This 4 stanza poem expresses unrequited love from afar. The speaker watches their love from the shadows without them knowing of their affection. While the love feels real as a dream, the speaker is unsure if they can confess their love for fear of being seen as a liar if the feelings are not returned. The poem concludes that everyone wins if love is expressed and reciprocated between the speaker, their love, and others.
Vit Safranek - 10 things about Czech RepublicVit Safranek
This PowerPoint presentation collects 10 essential unique facts about Czech Republic, that all the travellers heading to this marvelous Central European country should be aware of.
The song is about wanting to reconcile with a past lover. In the first verse, the singer expresses how long it has been since seeing their face and their strength fading without them. In the second verse, they acknowledge mistakes were made but want things to go back to how they were when they were lovers and friends. In the third verse, the singer declares they can't lie and miss their lover watching the days go by until they try to get them back, as they are the apple of their eye. The chorus repeats the desire to make up right now and never have broken up.
This document provides information about a Japanese language lesson for a group of students. It lists the course as Japanese 1, identifies it as lesson 6, and indicates it was prepared by a student named Zarfarie Aron for their teacher Zeti Sensei at the Northern University of Malaysia's College of Arts and Science.
Zarfarie binti Aron is taking Audit & Assurance IIA-195645. This appears to be a student name and course code, but no other contextual information is provided in the short document.
There are arguments for developing a Malaysian common law that is based on local values rather than English common law. Judges have discussed developing a common law that incorporates Islamic values and rejects anything foreign. While the common law originated in England, the Bar Council argues it has evolved as a body of law dealing with universal human affairs. Two former Lord Presidents expressed that Malaysian courts do not exclusively rely on English law and can develop the Malaysian common law by considering local conditions. The courts have shown a willingness to depart from English common law by considering if principles are inconsistent with Malaysian religious teachings or culture. The development of a distinct Malaysian common law would allow convergence of legal systems instead of domination by one.
This 4 stanza poem expresses unrequited love from afar. The speaker watches their love from the shadows without them knowing of their affection. While the love feels real as a dream, the speaker is unsure if they can confess their love for fear of being seen as a liar if the feelings are not returned. The poem concludes that everyone wins if love is expressed and reciprocated between the speaker, their love, and others.
Vit Safranek - 10 things about Czech RepublicVit Safranek
This PowerPoint presentation collects 10 essential unique facts about Czech Republic, that all the travellers heading to this marvelous Central European country should be aware of.
The song is about wanting to reconcile with a past lover. In the first verse, the singer expresses how long it has been since seeing their face and their strength fading without them. In the second verse, they acknowledge mistakes were made but want things to go back to how they were when they were lovers and friends. In the third verse, the singer declares they can't lie and miss their lover watching the days go by until they try to get them back, as they are the apple of their eye. The chorus repeats the desire to make up right now and never have broken up.
This document provides information about a Japanese language lesson for a group of students. It lists the course as Japanese 1, identifies it as lesson 6, and indicates it was prepared by a student named Zarfarie Aron for their teacher Zeti Sensei at the Northern University of Malaysia's College of Arts and Science.
Zarfarie binti Aron is taking Audit & Assurance IIA-195645. This appears to be a student name and course code, but no other contextual information is provided in the short document.
There are arguments for developing a Malaysian common law that is based on local values rather than English common law. Judges have discussed developing a common law that incorporates Islamic values and rejects anything foreign. While the common law originated in England, the Bar Council argues it has evolved as a body of law dealing with universal human affairs. Two former Lord Presidents expressed that Malaysian courts do not exclusively rely on English law and can develop the Malaysian common law by considering local conditions. The courts have shown a willingness to depart from English common law by considering if principles are inconsistent with Malaysian religious teachings or culture. The development of a distinct Malaysian common law would allow convergence of legal systems instead of domination by one.
- A term is a legally binding statement that forms part of a contract, while a representation does not form part of the contract but can provide grounds for legal relief if it induces a party to enter the contract.
- Breach of a contractual term can allow the innocent party to sue for damages or rescind the contract, depending on whether the term is a condition or warranty. A breach of condition goes to the root of the contract, while a breach of warranty only allows damages.
- The cases of Bannerman v White and Routledge v McKay demonstrate how courts determine if a pre-contract statement was a representation or term based on factors like timing, inclusion in the written contract, and importance to the
This document discusses various methods of financing a company, including issuing shares or debentures to the public. It outlines the key regulations around securities offerings in Malaysia, including the requirement to register a prospectus with the Securities Commission to disclose all relevant information to potential investors. The prospectus must contain specific disclosures about the company and securities as well as a general duty to disclose all material information. Exemptions from these requirements are possible if compliance is deemed unnecessary for investor protection or would impose an unreasonable burden.
