Ethics
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1. Media research ethics involves considering that no method can fully protect respondents and researchers, and ethics depend on specific situations. 2. Informed consent is an important ethical principle to allow voluntary participation and full understanding of risks by research subjects. 3. Historically, unethical human experimentation included Nazi medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study that denied treatment to Black men.
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Zimmer sachrp slides v2
On Wednesday, July 21, 2010, I will be presenting in front of the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections (SACHRP), part of the Office for Human Research Protections in the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). My presentation will focus on how Web 2.0 tools, environments, and experiences are creating new conceptual gaps in our understanding of privacy, anonymity/identifiability, consent, and harm.
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Zimmer sachrp slides v2
On Wednesday, July 21, 2010, I will be presenting in front of the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections (SACHRP), part of the Office for Human Research Protections in the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). My presentation will focus on how Web 2.0 tools, environments, and experiences are creating new conceptual gaps in our understanding of privacy, anonymity/identifiability, consent, and harm.
Ethics in research
Ethics in research are integral to protect participants and ensure research is conducted for legitimate purposes. The summary discusses key ethical standards including informed consent, confidentiality, and treating participants according to principles of autonomy, beneficence and justice. Research ethics committees review proposals to evaluate risks and benefits before research begins. Historical documents like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki established ethical guidelines which research ethics boards now use to review proposed studies.
Communication and ethics
This document discusses ethics and communication. It provides definitions of ethics as the study of moral principles and values. It discusses the importance of corporate ethics at Infosys, where new employees undergo values workshops. While upholding ethics can incur short-term financial losses, it provides long-term benefits like a good reputation. Ethical decision making requires competence, self-confidence, and willingness to make difficult decisions. The document also discusses communicating ethically by being truthful, avoiding exaggeration, and considering cultural differences.
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This document discusses ethics in business communication. It outlines Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development, including the pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels. It also discusses individual ethical frameworks like utilitarianism, moral rights, and justice approaches. The document covers corporate social responsibility and ethically-based communication styles like utilitarian, moral rights, justice, universalist, and relativist. It concludes by discussing possible ethical communication conflicts between these different perspectives.
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Ethical communication is the responsibility of the speaker. To communicate ethically, speakers should treat people fairly, be honest, and avoid harmful behavior. When giving a public speech, speakers should share only information from reputable sources, understand the information being presented, cite sources verbally, and distinguish facts from speculation. Speakers should also avoid offensive language and sensitive content, and keep the audience's best interest in mind.
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2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 saw Lazarsfeld introduce empirical research challenging mass society ideas.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s saw empirical research further support limited media effects.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s saw non-empirical European theories challenge the dominant limited effects view.
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1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
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1. The document discusses the importance and origins of sociology as both a humanistic and scientific discipline.
2. It examines key areas of sociology such as social organization, social psychology, social change, and population studies.
3. The document outlines several pioneers of sociology in the 19th century who helped establish it as a field, including Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
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Final Project – OutlineBelow is an outline template that y.docx
Final Project – Outline
Below is an outline template that you will use to organize your final paper. Anything listed in RED should be changed to reflect your specific topic and information. Keep in mind – outlines are to be brief bullet points as you will expand on these points for the paper. This is worth 7 points of your overall final project. The outline is due on Friday, November 16th, 2018 by 11:55 PM, submitted to Blackboard.
Outline Rubric:
Outline contains the topic name, relationship to sociology, topic sentence 1 point
Outline contains 2 points of background information regarding the topic 1 point
Outline contains 3 areas of exploration of the topic for the written paper 1 point
Outline contains 3 sociological theories to be related to the topic 1 points
Outline contains 2 points on why the topic is important 1 point
Outline contains reason why the topic should be studied 1 point
Outline contains 3 scholarly academic journal references 1 point
Total 7 points
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. What is the topic?
· Media influence on society.
· How can the media impacts society.
b. Topic’s relationship to sociology.
