The document discusses the evolution of entrepreneurship over time from ancient periods to the present. It notes that in ancient times, entrepreneurship involved trade partnerships where merchants bore most risks. In the Middle Ages, entrepreneurs controlled large projects but bore no risk. In the 18th century, entrepreneurs were distinguished from capital providers. The role of the entrepreneur has evolved to focus on innovation and revenue generation using new technologies. Entrepreneurship in Kenya emerged in the late 1980s through training programs organized by international organizations and the government.

1. Evolution of entrepreneurship
Osoro Fredrick
moengafredrick@gmail.com

2. • In the Earliest period, definition of
entrepreneurship began as early as the Marco
Polo who came to the Middle East for trade.
Marco Polo has signed an agreement with the
capitalists to sell their products.
• In the contract, merchant adventurer took a
loan at 22.5% rate including insurance

3. • Capitalist was the passive risk bearer and
merchant adventurer took the active role in
trading, bearing all physical and emotional
risks.
• When the merchant adventurer successfully
sold the goods and completed the trip, the
profits were divided with the capitalist taking
most of them up to 75%, while the merchant
adventurer settled for the remaining 25%.

4. • In middle ages, Entrepreneur is described as
someone who is involved in the care and
control of a large production projects.
• In this case, the entrepreneur does not bear
any risk.
• Entrepreneurs in this age, have control and
authority of construction works such as public
buildings and churches. A typical
entrepreneur in the middle age was the priest.

5. • In 17th century, the evolution of
entrepreneurship can be related with the
relationship between risk and entrepreneurs.
• The entrepreneurs are fully responsible for the
gains and losses of the business.
• Entrepreneurship is the person who signed
the contract agreement with the government
to provide a service or supply products that
have been determined.

6. • In the 18th century, the person with capital was
differentiated from the one who needed
• capital. The entrepreneur was distinguished from
the capital provider.
• Thomas Edison, the inventor of many inventions.
He was developing new technologies
• and was unable to finance his inventions himself.
• Edison was a capital user or an
• entrepreneur, not a provider or a venture
capitalist

7. • In 19th and 20th century, Entrepreneurs are not
always associated with the management.
• The entrepreneur organizes and manages an
enterprise for personal gain. One reason for
this differentiation was the industrialization
occurring throughout the world.

8. • In the middle of the 20 Century, the function
of the entrepreneurs is to recreate or
revolutionize the pattern of production by
introducing an innovation.
• Innovation, the act of introducing some new
ideas, is one of the most difficult tasks for
the entrepreneur

9. • In 21st century, Entrepreneurs are known as a
hero for Free Enterprise market.
• Entrepreneur created many products and services
and is willing to face a lot of risks in the business.
• The Future of entrepreneurship will be growth
with development of technologies. The modern
technologies and internet have improved the
ways of conduct business.
• Entrepreneurs now have the luxury of putting
their business idea into action through the click
of button

10. ENTREPRENEUR
EARLIEST PERIOD (1997-1998) VS NOW
Cleverness
was the foundation.
Today,
the foundation is technology.
Priority
was to build a brand.
Now
it is to build a business.
Financing was to raise money. Now it's boots trap (friends, family, etc.)
Key employees were MBA graduates. Engineers
are the key employees.
Advertising
was the way to get the word
Now, its PR.
out.
Scope
was to think global.
It's going Local now.
Business development
was all about
Now it's all about the Revenue.
alliances.
Building the next big thing was the big picture then and it remains the same even today

11. EVOLUTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
In Kenya the concept of entrepreneurship
was embraced at the end of the 1980’s
and early 1990. This was as a result of
the international labour organisation (ILO)
working in conjunction with the
governments and private sector
institutions in the projects related to SME
development and vocational education.

12. EVOLUTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• The government of Kenya proposed facilitating the
development of the informal industry and ensured
equitable distribution of resources. In 1973, the
government of Kenya recognised the role of
entrepreneurship in creating employment, both in
the formal and informal sectors.
• Towns and cities grew to accommodate thousands
of people migrating from rural areas. Dependable
food sources encouraged more people to build
permanent settlements and homes, and different
social institutions arose around these permanent
structures. Some of these include religious
centres, courts, and marketplaces.

13. EVOLUTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• To close this gap, funds were provided by
ILO Geneva in 1996, to develop a training
package for TIVET Institutions; that
included entrepreneurship education and
business skills.

14. EVOLUTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• entrepreneurship in Kenya started as a pioneer project borne
out of the collaboration among university of Illinois,
International Labour Organisation (ILO), UNDP and KTTC, in
1990.
• It was offered at Masters and PhD levels by the University of
Illinois and KTTC provided the premises and conducive
learning environment. In 1992 the program was transferred to
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
(JKUAT) while at KTTC started its first higher diploma
class in 1993.
• The first class was sponsored by ILO. Since 1995 students
have been paying fees on their own without sponsorship.
Otherwise it was, and still is a popular course. satisfaction
especially with those students who have been attached
and apprenticed at their organisations

15. EVOLUTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• To close this gap, funds were provided by
ILO Geneva in 1996, to develop a training
package for TIVET Institutions; that
included entrepreneurship education and
business skills.

19. Definition of terms
Entrepreneurship is `the process of identifying
business opportunities and gathering the necessary
resources to initiate a successful business activity.
It involves innovation of
• New products
• New production methods
• New markets
• New forms of origin

20. Entrepreneur – A person who is able to identify
business opportunities and obtain the necessary
resources to initiate a successful business activity
Enterprise – project or undertaking / business
activity that an entrepreneur engages in.
Business – ones occupation / profession.
• It is also the process of buying and selling of goods
and services.

21. • Innovation – creation of something from study and
experimentation. Process of making improvements
by introducing something new e.g. new product,
process or service.
• Creativity: It is the ability to produce something
new through imaginative skill whether a new
solution to a problem, a new method or device or a
new artistic object or form.

22. CONTRIBUTION OF
ENTREPRENUERSHIP TO
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

23. • 1. EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES:
Entrepreneurship is all about putting to
better use the resources which are
considered to be of low value with an aim of
earning income

24. 2. INCREASE IN PER CAPITA INCOME:
Economic growth is measured in terms of a
sustained increase in real income

25. 3. IMPROVEMENT IN PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE:
Entrepreneurs supplement the economic growth by
enhancing the physical quality of life. Establishment
of enterprises leads to increase in employment
avenues both directly and indirectly.

26. 4. GROWTH OF INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES:
Entrepreneurs help in the growth of infrastructural
facilities such as roads, bridges, buildings, factories,
etc. which are the cornerstones of economic
growth.

27. 5. EXPORT OF HANDICRAFT ITEMS:
Entrepreneurs play a significant role in producing and exporting handicraft items.

28. 6. PROMOTION OF TECHNOLOGY:
A few years ago, the Jua Kali sector in Kenya came up
with new technology for making gas burners (jikos)
that use bio fuel from cow dung

29. 7.EXPORT PROMOTION:
Entrepreneurs produce high quality products that
attract an unusually wide market. Some of their
goods are sold in the international markets thus
bringing foreign exchange to Kenya.

30. OTHERS
8. CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT
9. EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH ENTERPRISE
10. CONSERVATION AGENT

31. COMPARISON BETWEEN SELF-EMPLOYED AND SALARIED EMPLOYEMENT.
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
SALARIED EMPLOYMENT
• The owner enjoys the profit/loss
alone
• Regular payments on daily basis.
• The proprietor has unlimited
liability.
• The owner is the sole decision-
maker.
SELF EMPLOYMENT
• Earnings depend on sales made
daily.
• The sole-proprietor owns the
business fully and hence does
not have a separate legal
identity from its owner.
• The salaried worker is not the
sole decision-maker

32. SALARIED EMPLOYMENT
• The employee gets the
share of the profit the
company makes.
Earnings are on monthly
basis.