Membership in a company confers both benefits and liabilities on members. To qualify as a member, a shareholder's name must be entered in the company's register of members. This registration demonstrates that the shareholder is subject to the company's constitution and can exercise rights like voting and receiving dividends. However, it also means the shareholder may be liable for company debts if it becomes insolvent. Maintaining an accurate register of members and disclosing substantial shareholdings are important corporate governance requirements.
This document outlines various statutory remedies available to company members where controllers misuse their power or breach duties, including remedies for oppressive, unfairly prejudicial, or unfairly discriminatory conduct. Section 181 of the Companies Act provides members the right to seek remedies from the court if a company's affairs are being conducted in an oppressive, unfairly prejudicial, or unfairly discriminatory manner, or if a company act is contrary to members' interests. The types of conduct that may qualify include diversion of corporate assets, inadequate dividend payments, disregard of members' interests, and controllers treating the company as their own.
ÆON CO. (M) BHD. is a leading Malaysian retailer incorporated in 1984 in response to an invitation from the Malaysian government. It is part of the larger ÆON group, an integrated Japanese retailer with operations in Southeast Asia, China, Japan, and North America. ÆON operates general merchandise stores, supermarkets, shopping centers, and other retail formats with the goal of being an excellent international retailer through high customer satisfaction and community involvement.
This document summarizes the rule in Foss v Harbottle and its exceptions regarding a member's right to bring legal action against a company. The rule establishes that the company is usually the proper plaintiff, not individual members, but there are exceptions. These include where the majority acts ultra vires, fails to obtain a required special resolution, infringes on a member's personal rights, commits fraud on the minority, or does not act bona fide for the company's benefit as a whole. The exceptions allow members to bring a derivative suit on behalf of the company or a personal claim to enforce their own rights.
The document discusses various aspects of a company's register of members and share certificates under the Malaysian Companies Act 2016.
It notes that companies have a duty to maintain an accurate register of members containing members' details. The register must be kept at the company's registered office but can be kept elsewhere in certain circumstances. The register is prima facie evidence of membership but not conclusive.
It also discusses when and how the register can be rectified if wrongful entries have been made, who can apply for rectification, and circumstances where the court may refuse rectification. Share certificates are discussed, including requirements for their content and issuance timelines. Share certificates provide prima facie evidence of share title but companies may be
This document discusses various aspects of share capital for companies. It defines shares and their key characteristics such as being movable property. It describes different types of share capital including authorized, issued, paid up, called up, and reserve capital. It explains how companies can issue shares and allot them to shareholders in return for consideration, typically cash but sometimes other assets. It also discusses rules around issuing shares at a discount or premium.
The Federal Constitution of Malaysia is the supreme law of the land. Any laws passed must be consistent with the constitution, and if inconsistent, are void. The constitution establishes parliamentary sovereignty but subordinates it to constitutional requirements. Courts have power to review laws and declare them invalid if unconstitutional. Several cases are discussed where the court struck down laws as unconstitutional, affirming the supremacy of the Federal Constitution.
The document defines shares and the different types of shares such as ordinary shares and preferred shares. It discusses shareholders' rights and how class rights can be varied. It also covers topics such as prospectuses, share buybacks, and references used. Key points include definitions of shares and shareholders' interests, types of preferred shares, requirements for prospectuses, methods for accounting for share buybacks, and how class rights can be varied with shareholder approval or through the courts.
This document discusses different types of company meetings under corporate law. It defines key meeting types like the annual general meeting (AGM), extraordinary general meeting (EGM), class meetings, and meetings called by members or court order. It outlines requirements for convening different meetings, such as who has authority to call them, notice periods, and quorum rules. Exceptions allow one person to constitute a meeting in certain circumstances, like if they are the sole shareholder of a class of shares. The document also provides case examples relating to issues like convening meetings when a quorum cannot be reached.
This document summarizes company law regarding meetings in Malaysia. It discusses the different types of meetings like statutory meetings, annual general meetings, and extraordinary general meetings. It covers topics like notice requirements, quorum, proxies, resolutions, and post-meeting lodgement obligations. Key points include that statutory meetings must be held within 3 months of incorporation, AGMs within 18 months of incorporation and then annually, and EGMs can be called by directors or members. Special resolutions require 21 days notice and 75% of votes, while ordinary resolutions only need 14 days notice and a simple majority.