Since sociology is the study of social behavior and human group. Media influence society behavior and this topic can reveal how that can be done.
c. Your topic sentence
In this advanced technological age, media has become part of society’s daily routine. This routine can impact people’s thoughts and behaviors in many ways.
d. List of theories being applied.
· Media influences society.
· Media create stereotypes or certain images on certain group of people.
· Media is important in affecting society in creating good or bad habits.
II. Body of Analysis
a. Definition of topic.
“Media influence on Society” This topic explains what might the effects that can media influence towards society be.
b. Provide at least 2 brief points of background information regarding your topic
i. Background information point 1
· Media such as TV or Radio news are structured to keep people informed of local and worldwide important news and events.
ii. Background information point 2
· Other types of media like TV shows and movies have influence on society which will be explained in the final project.
c. Provide at least 3 components of the topic you will be discussing, below
i. Component 1 / The effects of media effects.
ii. Component 2 / Media creating stereotype for certain groups of people.
iii. Component 3 / How media can develop new habits.
d. Theoretical Background (at least 3 theories should be used)
i. Theory 1: Interactionist.
ii. Theory 2: Socialization.
iii. Theory 3: Conflict.
III. Conclusion
a. At least 2 brief points of why this topic is important
i. Point 1. To make the most positive outcome from this advanced age and the use of media, there should be actions taken and lessons taught.
ii. Point 2. society should be educated on what are the pros, cons and impacts from using today’s technology such as media.
b. At least one brief poi.
Mass communication: A critical, social scientific and cultural approach
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Essay (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose .docx
Essay: (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose
TWO
extended case studies and will write an essay comparing and critically evaluating their ethical challenges and the strategies used to minimize or guard against harmful results. The essay must address the following issues:
What ethical principles are at issue in each case? Provide and justify specific examples.
What strategies were used to insure the standards of ethical research?
Were those strategies successful? How and why?
What alternate strategies might also have been used to achieve the same or better results?
Which case study represents a better implementation of research ethics? How and why?
The two studies should have something in common: A similar topic, the method, the same ethical principles or conflict. They should also differ in the way that they addressed the ethical issues in question. Be sure to make both the similarities and differences clear to the reader. Your essay will consist of a careful, point-by-point contrast of the two cases. It should link the cases to commonly held standards of research ethics and discuss the extent to which those were followed. You should discuss the ethical, practical, and political consequences of these cases for the researchers, participants, and the social groups represented therein. And you should connect these cases to other examples of social research and implementation we have discussed.
Here is a list of the extended case studies for you to choose your two studies from. You should get the complete article for each study (go to library or use PsychInfo) so you will have detailed and complete information to address each of the five issues listed above.
NOTE:
Milgram's notorious Obedience to Authority experiments are hereby officially banned from this assignment because they have been used so extensively throughout this and many other discussions on this topic. Part of this assignment is to show understanding of the principles in this course well enough to apply them to new research studies.
The Tea-Room Trade (Humphreys 1975)
Humphreys took a participant-observer role as "watch queen" in order to study anonymous male homosexual activities in St. Louis's Forest Park public restrooms. He followed the "Johns" to their cars and recorded their license numbers. Humphreys then posed as a market researcher to obtain their addresses from police registers.
About a year later, he disguised himself and gained entry to their homes by pretending to do a health survey - including questions about sexual activity. Participants were never informed of their participation in a study or given the opportunity to withdraw.
Tuskegee Syphilis Studies (various authors, 1930s - 1970s)
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INTRO SOSCI
The document introduces the social sciences as disciplines that use scientific methods to study human behavior and culture. It lists types of social sciences like anthropology, psychology, and sociology. Anthropology studies human culture and asks questions like why certain cultures celebrate death. Psychology studies individual behavior and thought and may ask how violent media affects aggression. Sociology examines social groups and questions like why crime increases among lower classes. The document discusses ethical issues in social science research involving human subjects and risks like invasion of privacy. It provides examples of careers that apply social science research and knowledge.
