Being a Paper Presented at the National Education Stakeholders Conference 2024 Programme held at the Library Hall, Lagos State Public Services Staff Development Centre, Magodo II on Wednesday September 18.

1. Impacts of Effective Education Budgeting on National
Development
Being a Paper Presented at the National Education Stakeholders Conference 2024 Programme held at the
Library Hall, Lagos State Public Services Staff Development Centre, Magodo II on Wednesday September 18.
Prof. Godwin Emmanuel Oyedokun
Professor of Accounting and Financial Development
Department of Management & Accounting
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences
Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
Principal Partner; Oyedokun Godwin Emmanuel & Co
(Accountants, Tax Practitioners & Forensic Auditors)

2. ND (Fin), HND (Acct.), BSc. (Acct. Ed), BSc (Fin.), LLB., LLM, MBA (Acct. & Fin.), MSc. (Acct.), MSc. (Bus &Econs), MSc. (Fin), MSc.
(Econs), Ph.D. (Acct), Ph.D. (Fin), Ph.D. (FA), CICA, CFA, CFE, CIPFA, CPFA, CertIFR, ACS, ACIS, ACIArb, ACAMS, ABR, IPA, IFA,
MNIM, FCA, FCTI, FCIB, FCNA, FCFIP, FCE, FERP, FFAR, FPD-CR, FSEAN, FNIOAIM, FCCrFA, FCCFI, FICA, FCECFI, JP
Prof. Godwin Emmanuel Oyedokun
Professor of Accounting and Financial Development
Department of Management & Accounting
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences
Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
Principal Partner; Oyedokun Godwin Emmanuel & Co
(Accountants, Tax Practitioners & Forensic Auditors)

3. Impacts of Effective
Education Budgeting on
National Development

4. Contents
Introduction Overview of Education Importance of Education Challenges in Education
Overview of Education in
Nigeria
Structure of the Nigerian
Education System
Challenges Facing
Education in Nigeria
Importance of Education
Budgeting
Conclusion Recommendations

6. Introduction
Education is a cornerstone of
national development, serving
as the foundation upon which
nations build sustainable
economic growth, social
equity, and technological
advancement
A well-funded and effectively
managed education system
empowers individuals with the
knowledge and skills required to
contribute meaningfully to the
workforce, foster innovation,
and promote social cohesion
Effective education budgeting
ensures that adequate
resources are allocated to
enhance infrastructure, training,
and access to quality
education for all, thereby
maximizing the developmental
impact

7. Overview of Education
Education is the
systematic process of
facilitating learning,
acquiring
knowledge, skills,
values, and attitudes
It encompasses a
wide range of
experiences and
environments, both
formal and informal,
through which
individuals develop
intellectually,
socially, and
emotionally
Formal education
typically occurs in
structured settings
such as schools,
colleges, and
universities, where it
follows a curriculum
designed to guide
students through
specific learning
objectives
Informal education,
on the other hand,
takes place outside
of these formal
institutions and
includes learning
from everyday
experiences, family,
media, and
community
engagement
Education is a
fundamental human
right and an essential
tool for achieving
individual fulfillment
and societal progress

8. Importance of Education
Education is a key
driver of personal
and societal
development
It empowers
individuals to
improve their
quality of life,
engage in civic
activities, and
contribute
meaningfully to
the economy
On a broader
scale, education
promotes social
cohesion,
economic
growth, and
innovation by
fostering critical
thinking, problem-
solving, and
creativity
Its impact
transcends
generations,
enabling societies
to evolve,
innovate, and
solve pressing
global challenges

9. Challenges in Education
Education faces
challenges such as
access, quality, and equity
In many parts of the world,
millions of children are still
out of school due to
poverty, conflict, gender
disparities, and
geographic barriers
The quality of education
can also vary significantly
between regions and
socioeconomic groups,
leading to disparities in
educational outcomes

11. Overview of Education in Nigeria
Education in Nigeria plays a crucial
role in the country's socio-economic
and cultural development
It is considered a key avenue for
national progress, contributing to
individual empowerment and the
overall development of society
Nigeria's education system is structured
into formal levels that include early
childhood, primary, secondary, and
tertiary education, along with
vocational and adult education
programmes
Despite its potential, the education
sector in Nigeria faces several
challenges related to infrastructure,
quality, and access