Article 5 Federal Constitution Malaysia - Liberty of a pesonNelfi Amiera Mizan
Article 5 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution provides rights to liberty of the person but contains some defects. It outlines exceptions where a person may be deprived of liberty but these exceptions have been interpreted too narrowly by courts. Compared to international standards like the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 5 does not sufficiently protect personal liberty and is easily overridden by security laws. Reforms are needed to strengthen Article 5's protections, such as amending absolute emergency powers and defining 'law' to incorporate principles of natural justice.
The document discusses separation of powers in Malaysia. It explains that while Malaysia does not have absolute separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, it does apply a system of checks and balances. There is some overlap in membership and functions between the executive and legislative branches, with the monarch holding positions in both. However, checks like requiring the monarch to act on cabinet advice help prevent abuse of power. The legislative and judicial branches generally do not overlap, but both can influence the other's functions. Overall, Malaysia takes a liberal approach to separation of powers while still maintaining checks and balances between the branches.
The document discusses the concept of rule of law. It summarizes British jurist A.V. Dicey's three aspects of rule of law: 1) no punishment without clear breach of law, 2) equality before the law regardless of status, and 3) judicial decisions protect individual rights. It then analyzes how well Malaysia upholds these aspects, noting issues like preventive detention laws and different court systems for different religious groups. The document also examines Joseph Raz's additional principles of rule of law and whether Malaysian law complies, finding issues like allowing some retrospective laws and limiting judicial review powers.
Formation of company
Lifting the corporate veil
Company’s management: duties and liabilities of company directors and other officers
White collar crime
Corporate scandal
Whistle blowing
Teori Hawthorne menegaskan bahwa faktor-faktor non-ekonomi seperti perasaan pekerja dan hubungan antar pekerja dapat mempengaruhi produktivitas. Teori ini didasarkan pada penelitian di pabrik Western Electric di Hawthorne yang menemukan pengaruh faktor-faktor tersebut. Teori-teori selanjutnya seperti hierarki kebutuhan Maslow dan teori ERG Clayton Alderfer juga menekankan pentingnya memenuhi kebutu
ÆON CO. (M) BHD is Malaysia's largest retailer, known previously as Jaya Jusco Stores Bhd. It was incorporated in 1984 in response to the Malaysian government's initiative to modernize the retail industry. ÆON operates stores mainly in residential areas of major cities to serve the needs of low and middle-income consumers. It is a subsidiary of the large Japanese retailer ÆON and has over 150 subsidiaries operating across Southeast Asia, China, and North America.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai perniagaan Aron-N Engineering & Services Sdn Bhd yang bergerak dalam bidang perkhidmatan kejuruteraan dan pengeluaran. Syarikat ini ditubuhkan pada tahun 1995 dan menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada industri logam dan kejuruteraan.
This document provides information for an individual assignment for an Audit and Assurance 1 course at the Northern University of Malaysia's College of Business. It identifies the course code as BKAA 2013, the student's group as H, and that the assignment was prepared by Zarfarie Aron for the professor En.Suhaimi Bin Ishak, with a due date of Sunday, April 10, 2011.
- A term is a legally binding statement that forms part of a contract, while a representation does not form part of the contract but can provide grounds for legal relief if it induces a party to enter the contract.
- Breach of a contractual term can allow the innocent party to sue for damages or rescind the contract, depending on whether the term is a condition or warranty. A breach of condition goes to the root of the contract, while a breach of warranty only allows damages.
- The cases of Bannerman v White and Routledge v McKay demonstrate how courts determine if a pre-contract statement was a representation or term based on factors like timing, inclusion in the written contract, and importance to the
This document discusses various methods of financing a company, including issuing shares or debentures to the public. It outlines the key regulations around securities offerings in Malaysia, including the requirement to register a prospectus with the Securities Commission to disclose all relevant information to potential investors. The prospectus must contain specific disclosures about the company and securities as well as a general duty to disclose all material information. Exemptions from these requirements are possible if compliance is deemed unnecessary for investor protection or would impose an unreasonable burden.
Membership in a company confers both benefits and liabilities on members. To qualify as a member, a shareholder's name must be entered in the company's register of members. This registration demonstrates that the shareholder is subject to the company's constitution and can exercise rights like voting and receiving dividends. However, it also means the shareholder may be liable for company debts if it becomes insolvent. Maintaining an accurate register of members and disclosing substantial shareholdings are important corporate governance requirements.
This document outlines various statutory remedies available to company members where controllers misuse their power or breach duties, including remedies for oppressive, unfairly prejudicial, or unfairly discriminatory conduct. Section 181 of the Companies Act provides members the right to seek remedies from the court if a company's affairs are being conducted in an oppressive, unfairly prejudicial, or unfairly discriminatory manner, or if a company act is contrary to members' interests. The types of conduct that may qualify include diversion of corporate assets, inadequate dividend payments, disregard of members' interests, and controllers treating the company as their own.