Audience
Audience theory is the starting point for analyzing media texts. There have been several theories proposed to explain the relationship between audiences and media texts, from the earliest Hypodermic Needle Model which viewed audiences as passive receivers, to more modern theories that recognize audiences as active users who consume media for different reasons. Key theories discussed include the Two-Step Flow theory which proposes information spreads through opinion leaders, Uses and Gratifications which examines why audiences consume different media to fulfill various needs, and Reception Theory which acknowledges individual audience members can interpret the same text differently based on their own experiences and perspectives.
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This document provides an overview of major communication theories developed since the early 20th century. It discusses early theories like rhetorical theory and symbolic interaction theory. It then covers research in the 1930s-40s that studied the effects of media like film, radio and newspapers. This led to theories around two-step flow of communication, uses and gratifications, and limited effects of media. The document also summarizes cognitive dissonance theory, agenda setting theory, spiral of silence theory, cultivation theory, dependency theory and other influential communication theories.
Audience theories
The three views of audiences according to Stuart Hall are:
1. The reflective view - The audience passively accepts the preferred meaning encoded by the media producer.
2. The intentional view - The media producer encodes the meaning into the media text and the audience decodes it as intended.
3. The constructionist view - The audience plays an active role in determining the meaning. The audience does not just accept the preferred meaning but can negotiate or oppose the meaning based on their own experiences and point of view.
Methodology 2 09-14
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Subject to updates as I'm not too happy with it.
es
Chapter 2What Do Sociologists DoThis Chapter Will Help
Chapter 2
What Do Sociologists Do?
This Chapter Will Help You:
Understand the difference between common sense and sociological research
Outline the major perspectives in sociology
Identify the difference between qualitative and quantitative research
Identify the various types of research methods that sociologists use
Understand the importance of ethics in social science research
What is Common Sense?
Knowledge we get from our lived experience
May be accurate, but is not always reliable
Things that are commonly known are not necessarily factual
Fake News
Have you seen this meme?
It was circulated widely on social media as “factual”
In reality, research shows that this information is completely inaccurate
Major Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
What is a Theory?
A set of propositions intended to explain social phenomena
May be used to explain or predict a phenomenon
Theories can help us understand the relationships between variables
Major Theoretical Perspectives: Functionalism
Functionalism focuses on social stability
Functionalists view society as a set of interconnected parts
This is similar to how the human body works
Social institutions persist because they help society to survive
Functionalism, cont’d – Talcott Parsons
Society tends toward balance or equilibrium
As one part of society changes, other parts must adjust to maintain social stability
Functionalism, cont’d – Robert Merton
Manifest Functions
The intended outcomes generated by a social institution
Latent Functions
The unintended or less visible outcomes of a social institution
Dysfunctions
A system that is not functioning properly is dysfunctional
Functionalism: Emile Durkheim
Studied how rapid social change affects social stability
As societies grow more complex, people have fewer commonalities
Less social solidarity
This may result in anomie:
A feeling of normlessness
Major Theoretical Perspectives: Conflict Theory
Conflict theorists focus on the importance of conflict and change
They study inequality and exploitation
They see social life as a continuing struggle for fairness, security, and respect
Conflict Theories, cont’d – Karl Marx
Marx focuses on capitalism’s mode of production:
A way of producing the material things we need to survive
The capitalist mode of production produces a particular social order:
The bourgeoisie own the means of industrial production
The proletariat work for a wage and produce profits for the bourgeoisie
Conflict Theory cont’d – Karl Marx
Marx believed that the capitalist social order exploited the proletariat
Class consciousness:
Marx believed that if the workers recognized their common exploitation and their common power, they could overthrow the business owners
Major Theoretical Perspectives:
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism studies people’s everyday lives closely
Interactionists focus on the meanings, definitions and interpretations that individuals share
How certain behaviours ...