12. Structure of the Nigerian Education System
Early
Childhood
Education
• This level is not
universally
accessible but is
growing in
importance. It is
mainly provided
by private
institutions and a
few public
initiatives
• Early childhood
education
prepares
children, typically
between the
ages of 3 and 5,
for formal
schooling
Primary
Education
• Primary
education is the
foundation of
Nigeria's formal
education
system and
typically lasts for
six years,
covering grades
1 to 6
• It is compulsory
for all children
and focuses on
basic literacy,
numeracy, and
general
knowledge
Secondary
Education
• Secondary
education is
divided into two
phases: junior
secondary (three
years) and senior
secondary (three
years)
• Junior secondary
is part of the
basic education
system, while
senior secondary
prepares
students for
higher education
or vocational
training
Tertiary
Education
• Tertiary
education in
Nigeria includes
universities,
polytechnics,
and colleges of
education
• The National
Universities
Commission
(NUC) regulates
university
education, while
other bodies
oversee
polytechnics and
colleges
Vocational
and Technical
Education
• Vocational and
technical
education is
designed to
equip students
with practical
skills for the job
market
Adult and
Continuing
Education
• Nigeria has
implemented
adult literacy
programs to
address the issue
of adult illiteracy,
particularly in
rural areas

13. Challenges Facing Education in Nigeria
• Factors such as poverty, cultural norms (particularly affecting girls’ education), and
conflict in certain regions, particularly in the North, contribute to low school
attendance rates
Access to
Education
• The quality of education in Nigeria is affected by inadequate infrastructure, teacher
shortages, outdated curricula, and lack of learning materials
Quality of Education
• Teacher training programmes are not always adequate, and many teachers lack the
skills needed to effectively deliver modern education, especially in rural areas
Teacher Quality
and Training
• Education in Nigeria is underfunded compared to global standards
Funding Issues
• There are significant disparities in education access and quality between Nigeria's
different regions
Regional Disparities
• Schools have been targets of attacks, resulting in the closure of many schools and a
decline in educational access in conflict-affected regions
Security Concerns

14. Recent Developments and Reforms
In recent years,
the Nigerian
government has
taken steps to
improve the
education sector
Programs such as
the Universal Basic
Education (UBE)
and initiatives
aimed at
improving girls’
education have
been
implemented
There has also
been a push to
modernize the
curriculum,
promote STEM
education, and
incorporate digital
learning
Private sector
involvement is
increasing,
particularly in
tertiary education
and technology-
enabled learning
International
organizations and
NGOs are also
active in Nigeria’s
education sector,
providing support
in areas such as
teacher training,
literacy programs,
and education for
internally
displaced persons
(IDPs)

15. History of Education in Nigeria
• Islamic Education
• In Northern Nigeria, particularly among the Hausa-Fulani,
Islamic education flourished as early as the 11th century
due to trade routes and the influence of Islamic scholars.
Schools attached to mosques (called "madrassas") taught
students how to read and write Arabic, memorize the
Qur'an, and study Islamic jurisprudence
• Traditional Education
• Across Nigeria, traditional education systems focused on
vocational training, social norms, values, and survival skills
• Boys were trained in farming, hunting, and craftsmanship,
while girls learned household management, child-rearing,
and trade
• Storytelling, proverbs, and practical apprenticeship were
common teaching methods.
Pre-Colonial Indigenous
Education

16. History of Education in Nigeria
Introduction of
Western Education
(1842–1914)
• Western education was introduced to Nigeria in the early 19th century through Christian
missionary efforts
• The first mission schools were established in Southern Nigeria, particularly in Lagos,
Calabar, and the Niger Delta regions
• These schools were largely organized by British missionaries, who aimed to promote
literacy, Christianity, and European culture
• Missionary Influence
• The first school in Nigeria was established in 1842 by the Church Missionary Society
(CMS) in Badagry, Lagos. Soon after, other missionary groups, such as the Roman
Catholic Mission and the Methodist Church, established their own schools
• The curriculum focused on reading, writing, arithmetic, and religious studies, particularly
the Bible
• Early Colonial Support
• By the late 19th century, the British colonial government began to take interest in formal
education
• The 1882 Education Ordinance marked the colonial government’s first attempt to
regulate mission schools by providing financial aid to those that met certain standards

17. History of Education in Nigeria
Colonial Education (1914–1960)
• The period of British colonial rule in Nigeria (1914–1960) brought significant changes to the
educational system
• Expansion of Schools
• Education spread from the coastal regions to the hinterlands, and more mission and government
schools were established
• Education for the Elites
• Colonial education was limited in scope, with an emphasis on producing a small elite class of
educated Nigerians who could assist in governing the colony
• Northern and Southern Divide
• Southern Nigeria saw more rapid expansion of Western education due to the strong missionary
presence, while Northern Nigeria remained largely under the influence of Islamic education
• Development of Higher Education
• During the colonial period, higher education began to emerge, with the founding of institutions such
as Yaba Higher College in Lagos in 1932, which was Nigeria's first higher education institution
• In 1948, the University College of Ibadan was established as an affiliate of the University of London,
marking the beginning of formal university education in Nigeria