ÆON CO. (M) BHD. is a leading Malaysian retailer incorporated in 1984 in response to an invitation from the Malaysian government. It is part of the larger ÆON group, an integrated Japanese retailer with operations in Southeast Asia, China, Japan, and North America. ÆON operates general merchandise stores, supermarkets, shopping centers, and other retail formats with the goal of being an excellent international retailer through high customer satisfaction and community involvement.
This document summarizes the rule in Foss v Harbottle and its exceptions regarding a member's right to bring legal action against a company. The rule establishes that the company is usually the proper plaintiff, not individual members, but there are exceptions. These include where the majority acts ultra vires, fails to obtain a required special resolution, infringes on a member's personal rights, commits fraud on the minority, or does not act bona fide for the company's benefit as a whole. The exceptions allow members to bring a derivative suit on behalf of the company or a personal claim to enforce their own rights.
The document discusses various aspects of a company's register of members and share certificates under the Malaysian Companies Act 2016.
It notes that companies have a duty to maintain an accurate register of members containing members' details. The register must be kept at the company's registered office but can be kept elsewhere in certain circumstances. The register is prima facie evidence of membership but not conclusive.
It also discusses when and how the register can be rectified if wrongful entries have been made, who can apply for rectification, and circumstances where the court may refuse rectification. Share certificates are discussed, including requirements for their content and issuance timelines. Share certificates provide prima facie evidence of share title but companies may be
This document discusses various aspects of share capital for companies. It defines shares and their key characteristics such as being movable property. It describes different types of share capital including authorized, issued, paid up, called up, and reserve capital. It explains how companies can issue shares and allot them to shareholders in return for consideration, typically cash but sometimes other assets. It also discusses rules around issuing shares at a discount or premium.
The Federal Constitution of Malaysia is the supreme law of the land. Any laws passed must be consistent with the constitution, and if inconsistent, are void. The constitution establishes parliamentary sovereignty but subordinates it to constitutional requirements. Courts have power to review laws and declare them invalid if unconstitutional. Several cases are discussed where the court struck down laws as unconstitutional, affirming the supremacy of the Federal Constitution.
The document defines shares and the different types of shares such as ordinary shares and preferred shares. It discusses shareholders' rights and how class rights can be varied. It also covers topics such as prospectuses, share buybacks, and references used. Key points include definitions of shares and shareholders' interests, types of preferred shares, requirements for prospectuses, methods for accounting for share buybacks, and how class rights can be varied with shareholder approval or through the courts.
This document discusses different types of company meetings under corporate law. It defines key meeting types like the annual general meeting (AGM), extraordinary general meeting (EGM), class meetings, and meetings called by members or court order. It outlines requirements for convening different meetings, such as who has authority to call them, notice periods, and quorum rules. Exceptions allow one person to constitute a meeting in certain circumstances, like if they are the sole shareholder of a class of shares. The document also provides case examples relating to issues like convening meetings when a quorum cannot be reached.
This document summarizes company law regarding meetings in Malaysia. It discusses the different types of meetings like statutory meetings, annual general meetings, and extraordinary general meetings. It covers topics like notice requirements, quorum, proxies, resolutions, and post-meeting lodgement obligations. Key points include that statutory meetings must be held within 3 months of incorporation, AGMs within 18 months of incorporation and then annually, and EGMs can be called by directors or members. Special resolutions require 21 days notice and 75% of votes, while ordinary resolutions only need 14 days notice and a simple majority.
Article 5 Federal Constitution Malaysia - Liberty of a pesonNelfi Amiera Mizan
Article 5 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution provides rights to liberty of the person but contains some defects. It outlines exceptions where a person may be deprived of liberty but these exceptions have been interpreted too narrowly by courts. Compared to international standards like the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 5 does not sufficiently protect personal liberty and is easily overridden by security laws. Reforms are needed to strengthen Article 5's protections, such as amending absolute emergency powers and defining 'law' to incorporate principles of natural justice.
The document discusses separation of powers in Malaysia. It explains that while Malaysia does not have absolute separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, it does apply a system of checks and balances. There is some overlap in membership and functions between the executive and legislative branches, with the monarch holding positions in both. However, checks like requiring the monarch to act on cabinet advice help prevent abuse of power. The legislative and judicial branches generally do not overlap, but both can influence the other's functions. Overall, Malaysia takes a liberal approach to separation of powers while still maintaining checks and balances between the branches.