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1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 focused on media's negative impact on society.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 saw Lazarsfeld introduce empirical research challenging mass society ideas.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s saw empirical research further support limited media effects.
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1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
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This document provides an overview of key readings and themes for a university course on media studies and the active audience. It discusses early research on media effects that viewed audiences as passive. It then covers developments like Hall's encoding/decoding model, Morley's Nationwide study, and the uses and gratification perspective that saw audiences as active. More recent topics examined include audience engagement with digital media and examples of fan cultures interacting with television texts across multiple platforms.
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The class agenda covers attendance, daily news, a review of the previous lecture on media research methods, today's lecture on psychological effects and influences of media, assignment, and references. The lecture discusses media violence and three major content analyses of television violence in the US that found violence in 60-80% of primetime programming. It also examines the immediate effects of watching violent media through role modeling and excitation transfer theories and surveys as a method to study everyday media experiences.
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This document provides an overview of the introductory unit in an urban sociology masters program. It covers the historical background of sociology, defining it as a social science that studies human social structure and activity using systematic empirical methods. It discusses the emergence of sociology in response to the French Revolution, industrial revolution, and success of natural sciences. The founders of sociology presented include Comte, Durkheim, Marx, Spencer, and Weber. The objectives and significance of learning sociology are also outlined, noting how it provides a sociological imagination to understand social influences and apply knowledge to social issues.
Sociology in science
1. The document discusses the importance and origins of sociology as both a humanistic and scientific discipline.
2. It examines key areas of sociology such as social organization, social psychology, social change, and population studies.
3. The document outlines several pioneers of sociology in the 19th century who helped establish it as a field, including Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
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The document discusses several theories related to the adoption and use of communication technologies including Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations theory, Moore's Innovation Adoption Rate, Critical Mass Theory, Uses and Gratifications Theory, Media Systems Dependency Theory, Social Learning Theory, the Theory of the Long Tail, and the Principle of Relative Constancy. It then provides examples of how smartphones, the internet, social networking, and television have been adopted over time based on these theories.
Final Project – OutlineBelow is an outline template that y.docx
Final Project – Outline
Below is an outline template that you will use to organize your final paper. Anything listed in RED should be changed to reflect your specific topic and information. Keep in mind – outlines are to be brief bullet points as you will expand on these points for the paper. This is worth 7 points of your overall final project. The outline is due on Friday, November 16th, 2018 by 11:55 PM, submitted to Blackboard.
Outline Rubric:
Outline contains the topic name, relationship to sociology, topic sentence 1 point
Outline contains 2 points of background information regarding the topic 1 point
Outline contains 3 areas of exploration of the topic for the written paper 1 point
Outline contains 3 sociological theories to be related to the topic 1 points
Outline contains 2 points on why the topic is important 1 point
Outline contains reason why the topic should be studied 1 point
Outline contains 3 scholarly academic journal references 1 point
Total 7 points
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. What is the topic?
· Media influence on society.
· How can the media impacts society.
b. Topic’s relationship to sociology.
Since sociology is the study of social behavior and human group. Media influence society behavior and this topic can reveal how that can be done.
c. Your topic sentence
In this advanced technological age, media has become part of society’s daily routine. This routine can impact people’s thoughts and behaviors in many ways.
d. List of theories being applied.
· Media influences society.
· Media create stereotypes or certain images on certain group of people.
· Media is important in affecting society in creating good or bad habits.
II. Body of Analysis
a. Definition of topic.
“Media influence on Society” This topic explains what might the effects that can media influence towards society be.
b. Provide at least 2 brief points of background information regarding your topic
i. Background information point 1
· Media such as TV or Radio news are structured to keep people informed of local and worldwide important news and events.
ii. Background information point 2
· Other types of media like TV shows and movies have influence on society which will be explained in the final project.
c. Provide at least 3 components of the topic you will be discussing, below
i. Component 1 / The effects of media effects.
ii. Component 2 / Media creating stereotype for certain groups of people.
iii. Component 3 / How media can develop new habits.
d. Theoretical Background (at least 3 theories should be used)
i. Theory 1: Interactionist.
ii. Theory 2: Socialization.
iii. Theory 3: Conflict.
