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Evaluation and Identification of the
Neuroprotective Compounds of Xiaoxuming
Decoction by Machine Learning:
A Novel Mode to Explore the Combination Rules in
Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription
발표 : 장동엽(가천대학교 한의과대학 생리학교실)
2019.09.05.
1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31360720
BioMed Research International
2
Authors
• 1st : Shilun Yang
• Corr : Chunfu Wu, Guanhua Du
• School of Life Science and
Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang
Pharmaceutical University
3
Guanhua Du
• President of the Chinese Pharmacological Society
• a member of the Asia Pacific Federation of Pharmacologists Executive Committee
• Director of National Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening
• Ph.D. degree from Peking Union Medical College (1995)
• Dr. Du is mainly engaged in drug discovery and development, screening methods and
strategy, and drug effect and mechanism research in cerebrovascular and
neurodegenerative disease.
4
Introduction
5
소속명탕(小續命湯)
• 출전 : 비급천급요방(備急千金要方, 손사막 저, 7C)
• 감초, 마황, 방기, 방풍, 백작약, 부자, 육계, 인삼, 천궁, 행인, 황금
• 처방 내용에는 서적마다 차이가 있음
• 중풍(中風) 치료에 사용하며 현대에는 뇌허혈 rat에서의 in-vivo 실험
결과가 보고됨
• 그러나 multi herb-multi compound의 특성 때문에 그 기전에 대한
연구는 이루어지지 않음
• 따라서 다양한 본초들의 compatibility를 명확히 해야 하며, 추가적인
연구를 위해 본 연구에서는 ‘phenotypic-based’로 접근할 것
6
Phenotypic-based screening
http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/content/42/6/1756
+ Virtual screening (VS) methods
(ex machine learning)
이와 같은 형태의 연구가 다수 이루
어지고 있으나 TCM 처방을 평가하고
뇌허혈 보호 성분을 발견하기 위해
시행된 연구는 부족
7
Ischemic stroke
H2O2 : most essential
ingredient of ROS
https://n.neurology.org/content/79/13_Supplement_1/S44
8
Methods
9
Workflow
10
① Neuroprotective compound를 발견하
는 모델 학습시킴
② XXMD의 성분들이 neuroprotective
compound인지 예측(Virtual screening)
Data Collection from XXMD Compounds
• Compounds from twelve herbs in XXMD from
• Chinese natural product chemical composition database
• TCM-Database
• TCMSP
• PubChem
• 여러 본초에 동시에 들어 있는 성분을 제외하고 1484개의 성분
수집
11
Collection and Preparation of Training
Set and Test Set
• ChEMBL에서 two phenotypes (anti-hypoxia, anti-oxidant)한
compounds 수집(IC50<10uM)하여 active datasets 구축
• It is noteworthy that compounds collected from the ChEMBL
database did not overlap with compounds in the XXMD dataset.
• Active dataset의 4배로 inactive datasets 구축 (automatically
generated by the DUD-E online database)
• 파이썬의 RDKit package 사용하여 Morgan fingerprints (4096
bits, radius = 2) 생성하고 t-SNE, PCA 적용하여 2차원으로 투
사
12
against hypoxia-induced
neurotoxicity
against H2O2-induced
neurotoxicity 13
Collection and Preparation of Training
Set and Test Set
• Train : Test = 3 : 1
• Active : Inactive = 1 : 4
14
Molecular Descriptors(2D)
• 앞선 compounds들을 2D-Descriptors로 설명하고 이를 바탕으
로 모델 학습시키기
• 1D-descriptors : atom, bond counts
• 2D-descriptors : topological indices, fragment counts
• 256(DS 2016) +185(MOE 2014.9) = 441
• SciTegic extended-connectivity fingerprints (FCFP and ECFP),
Daylight-style path-based fingerprints (FPFP and EPFP) were
also calculated with DS 2016.