The document discusses the concept of rule of law. It summarizes British jurist A.V. Dicey's three aspects of rule of law: 1) no punishment without clear breach of law, 2) equality before the law regardless of status, and 3) judicial decisions protect individual rights. It then analyzes how well Malaysia upholds these aspects, noting issues like preventive detention laws and different court systems for different religious groups. The document also examines Joseph Raz's additional principles of rule of law and whether Malaysian law complies, finding issues like allowing some retrospective laws and limiting judicial review powers.
Formation of company
Lifting the corporate veil
Company’s management: duties and liabilities of company directors and other officers
White collar crime
Corporate scandal
Whistle blowing
Teori Hawthorne menegaskan bahwa faktor-faktor non-ekonomi seperti perasaan pekerja dan hubungan antar pekerja dapat mempengaruhi produktivitas. Teori ini didasarkan pada penelitian di pabrik Western Electric di Hawthorne yang menemukan pengaruh faktor-faktor tersebut. Teori-teori selanjutnya seperti hierarki kebutuhan Maslow dan teori ERG Clayton Alderfer juga menekankan pentingnya memenuhi kebutu
ÆON CO. (M) BHD is Malaysia's largest retailer, known previously as Jaya Jusco Stores Bhd. It was incorporated in 1984 in response to the Malaysian government's initiative to modernize the retail industry. ÆON operates stores mainly in residential areas of major cities to serve the needs of low and middle-income consumers. It is a subsidiary of the large Japanese retailer ÆON and has over 150 subsidiaries operating across Southeast Asia, China, and North America.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai perniagaan Aron-N Engineering & Services Sdn Bhd yang bergerak dalam bidang perkhidmatan kejuruteraan dan pengeluaran. Syarikat ini ditubuhkan pada tahun 1995 dan menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada industri logam dan kejuruteraan.
This document provides information for an individual assignment for an Audit and Assurance 1 course at the Northern University of Malaysia's College of Business. It identifies the course code as BKAA 2013, the student's group as H, and that the assignment was prepared by Zarfarie Aron for the professor En.Suhaimi Bin Ishak, with a due date of Sunday, April 10, 2011.
This is a project report submitted by a group of 5 students for their Accounting Systems Analysis & Design course at Northern University of Malaysia. The report details their analysis and design of the accounting system for Cosway Changlun. It was prepared for their professor En. Hadzrami Harun Rasit and submitted on April 24, 2011.
This is a project proposal for an accounting system analysis and design course submitted by 4 students - Nor Afida binti Razali, Fathin Norsyafiqah binti Zulkefly, Zarfarie binti Aron, and Nabilah Niti Mohamad Radzi - to their professor En. Mohd Hadzrami Harun Rasit at Northern University of Malaysia's College of Business. The proposal is for analyzing and designing an accounting system for Cosway Changlun Sdn. Bhd and is due on March 20th, 2011.
Zarfarie binti aron 195645 ~ london biscuits bhdZarfARIE ARON
1. London Biscuits Berhad is a Malaysian company that manufactures and markets cakes, snacks, and other food products. Its main business focuses on ensuring high product safety, quality, and customer satisfaction.
2. The company saw a 21% increase in revenue for the fiscal year but profits fell slightly due to writing off some investments. Shareholders' equity increased while earnings per share declined.
3. The board declared an interim dividend of 1.5 sen per share and aims to balance rewarding shareholders with conserving resources during difficult business conditions.
The document provides an overview of the main activities and financial reporting standards compliance for several consumer industry companies in Malaysia, including Ajinomoto (Malaysia) Berhad, Oriental Food Industries Holding Berhad, London Biscuits Berhad, Spritzer Sdn Bhd, and Nestle (Malaysia) Berhad. For each company, it discusses their primary business, products, and conformity with FRS 3, FRS 117, FRS 128, FRS 136, FRS 138, and FRS 140. The financial statement analysis was prepared by a group of five students for their coursework.
The document provides information about London Biscuits Berhad, including its main activities in manufacturing and marketing cakes and snacks, interests of directors in shares of the company, members of the board of directors, chairman's message reviewing financial performance and profit, corporate structure chart, and compliance with financial reporting standards FRS 3 on business combinations and FRS 117 on leases.
The key audit objectives for the Dodgers' payroll function are occurrence, completeness, accuracy, posting and summarization, classification, and timing. Internal control weaknesses included the payroll system being designed and controlled solely by one employee, a lack of independent checks, no separation of duties, and collusion between employees. Audit procedures that could have discovered the fraudulent scheme included understanding the payroll process, interviewing employees, testing for nonexistent employees, testing hours paid versus hours worked, comparing pay rates to other teams, and examining large payroll checks.