III. Conclusion
a. At least 2 brief points of why this topic is important
i. Point 1. To make the most positive outcome from this advanced age and the use of media, there should be actions taken and lessons taught.
ii. Point 2. society should be educated on what are the pros, cons and impacts from using today’s technology such as media.
b. At least one brief poi.
Mass communication: A critical, social scientific and cultural approach
Chapter 1: Mass Communication: A Critical Approach Chapter 15: Social Scientific and Cultural Approaches to Media Research Campbell, R., et al. (2011). Media Essentials: A Brief Introduction. Bedford/St.Martin’s. p.3-29, p.420-443
Essay (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose .docx
Essay: (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose
TWO
extended case studies and will write an essay comparing and critically evaluating their ethical challenges and the strategies used to minimize or guard against harmful results. The essay must address the following issues:
What ethical principles are at issue in each case? Provide and justify specific examples.
What strategies were used to insure the standards of ethical research?
Were those strategies successful? How and why?
What alternate strategies might also have been used to achieve the same or better results?
Which case study represents a better implementation of research ethics? How and why?
The two studies should have something in common: A similar topic, the method, the same ethical principles or conflict. They should also differ in the way that they addressed the ethical issues in question. Be sure to make both the similarities and differences clear to the reader. Your essay will consist of a careful, point-by-point contrast of the two cases. It should link the cases to commonly held standards of research ethics and discuss the extent to which those were followed. You should discuss the ethical, practical, and political consequences of these cases for the researchers, participants, and the social groups represented therein. And you should connect these cases to other examples of social research and implementation we have discussed.
Here is a list of the extended case studies for you to choose your two studies from. You should get the complete article for each study (go to library or use PsychInfo) so you will have detailed and complete information to address each of the five issues listed above.
NOTE:
Milgram's notorious Obedience to Authority experiments are hereby officially banned from this assignment because they have been used so extensively throughout this and many other discussions on this topic. Part of this assignment is to show understanding of the principles in this course well enough to apply them to new research studies.
The Tea-Room Trade (Humphreys 1975)
Humphreys took a participant-observer role as "watch queen" in order to study anonymous male homosexual activities in St. Louis's Forest Park public restrooms. He followed the "Johns" to their cars and recorded their license numbers. Humphreys then posed as a market researcher to obtain their addresses from police registers.
About a year later, he disguised himself and gained entry to their homes by pretending to do a health survey - including questions about sexual activity. Participants were never informed of their participation in a study or given the opportunity to withdraw.
Tuskegee Syphilis Studies (various authors, 1930s - 1970s)
In 1932, the US Public Health Service began a longitudinal study that came to be called the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male." Black men in Macon County, Alabama were recruited by circulating word in the community that they could receive fre.
INTRO SOSCI
The document introduces the social sciences as disciplines that use scientific methods to study human behavior and culture. It lists types of social sciences like anthropology, psychology, and sociology. Anthropology studies human culture and asks questions like why certain cultures celebrate death. Psychology studies individual behavior and thought and may ask how violent media affects aggression. Sociology examines social groups and questions like why crime increases among lower classes. The document discusses ethical issues in social science research involving human subjects and risks like invasion of privacy. It provides examples of careers that apply social science research and knowledge.
Audience
Audience theory is the starting point for analyzing media texts. There have been several theories proposed to explain the relationship between audiences and media texts, from the earliest Hypodermic Needle Model which viewed audiences as passive receivers, to more modern theories that recognize audiences as active users who consume media for different reasons. Key theories discussed include the Two-Step Flow theory which proposes information spreads through opinion leaders, Uses and Gratifications which examines why audiences consume different media to fulfill various needs, and Reception Theory which acknowledges individual audience members can interpret the same text differently based on their own experiences and perspectives.
