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12. Max_City = {Max_Name, {c, Max_Temp}} % Unchanged
end,
if
Temp < Min_Temp ->
Min_City = {Name, {c, Temp}};
% Change
true ->
Min_City = {Min_Name, {c, Min_Temp}} % Unchanged
end,
find_max_and_min(Rest, Max_City, Min_City);
find_max_and_min([], Max_City, Min_City) ->
{Max_City, Min_City}.
print_max_and_min({Max_name, {c, Max_temp}}, {Min_name, {c, Min_temp}}) ->
io:format("Max temperature was ~w c in ~w~n", [Max_temp, Max_name]),
io:format("Min temperature was ~w c in ~w~n", [Min_temp, Min_name]).
62> c(tut7).
{ok, tut7}
63> tut7:format_temps([{moscow, {c, -10}}, {ca pe_town, {f, 70}},
{stockholm, {c, -4}}, { paris, {f, 28}}, {london, {f, 36}}]).
moscow
-10 c
cape_town
21.1111 c
stockholm
-4 c
paris
-2.22222 c
london
2.22222 c
Max temperature was 21.1111 c in cape_town
Min temperature was -10 c in moscow
ok
1.11 If 和 Case 语句
函数 find_max_and_min 将为我们找到最高和最低气温。我们在这里引入了一个新的关键字 if,它的工作情
况如下:
if
Condition 1 ->
Action 1;
Condition 2 ->
Action 2;
Condition 3 ->
Action 3;
Condition 4 ->
Action 4
end
注意,在 end 前面的最后一个条件是没有“;”的!这里的判定条件和界定(Guard)是一样的,测试条件的
真或假。
Erlang 从最高处开始执行,直到它找到一个为真的条件,并执行其内部的代码,并且很重要的是它
将忽略其他剩下的条件,不论其他剩下的条件中是否还有为真的情况。
一个条件当是常量的时候意味着永远
为真,true 和常量(atoms)常常用来作为 if 的最后一个条件。作为当其他所有条件都为假时的执行出口。
下面是一个简短的程序,用来表现 if 工作的情况:
-module(tut9).
-export([test_if/2]).
13. test_if(A, B) ->
if
A == 5 ->
io:format("A = 5~n", []),
a_equals_5;
B == 6 ->
io:format("B = 6~n", []),
b_equals_6;
A == 2, B == 3 ->
%i.e. A equals 2 and B equals 3
io:format("A == 2, B == 3~n", []),
a_equals_2_b_equals_3;
A == 1 ; B == 7 ->
%i.e. A equals 1 or B equals 7
io:format("A == 1 ; B == 7~n", []),
a_equals_1_or_b_equals_7
end.
下面是对程序的测试:
64> c(tut9).
{ok,tut9}
65> tut9:test_if(5,33).
A=5
a_equals_5
66> tut9:test_if(33,6).
B=6
b_equals_6
67> tut9:test_if(2, 3).
A == 2, B == 3
a_equals_2_b_equals_3
68> tut9:test_if(1, 33).
A == 1 ; B == 7
a_equals_1_or_b_equals_7
69> tut9:test_if(33, 7).
A == 1 ; B == 7
a_equals_1_or_b_equals_7
70> tut9:test_if(33, 33).
=ERROR REPORT==== 11-Jun-2003::14:03:43 ===
Error in process <0.85.0> with exit value:
{if_clause,[{tut9,test_if,2},{erl_eval,exprs,4},{shell,eval_loop,2}]}
** exited: {if_clause,[{tut9,test_if,2},
{erl_eval,exprs,4},
{shell,eval_loop,2}]} **
注意到执行 tut9:test_if(33,33)时由于没有任何条件可以满足时出现了错误 if_clause。case 是另外一种
Erlang 中的判断结构。回忆我们以前写的 convert_length 函数:
convert_length({centimeter, X}) ->
{inch, X / 2.54};
convert_length({inch, Y}) ->
{centimeter, Y * 2.54}.
14. 我们可以改写为:
-module(tut10).
-export([convert_length/1]).
convert_length(Length) ->
case Length of
{centimeter, X} ->
{inch, X / 2.54};
{inch, Y} ->
{centimeter, Y * 2.54}
end.
71> c(tut10).
{ok,tut10}
72> tut10:convert_length({inch, 6}).
{centimeter,15.2400}
73> tut10:convert_length({centimeter, 2.5}).
{inch,0.98425}
注意 case 和 if 都有返回值,在上面的例子中 case 返回{inch,X/2.54}或者{centimeter,Y*2.54}。case 的行为
可以被界定(Guard)修改。一个例子可能能够更加清楚的说明这个问题。下面的例子告诉我们给定了年份
时某个月份的天数。我们需要知道年份是理所应当的,毕竟有闰年的情况需要处理嘛:
-module(tut11).
-export([month_length/2]).
month_length(Year, Month) ->
%% All years divisible by 400 are leap
%% Years divisible by 100 are not leap (except the 400 rule above)
%% Years divisible by 4 are leap (except the 100 rule above)
Leap = if
trunc(Year / 400) * 400 == Year ->
leap;
trunc(Year / 100) * 100 == Year ->
not_leap;
trunc(Year / 4) * 4 == Year ->
leap;
true ->
not_leap
end,
case Month of
sep -> 30;
apr -> 30;
jun -> 30;
nov -> 30;
feb when Leap == leap -> 29;
feb -> 28;
jan -> 31;
mar -> 31;
may -> 31;
jul -> 31;