18. History of Education in Nigeria
• Expansion of Primary and Secondary Education
• Universal primary education programmes were introduced in
several regions to improve literacy rates, and more secondary
schools were established to meet the growing demand for
education
• The 6-3-3-4 System
• In 1982, Nigeria introduced the 6-3-3-4 education system, which
stands for six years of primary education, three years of junior
secondary education, three years of senior secondary
education, and four years of tertiary education
• Tertiary Education and the Growth of Universities
• The University of Nigeria, Nsukka, was established in 1960,
followed by numerous federal and state universities,
polytechnics, and colleges of education
• Nigeria now has over 170 universities (public and private),
making it one of the largest higher education systems in Africa.
Post-
Independence
Education
(1960–Present)

20. Importance of Education Budgeting
Human Capital Development
•By allocating resources to education,
governments help individuals acquire skills and
knowledge that are essential for personal growth
and economic productivity
Improved Access to Quality Education
•Effective budgeting ensures that resources are
available to improve infrastructure, provide
textbooks and other learning materials, train
teachers, and maintain educational institutions
Reduction of Socio-Economic Disparities
•Strategic education budgeting can reduce socio-
economic disparities by ensuring that education is
accessible to all, regardless of income or
background
Economic Growth
•A well-educated population is more likely to be
innovative, productive, and capable of driving
technological advancements that boost
economic output
Global Competitiveness
•Education budgeting ensures that national
education systems produce globally competitive
graduates who can contribute to scientific,
technological, and cultural advancements

21. Key Components of Education Budgeting
• Modern infrastructure is essential for creating conducive learning
environments that support student engagement and performance
Infrastructure
Development
• Education budgeting must account for teacher salaries, ongoing
training, and professional development opportunities
Teacher Training and
Salaries
• A well-planned education budget allocates resources for textbooks,
digital learning materials, and access to technology
Learning Materials
and Technology
• Higher education institutions rely on government funding for research
and innovation
Research and
Innovation
• Education budgets should also include provisions for student welfare,
such as meal programs, health services, transportation, and financial
aid
Student Welfare and
Support

22. Challenges in Education Budgeting
Inadequate
Funding
Inefficient
Allocation
of
Resources
Political
Instability
Competing
National
Priorities

23. Economic Growth and Productivity
Workforce
Competency
Higher Earning
Potential
Reduced
Unemployment

24. Social Equity and Poverty Reduction
Access to Education
Breaking the Cycle of
Poverty
Improved Health
Outcomes

25. Conclusion
Innovation and Technological
Advancement
Research and Development
STEM Education Entrepreneurship and Start-ups

26. Conclusion
Effective education budgeting is vital for fostering national development
It not only ensures that individuals acquire the necessary skills and
knowledge to thrive in an evolving global economy but also promotes
social inclusion, innovation, and environmental sustainability
When governments prioritize education in their national budgets, they lay
the groundwork for economic growth, poverty reduction, and global
competitiveness
However, many countries struggle with challenges such as inadequate
funding, inefficient resource allocation, and political instability, which
undermine the potential impact of education on national development
Proper funding and resource management are essential for building a well-
rounded, skilled, and knowledgeable workforce that can drive national
progress in the 21st century.

27. Recommendations
Governments should commit to allocating a higher percentage of their national
budgets to education, ensuring sufficient funding for both basic and higher
education, infrastructure, and teacher development
Education budgets should be allocated in a way that ensures equal access to
quality education for all, especially marginalized and underserved communities,
to bridge socio-economic disparities
Mechanisms for monitoring the use of education funds should be put in place to
prevent wastage, inefficiency, and corruption
Adequate resources should be allocated for the continuous training and
professional development of teachers, as they are central to delivering quality
education and fostering student success
Governments should explore collaborations with the private sector to enhance
education funding, especially in areas like vocational training, STEM education,
and research and development

28. Prof. Godwin Emmanuel Oyedokun
Professor of Accounting & Financial Development
Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
Principal Partner; Oyedokun Godwin Emmanuel & Co
(Accountants, Tax Practitioners & Forensic Auditors)
godwinoye@yahoo.com; godwinoye@oyedokungodwin.com
+2348033737184 & 2348055863944