Bullet theory
The Hypodermic Needle Theory originated in the 1920s and posits that media has the power to directly inject influential messages into passive audiences, similar to how a hypodermic needle injects a substance. It assumes media can strongly impact public opinion and behavior in a uniform way. While influential early on, it is now seen as too simplistic given that audiences can reject messages and media effects vary between individuals and are influenced by other factors.
An Overview of Communication Theories
This document provides an overview of major communication theories developed since the early 20th century. It discusses early theories like rhetorical theory and symbolic interaction theory. It then covers research in the 1930s-40s that studied the effects of media like film, radio and newspapers. This led to theories around two-step flow of communication, uses and gratifications, and limited effects of media. The document also summarizes cognitive dissonance theory, agenda setting theory, spiral of silence theory, cultivation theory, dependency theory and other influential communication theories.
Audience theories
The three views of audiences according to Stuart Hall are:
1. The reflective view - The audience passively accepts the preferred meaning encoded by the media producer.
2. The intentional view - The media producer encodes the meaning into the media text and the audience decodes it as intended.
3. The constructionist view - The audience plays an active role in determining the meaning. The audience does not just accept the preferred meaning but can negotiate or oppose the meaning based on their own experiences and point of view.
Methodology 2 09-14
Basic intro to methodology for my Soc classes.
Subject to updates as I'm not too happy with it.
es
Chapter 2What Do Sociologists DoThis Chapter Will Help
Chapter 2
What Do Sociologists Do?
This Chapter Will Help You:
Understand the difference between common sense and sociological research
Outline the major perspectives in sociology
Identify the difference between qualitative and quantitative research
Identify the various types of research methods that sociologists use
Understand the importance of ethics in social science research
What is Common Sense?
Knowledge we get from our lived experience
May be accurate, but is not always reliable
Things that are commonly known are not necessarily factual
Fake News
Have you seen this meme?
It was circulated widely on social media as “factual”
In reality, research shows that this information is completely inaccurate
Major Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
What is a Theory?
A set of propositions intended to explain social phenomena
May be used to explain or predict a phenomenon
Theories can help us understand the relationships between variables
Major Theoretical Perspectives: Functionalism
Functionalism focuses on social stability
Functionalists view society as a set of interconnected parts
This is similar to how the human body works
Social institutions persist because they help society to survive
Functionalism, cont’d – Talcott Parsons
Society tends toward balance or equilibrium
As one part of society changes, other parts must adjust to maintain social stability
Functionalism, cont’d – Robert Merton
Manifest Functions
The intended outcomes generated by a social institution
Latent Functions
The unintended or less visible outcomes of a social institution
Dysfunctions
A system that is not functioning properly is dysfunctional
Functionalism: Emile Durkheim
Studied how rapid social change affects social stability
As societies grow more complex, people have fewer commonalities
Less social solidarity
This may result in anomie:
A feeling of normlessness
Major Theoretical Perspectives: Conflict Theory
Conflict theorists focus on the importance of conflict and change
They study inequality and exploitation
They see social life as a continuing struggle for fairness, security, and respect
Conflict Theories, cont’d – Karl Marx
Marx focuses on capitalism’s mode of production:
A way of producing the material things we need to survive
The capitalist mode of production produces a particular social order:
The bourgeoisie own the means of industrial production
The proletariat work for a wage and produce profits for the bourgeoisie
Conflict Theory cont’d – Karl Marx
Marx believed that the capitalist social order exploited the proletariat
Class consciousness:
Marx believed that if the workers recognized their common exploitation and their common power, they could overthrow the business owners
Major Theoretical Perspectives:
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism studies people’s everyday lives closely
Interactionists focus on the meanings, definitions and interpretations that individuals share
How certain behaviours ...
