture
African Architecture
Korean Architecture
Chinese Architecture

26. Buddhist Architecture Incan Architecture
Indian Architecture Mesoamerican Architecture

28. WORKSHOP
•To Create a A4 size travel related poster promoting architecture /tourism of any particular
city/country. .
•The poster will highlight any iconic building / architectural style or element related to a particular
city paying tribute to the architect/architecture of that city .
•The poster should have a short slogan /text for promoting tourism .
•You can use any color medium/sketch ( pastel,
water color , poster colors , etc ) to present your
idea .
•Submission should be in PDF format ( less
than 30 MB)

29. THANKS
As an architect you design for the
present, with an awareness of the past,
for a future which is essentially
unknown.” – Norman Foster