15
Molecular Descriptors Selection
• 모든 분자가 다 가지고 있는 요소는 지우고(high frequency of
more than 50%)
• 작용과 관계 없는 요소 지우고(which correlation coefficients
had an activity of less than 0.1)
• 비슷한 요소는 작용과 상관관계 큰 것으로 통합(correlation
coefficients between two descriptors was higher than 0.9)
• 남은 2D-descriptors를 모델에서 사용
16
Methods for Model Building
Orange Canvas 3.4.1
Discovery Studio 2016
(DS 2016)
17
Adaboost
https://www.slideshare.net/freepsw/boosting-bagging-vs-boosting 18
Cell-Based Neuroprotective Assay
SH-SY5Y
(neuroblastoma
cell line)
control
(no treatment)
model
(Na2S2O4 or H2O2)
test compounds
(four concentrations)
19
살아 있는 세포가 많을수록 보라색
Results
20
3.1. Performance of Classification
Models
against hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity
21
- MCC는 교차표의 4개 cell을 모두 반영하여
계산됨 : data의 imbalance 있을 경우 NPV
와 PPV를 골고루 반영하기 위함
RF, DS+MOE가 우월
s-NB classification
fingerprint 뽑는 방법들에 따라 예측 결과 달라졌음 : SciTegic extended-connectivity
fingerprints (FCFP and ECFP), Daylight-style path-based fingerprints (FPFP and EPFP)
22
Virtual Screening of Neuroprotective
Agents from XXMD
• 앞서 우수한 성능을 보인 모델로 XXMD의 658개의 anti-
hypoxia, 615개의 anti-oxidant 성분들에 대해 virtual screening
진행
• A total of 398 compounds were ranked by Bayesian scoring
EstPGood (0 ≤ EstPGood ≤ 1)
• EstPGood = EGFR activity, EGFR이 oxidative stress와 연관
• Flavonoid glycosides : anti-hypoxia
• Alkaloids and sterol (in baikal skullcap root and ginseng) : anti-
H2O2
23
Virtual Screening of Neuroprotective
Agents from XXMD
24
XXMD가 작용하는 기전은?
각 약물 별로 anti-hypoxia 위주인지, anti-
oxidant 위주인지 확인할 수 있으며,
이를 종합하여 본 처방이 어느 기전을 중심
으로 작용하는지 추측할 수 있음
Virtual Screening of Neuroprotective
Agents from XXMD
• 398개의 성분을 Tanimoto distance의 root-mean-square (RMS)
차이를 바탕으로 5그룹으로 클러스터링
• 각 클러스터별로 scaffold novelty와 ‘probability output’을 고려
하여 10개의 XXMD 주요 compound를 선정하여 assay 진행
• scaffold novelty : 얼마나 그 구조가 유사한가? 같은 그룹으로 묶였더
라도 많이 다른 애들은 다른 물질로 봐 줘야 함
• probability output : 진짜 이게 neuroprotective 할까?
• 뽑힌 10개의 compound가 얼마나 타당한지 알아보기 위해
training set에서 Morgan fingerprint 유사한(Dice similarity)
compound와 구조 정성적으로 비교
25
Cell-Based Neuroprotective Assay
Results
26
Cell-Based Neuroprotective Assay
Results
27
Cell-Based Neuroprotective Assay
Results
28
10개 중 가장 잘 나온 2개
결과
Discussion
특별한 내용 없어서 넘어감
29
생각해볼 점
• NB에 대한 모식도, 본문설명, table 등이 설명이 충분하지 않음
• 2D-descriptors 뽑는 알고리즘에 따라 score 차이 커짐
• 가장 성적 잘 나온 LPFP6, 다른 데이터에서도?