Chapter 15 Media Effects and Cultural Approaches to Research
This document provides an overview of media effects research and cultural approaches to media research. It discusses early theories like the hypodermic needle model and minimal effects model. It also covers research methods like experiments, surveys, and content analysis. Cultural studies focuses on how people make meaning through cultural symbols and examines power structures. Key concepts in cultural studies include the public sphere and viewing communication as culture. The document outlines the development of both effects-focused and cultural approaches to media research.
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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Ethics
- 2. The researcher must also keep in mind that no method can ever be completely safe for himself or his respondents … The ethics of social science are situation ethics” (Humphreys, 1970) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Roger D Wimmer & Joseph R Dominick. Mass Media Research: An Introduction, Wadworth Publications , London 2003.
- 3. --------------------------------- Sotirios Sarantakos, Social Research, Macmillan Publications. New York, 2005
- 4. An „ethic‟ is a moral principle or a code of conduct which … governs what people do. It is concerned with the way people act or behave. The term „ethics‟ usually refers to the moral principles, guiding conduct, which are held by a group or even a profession (though there is no logical reason why individuals should not have their own code)” (Wellington, 2000: 54) --------------------------------------------------------------- Wellington, J., 2000, Educational Research: contemporary issues and practical approaches, London: Continuum
- 5.
- 6. - - - - --------------------------------------------------------------- Sotirios Sarantakos, Social Research, Macmillan Publications. New York, 2005
- 7.
- 8. During this war, Germany had concentration camps in which they put people they thought were non-human such as homosexuals, Jews, gypsies, and the mentally ill. The German medical community did experimentation on these groups. Such experimentations were not considered good science later and did great harm to these “non-people” including killing some of them.
- 9. NAZI SCIENCE The Nazi euthanasia project Mengele's twin studies at Auschwitz Nazi sterilization experiments Dachau hypothermia and high altitude experiments Buchenwald biological warfare experiments Nazi medicine's role in genocide
- 10. In the USA, we had a famous violation of research ethics. During the early part of the 20th century poor Black men who had syphilis were in a research study funded by the USA government. At that time, there was no effective treatment for this disease. As this research continues into the early 1970s, there was treatment for syphilis but these men did not receive it. When the news of this reached the public there was outrage about this unethical use of human research subjects. There was a nurse involved in this and a play was written with her as a main character.
- 11. THE TUSKAGEE SYPHILIS STUDY In a scientific study of the effects of syphilis over several decades in black populations around Tuskagee in USA sufferers were not properly treated to allow the disease to progress so that the effects could be studied The study was continued until 1972 The scientific team As part of the study lumbar punctures were made without informed consent
- 15.
- 16. INFORMED CONSENT Ethical principles involved are: Person‟s autonomy, Do no harm, Do good, Truth telling Person being asked to participate in research needs to have freedom of choice. Should be able to say no freely if wishes to. Should understand that if enters the research, can withdraw later if wishes to --------------------------------------------------------------------- Matt.Henn, A short Introduction to Social research, Sage Publications, Uk , 2003 , P: 85
- 17. INFORMED CONSENT Subjects in a study must base their voluntary participation on a full understanding of the possible risks involved.
- 18. .1Voluntary participation .2Competence .3Full Information .4comprehension .5Privacy .6Sensitivity .7Setting .8Dissemination .9Anonymity & Confidentiality
- 19. - - - ------------------------------------ Matt.Henn, A short Introduction to Social research, Sage Publications, Uk , 2003
- 20.
- 21. REFERENCES BERA , 2004, Revised Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research www.bera.ac.uk/publications/guides.php ESRC (2005) Research Ethics Framework www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/opportunities/research_ethics /_framework Roger D Wimmer & Joseph R Dominick. Mass Media Research: An Introduction, Wadworth Publications , London 2003. . Wellington, J., 2000, Educational Research: contemporary issues and practical approaches, London: Continuum Sotirios Sarantakos, Social Research, Macmillan Publications. New York, 2005