• 방제를 각 기전별로 시각화한 점은 참고할만 함
• 그러나 현재 그림에서 특정 기전의 비율이 높다고 하더라도, 그 방제가
해당 기전으로 작용한다고 말하기에는 어려움이 있음
• 더 강력하고 확실한 기전의 물질 1개 vs 근거가 빈약한 물질 10개
• 가중치 예측방법 및 더 좋은 시각화 방법이 있을지 고민 필요
30

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[한국어] Evaluation and Identification of the Neuroprotective Compounds of Xiaoxuming Decoction by Machine Learning

  • 1. Evaluation and Identification of the Neuroprotective Compounds of Xiaoxuming Decoction by Machine Learning: A Novel Mode to Explore the Combination Rules in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription 발표 : 장동엽(가천대학교 한의과대학 생리학교실) 2019.09.05. 1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31360720
  • 3. Authors • 1st : Shilun Yang • Corr : Chunfu Wu, Guanhua Du • School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 3
  • 4. Guanhua Du • President of the Chinese Pharmacological Society • a member of the Asia Pacific Federation of Pharmacologists Executive Committee • Director of National Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening • Ph.D. degree from Peking Union Medical College (1995) • Dr. Du is mainly engaged in drug discovery and development, screening methods and strategy, and drug effect and mechanism research in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease. 4
  • 6. 소속명탕(小續命湯) • 출전 : 비급천급요방(備急千金要方, 손사막 저, 7C) • 감초, 마황, 방기, 방풍, 백작약, 부자, 육계, 인삼, 천궁, 행인, 황금 • 처방 내용에는 서적마다 차이가 있음 • 중풍(中風) 치료에 사용하며 현대에는 뇌허혈 rat에서의 in-vivo 실험 결과가 보고됨 • 그러나 multi herb-multi compound의 특성 때문에 그 기전에 대한 연구는 이루어지지 않음 • 따라서 다양한 본초들의 compatibility를 명확히 해야 하며, 추가적인 연구를 위해 본 연구에서는 ‘phenotypic-based’로 접근할 것 6
  • 7. Phenotypic-based screening http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/content/42/6/1756 + Virtual screening (VS) methods (ex machine learning) 이와 같은 형태의 연구가 다수 이루 어지고 있으나 TCM 처방을 평가하고 뇌허혈 보호 성분을 발견하기 위해 시행된 연구는 부족 7
  • 8. Ischemic stroke H2O2 : most essential ingredient of ROS https://n.neurology.org/content/79/13_Supplement_1/S44 8
  • 10. Workflow 10 ① Neuroprotective compound를 발견하 는 모델 학습시킴 ② XXMD의 성분들이 neuroprotective compound인지 예측(Virtual screening)
  • 11. Data Collection from XXMD Compounds • Compounds from twelve herbs in XXMD from • Chinese natural product chemical composition database • TCM-Database • TCMSP • PubChem • 여러 본초에 동시에 들어 있는 성분을 제외하고 1484개의 성분 수집 11
  • 12. Collection and Preparation of Training Set and Test Set • ChEMBL에서 two phenotypes (anti-hypoxia, anti-oxidant)한 compounds 수집(IC50<10uM)하여 active datasets 구축 • It is noteworthy that compounds collected from the ChEMBL database did not overlap with compounds in the XXMD dataset. • Active dataset의 4배로 inactive datasets 구축 (automatically generated by the DUD-E online database) • 파이썬의 RDKit package 사용하여 Morgan fingerprints (4096 bits, radius = 2) 생성하고 t-SNE, PCA 적용하여 2차원으로 투 사 12
  • 14. Collection and Preparation of Training Set and Test Set • Train : Test = 3 : 1 • Active : Inactive = 1 : 4 14
  • 15. Molecular Descriptors(2D) • 앞선 compounds들을 2D-Descriptors로 설명하고 이를 바탕으 로 모델 학습시키기 • 1D-descriptors : atom, bond counts • 2D-descriptors : topological indices, fragment counts • 256(DS 2016) +185(MOE 2014.9) = 441 • SciTegic extended-connectivity fingerprints (FCFP and ECFP), Daylight-style path-based fingerprints (FPFP and EPFP) were also calculated with DS 2016. 15
  • 16. Molecular Descriptors Selection • 모든 분자가 다 가지고 있는 요소는 지우고(high frequency of more than 50%) • 작용과 관계 없는 요소 지우고(which correlation coefficients had an activity of less than 0.1) • 비슷한 요소는 작용과 상관관계 큰 것으로 통합(correlation coefficients between two descriptors was higher than 0.9) • 남은 2D-descriptors를 모델에서 사용 16
  • 17. Methods for Model Building Orange Canvas 3.4.1 Discovery Studio 2016 (DS 2016) 17
  • 19. Cell-Based Neuroprotective Assay SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma cell line) control (no treatment) model (Na2S2O4 or H2O2) test compounds (four concentrations) 19 살아 있는 세포가 많을수록 보라색
  • 21. 3.1. Performance of Classification Models against hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity 21 - MCC는 교차표의 4개 cell을 모두 반영하여 계산됨 : data의 imbalance 있을 경우 NPV 와 PPV를 골고루 반영하기 위함 RF, DS+MOE가 우월
  • 22. s-NB classification fingerprint 뽑는 방법들에 따라 예측 결과 달라졌음 : SciTegic extended-connectivity fingerprints (FCFP and ECFP), Daylight-style path-based fingerprints (FPFP and EPFP) 22
  • 23. Virtual Screening of Neuroprotective Agents from XXMD • 앞서 우수한 성능을 보인 모델로 XXMD의 658개의 anti- hypoxia, 615개의 anti-oxidant 성분들에 대해 virtual screening 진행 • A total of 398 compounds were ranked by Bayesian scoring EstPGood (0 ≤ EstPGood ≤ 1) • EstPGood = EGFR activity, EGFR이 oxidative stress와 연관 • Flavonoid glycosides : anti-hypoxia • Alkaloids and sterol (in baikal skullcap root and ginseng) : anti- H2O2 23
  • 24. Virtual Screening of Neuroprotective Agents from XXMD 24 XXMD가 작용하는 기전은? 각 약물 별로 anti-hypoxia 위주인지, anti- oxidant 위주인지 확인할 수 있으며, 이를 종합하여 본 처방이 어느 기전을 중심 으로 작용하는지 추측할 수 있음
  • 25. Virtual Screening of Neuroprotective Agents from XXMD • 398개의 성분을 Tanimoto distance의 root-mean-square (RMS) 차이를 바탕으로 5그룹으로 클러스터링 • 각 클러스터별로 scaffold novelty와 ‘probability output’을 고려 하여 10개의 XXMD 주요 compound를 선정하여 assay 진행 • scaffold novelty : 얼마나 그 구조가 유사한가? 같은 그룹으로 묶였더 라도 많이 다른 애들은 다른 물질로 봐 줘야 함 • probability output : 진짜 이게 neuroprotective 할까? • 뽑힌 10개의 compound가 얼마나 타당한지 알아보기 위해 training set에서 Morgan fingerprint 유사한(Dice similarity) compound와 구조 정성적으로 비교 25
  • 28. Cell-Based Neuroprotective Assay Results 28 10개 중 가장 잘 나온 2개 결과
  • 30. 생각해볼 점 • NB에 대한 모식도, 본문설명, table 등이 설명이 충분하지 않음 • 2D-descriptors 뽑는 알고리즘에 따라 score 차이 커짐 • 가장 성적 잘 나온 LPFP6, 다른 데이터에서도? • 방제를 각 기전별로 시각화한 점은 참고할만 함 • 그러나 현재 그림에서 특정 기전의 비율이 높다고 하더라도, 그 방제가 해당 기전으로 작용한다고 말하기에는 어려움이 있음 • 더 강력하고 확실한 기전의 물질 1개 vs 근거가 빈약한 물질 10개 • 가중치 예측방법 및 더 좋은 시각화 방법이 있을지 고민 필요 30

Editor's Notes

  1. 처방 내용에는 다소 차이가 있음
  2. IC50 : 약물이 투여되었을 때 세포의 활성도가 절반으로 떨어지는 순간의 최대 농도. 실제 생체 내에서 활성 가능한지 기준 지금 여기서 수집한 compound는 XXMD와 무관한 애들임. 그래서 이걸로 학습시켜서 XXMD에 적용할 수 있는 거.
  3. 앞선 Morgan fingerprint는 1D-descriptors고 여기선 2D 찾으려고 함 1D는 atom, bond counts, 분자량 등 2D는 topology, chemopysical 정보 포함 3D는 geometrical parameter : surface 등 근데 이 2D 뽑는 알고리즘이 여러가지 있어서, 밑에 있는건 그에 대한 설명
  4. Na2S2O4 : 용액 속의 O2분자 제거하여 hypoxia 유발 살아있는 세포 속에서 시약이 보라색으로 바뀜 : 보라색으로 갈수록 세포 많은 것
  5. RF가 우월 DS+MOE 데이터 섞는게 우월
  6. EstPGood = EGFR activity 구체적인 성분의 예시는 논문에 있음 flavonoid : narcissoside, rutin, lsoquercitrin, hirsutrin, quercetin derivatives, and kaempferol derivatives alkaloids and sterol : pancratistatin, menisarine, fangchinoline, normenisarine, and other sterols
  7. Dice similarity : 자카드스코어랑 비슷